DAWNE OBSERWATORIUM ASTRONOMICZNE W COLLEGIUM ŚNIADECKIEGO I OGRÓD BOTANICZNY W KRAKOWIE: "Former Astronomical Observatory and Botanical Garden in Krakow" (english version)
Museums in the era of modern times: the emergence of museographyЕрден Ибраев
1) The document discusses the emergence of museography and the early history of museums from the 15th-17th centuries. Early works outlined the first "ideal museums" and gave advice on collection and exhibition.
2) The peak of early museographic theory was Kaspar Nikel's 1727 work "Museumography", which introduced the term and outlined classifications of German museums.
3) The Enlightenment era promoted the concept of publicly accessible museums to educate the public, like the 1683 Ashmola Museum in Oxford and the 1759 British Museum founded with Hans Sloane's vast collection.
Spanish astronomy has a long history, with important contributions from astronomers in Al-Andalus during the medieval period. Key figures include Maslama al-Mayrity, who founded an astronomy school in Cordoba, and Azarquiel, who compiled the Toledo Astronomical Tables. The age of exploration saw Spanish navigators like Christopher Columbus, Vicente Pinzón, and Martín Alonso Pinzón make voyages that expanded geographic knowledge. Major royal figures like Philip II and facilities like the Royal Library at El Escorial advanced astronomy. Today, Spain has important astronomy centers like the Deep Space Network facility and research centers studying astrobiology and exoplanets.
The document provides information about an art exhibition featuring works by Daniel Boyd that explore the impact of the Transit of Venus on Australian history. The exhibition includes Boyd's paintings and videos alongside objects from the 1700s in the Macleay Museum collection, including a ballast stone from the Endeavour and shells, books, and instruments from Captain Cook's voyage. It examines how the Transit of Venus expedition led to Australia's colonization and discusses reinterpreting colonial history and Indigenous knowledge of astronomy. Public programs about human remains repatriation and the 2012 Transit are announced.
The document summarizes an upcoming exhibition at Waddesdon Manor that will explore Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild's "Renaissance Museum" located in the Smoking Room of the manor's Bachelors' Wing. The exhibition aims to provide context about the late 19th century Smoking Room décor and furnishings, which housed Ferdinand's collection of Renaissance jewelry, glass, and other objects before most were bequeathed to the British Museum. It will feature textile hangings and furniture from the Smoking Room and corridor, and shed light on Ferdinand's wider tastes beyond French 18th century styles typically associated with Waddesdon Manor.
The Vatican Observatory is one of the oldest astronomical institutes in the world, founded in 1891. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Pope and the Catholic Church. While its telescopes at Castel Gandolfo are rarely used for research today, the Observatory seeks to serve the Church through scientific research. Its relationship with astronomy has been complex, as the Church initially opposed Galileo's support for the Copernican model of a sun-centered universe. However, the Observatory has since become a bridge between theology and science, with facilities in Arizona conducting advanced research. It aims to understand the universe through science without conflicting with religious belief.
Museums in the era of modern times: the emergence of museographyЕрден Ибраев
1) The document discusses the emergence of museography and the early history of museums from the 15th-17th centuries. Early works outlined the first "ideal museums" and gave advice on collection and exhibition.
2) The peak of early museographic theory was Kaspar Nikel's 1727 work "Museumography", which introduced the term and outlined classifications of German museums.
3) The Enlightenment era promoted the concept of publicly accessible museums to educate the public, like the 1683 Ashmola Museum in Oxford and the 1759 British Museum founded with Hans Sloane's vast collection.
Spanish astronomy has a long history, with important contributions from astronomers in Al-Andalus during the medieval period. Key figures include Maslama al-Mayrity, who founded an astronomy school in Cordoba, and Azarquiel, who compiled the Toledo Astronomical Tables. The age of exploration saw Spanish navigators like Christopher Columbus, Vicente Pinzón, and Martín Alonso Pinzón make voyages that expanded geographic knowledge. Major royal figures like Philip II and facilities like the Royal Library at El Escorial advanced astronomy. Today, Spain has important astronomy centers like the Deep Space Network facility and research centers studying astrobiology and exoplanets.
The document provides information about an art exhibition featuring works by Daniel Boyd that explore the impact of the Transit of Venus on Australian history. The exhibition includes Boyd's paintings and videos alongside objects from the 1700s in the Macleay Museum collection, including a ballast stone from the Endeavour and shells, books, and instruments from Captain Cook's voyage. It examines how the Transit of Venus expedition led to Australia's colonization and discusses reinterpreting colonial history and Indigenous knowledge of astronomy. Public programs about human remains repatriation and the 2012 Transit are announced.
The document summarizes an upcoming exhibition at Waddesdon Manor that will explore Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild's "Renaissance Museum" located in the Smoking Room of the manor's Bachelors' Wing. The exhibition aims to provide context about the late 19th century Smoking Room décor and furnishings, which housed Ferdinand's collection of Renaissance jewelry, glass, and other objects before most were bequeathed to the British Museum. It will feature textile hangings and furniture from the Smoking Room and corridor, and shed light on Ferdinand's wider tastes beyond French 18th century styles typically associated with Waddesdon Manor.
The Vatican Observatory is one of the oldest astronomical institutes in the world, founded in 1891. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Pope and the Catholic Church. While its telescopes at Castel Gandolfo are rarely used for research today, the Observatory seeks to serve the Church through scientific research. Its relationship with astronomy has been complex, as the Church initially opposed Galileo's support for the Copernican model of a sun-centered universe. However, the Observatory has since become a bridge between theology and science, with facilities in Arizona conducting advanced research. It aims to understand the universe through science without conflicting with religious belief.
Johannes Hevelius was a Polish astronomer born in 1611. He built one of the largest observatories in Europe on the roof of his home in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland). Through careful observation and building high-quality instruments, he produced the first detailed topographic study of the moon in his 1647 work Selenographie. He also observed and described comets in works like Prodromus Cometicus and Cometographia. Hevelius made significant contributions to astronomy through his detailed observations and studies of the moon, stars, comets, and other celestial bodies from his observatory in Gdansk.
The document summarizes the activities of a Comenius project meeting held in Poland between partners from 5 countries. Over the course of the week-long meeting, participants presented their country's logo design and research topics, visited science centers and museums in Warsaw, and toured historic sites related to composer Frederic Chopin in Zelazowa Wola. The meeting concluded with the participants feeling they had achieved good results, shown their skills, enriched their cultures, improved their English, and developed ways to communicate using computers.
This document provides an overview of the Wandering Seminar on Scientific Objects held from May 1 - June 25, 2006. The seminar involved a group of scholars and museum curators visiting major scientific object collections across 15 research stations in Europe. Over two months, the group toured collections in Germany, Denmark, the UK, France, Italy, and Switzerland. Some of the highlights included examining collections at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Medical Museion in Copenhagen, the University of Cambridge's history of science collections, and the Museo di Storia Naturale in Florence, which housed Galileo's finger. The goal of the seminar was to encourage new perspectives on scientific objects and collections through first-hand experiences at
Kodaikanal Observatory as a world astronomy heritage siteRajesh Kochhar
The document discusses the potential for designating Kodaikanal Observatory in India as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for astronomy. It provides a history of the observatory, noting that it has collected solar data continuously from the same instrument for over 100 years, the longest such record in the world. It describes how the observatory was established in 1899 and instrumental to the development of solar physics as a scientific discipline. The document argues that preserving and promoting Kodaikanal Observatory could help recognize important astronomical achievements and heritage.
1. Museums have evolved over time along with shifts in societal world views. Early museums from the Greco-Roman to Renaissance periods aimed to assemble a miniature representation of the natural and artificial world.
2. During the Renaissance period from 1400-1600, museums took the form of Kunstkammers that brought together diverse objects to represent the world.
3. Modern museums since the 1750s focus on representation, classification, interpretation and motivating ideas about how the world is or should be.
Who doesn't visit the museum?Everyone has heard about it and held parents' hands and walked through the aisles of fascinating objects, sculptures, murals, etc and have been in awe.
What is a Museum?
Types of Museums?
Challenges
Case study
Organizational body
The telescope was invented in the early 17th century, first by Hans Lippershey and later improved by Galileo Galilei, who used it to make groundbreaking observations of the moon, Jupiter's moons, and sunspots. Early telescopic observations revealed that the celestial bodies were not perfect spheres as previously thought, sparking a scientific revolution and overturning Aristotelian physics and astronomy.
The document summarizes the activities of teachers from six countries who visited Greece as part of a Comenius-eTwinning project called "The Seven Wonders of Our Region". During their visit, the teachers participated in an educational program that involved touring sites in Athens, visiting schools, and engaging in cultural activities. They discussed their projects for discovering the most interesting historical places in their own regions. Greece's Acropolis was selected as that country's "Seventh Wonder".
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
The document summarizes information about several important figures in the history of astronomy, including their discoveries and contributions. It discusses Aristarchus' proposal of a heliocentric model of the solar system in 310 BC. It also mentions Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Halley, and others who helped develop our understanding of the structure of the solar system and laws of motion and gravity. The document provides brief biographies and highlights of discoveries for over 30 astronomers from 310 BC to the 19th century.
Historical lunar motion theories by Jacek Szubiakowski ILOAHawaii
This document summarizes historical lunar motion theories and lunar samples housed at the Olsztyn Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory. It discusses the theories of Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Ibn al-Shatir, and Copernicus. It also notes that Nicolaus Copernicus resided in the Olsztyn castle for four years. The observatory houses lunar rocks from the Apollo 11 mission, making it the only location in Poland with lunar samples from the mission. Research has used local soil as a simulant for lunar soil in engineering applications.
this is a presentation about invention of telescope. i have placed many information about telescope invention. and ancient world about telescope also. i hope this will usefull to you.
Lecture6April15.pptxJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.docxSHIVA101531
Lecture6April15.pptx
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832
1
Living nature exhibits fundamental organic types: archetypes, Urtypen, Haupttypen,…
Organisms as if produced by the ideal they embodied
Metamorphosis of organisms: development out of a basic kind of structure (parts of plants from leaves, skulls from vertebrae)
Organic conception of Nature opposed to the mechanical ideal: Naturphilosophie against Newtonianism
Art and Science: “All art should become science, and all science should become art”
Nature as Resource for the creation of the self
2
Alexander von Humboldt und Aimé Bonpland in der Urwaldhütte, 1850
3
Cosmos, A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe (1845-62)
Overview of all past and present knowledge of the earth and the heavens
Universe as law-bound, unified whole while respecting the freedom of each individual part
Chronometers, telescopes, quadrants, magnetic compasses, thermometers, barometers, electrometers…
Data from his voyages and from international networks
Widest audience possible (Language and images)
Aesthetics and Precision
Humboldt and Bonpland share a theodolite with an Ecuadoran, 1806
4
Humboldt (1850):
All formations are, therefore, common to every quarter of the globe and assume the like forms. Everywhere basalt rises in twin mountains and truncated cones… Thus, too, similar vegetable forms, as pines and oaks, alike crown the mountain declivities of Sweden and those of the most southern portion of Mexico”
“The azure of the sky, the effects of light and shade, the haze floating on the distant horizon, the forms of animals, the succulence of plants, the bright glossy surface of the leaves, the outlines of mountains, all combine to produce the elements on which depends the impression of any one region.” “Swiss scenery… Italian sky”
“”Observation of individual parts of trees or grass is by no means to be considered plant geography… rather, plant geography traces the connections and relations by which all plants are bound together.“
“Everywhere the mind is penetrated by the same sense of the grandeur and the vast expense of nature, revealing to the soul, by a mysterious inspiration, the existence of laws that regulate the forces of the universe.”
5
6
The Heart of the Andes, 1859
Frederic Edwin Church
8
"women felt faint. Both men and women succumb[ed] to the dizzying combination of terror and vertigo that they recognize[d] as the sublime. Many of them will later describe a sensation of becoming immersed in, or absorbed by, this painting, whose dimensions, presentation, and subject matter speak of the divine power of nature."
9
Mark Twain:
“You will never get tired of looking at the picture, but your reflections—your efforts to grasp an intelligible Something—you hardly know what—will grow so painful that you will have to go away from the thing, in order to obtain relief. You may find relief, but you cannot banish the picture—it remains with you still. It ...
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was an English scientist known for his pioneering work in microscopy, astronomy, and mechanics. Some of his key contributions included discovering cells using microscopy in 1665, inventing the Gregorian telescope, publishing his discoveries in Micrographia in 1665, and formulating Hooke's law of elasticity. He held several prestigious roles including Curator of Experiments of the Royal Society and Surveyor of London. Hooke made many important scientific discoveries and inventions over his career that helped lay the foundations for several fields of modern science.
Kodaikanal Observatory as a potential world astronomy heritage site Rajesh Kochhar
As things stand, I think the only candidate for astronomical world heritage list from India is the Solar Physics Observatory Kodaikanal ( est 1899 ), which now has solar picture data with the same instrument for the longest period in the world (since 1912), with some short interruptions due to maintenance/ upgradation.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
The Evolution of Natural History MuseumsJoel Bartsch
Natural history museums highlight the wonders of the natural world, preserving the splendors of the past while embracing the spirit of exploration and discovery. With a history that dates back centuries, natural history museums contribute to human understanding of the world and the organisms that inhabit it.
The document discusses Thomas Kuhn's perspective on science and technology (S&T), known as the Kuhnian perspective. According to Kuhn, science experiences periods of stable growth and revisionary revolutions. When current theories cannot explain new phenomena, a scientific revolution or paradigm shift occurs with the proposal of a new theory. Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually toward truth, but rather has periods of stability interrupted by revolutionary changes in scientific paradigms.
Józef Raczek (1922-1990) – malarz, rzeźbiarz, kolekcjoner,
autor sztuk teatralnych i bajek.
„Orędownik Sądecczyzny” swój dom, zwany „Oficyną Raczków”,
zamienił w niezwykłą galerię grafik, obrazów i rzeźb. Przez wiele lat było to miejsce spotkań i twórczej pracy artystów. W pokoju „Pod muzami” Raczek podejmował gości winem własnego wyrobu z owoców głogu i dzikiej róży.
Sztuka była dla niego niczym pamiętnik – uwiecznił starosądecki rynek, klasztor klarysek, kapliczki, św. Kingę. Malowidła znajdujące się w sieni przybliżają nam kulturę i historię Starego Sącza, a na podwórku wciąż jeszcze rzeczywistość miesza się z bajką.
Materiał przygotowany w ramach XXIII Małopolskich Dni Dziedzictwa Kulturowego (2021).
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Johannes Hevelius was a Polish astronomer born in 1611. He built one of the largest observatories in Europe on the roof of his home in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland). Through careful observation and building high-quality instruments, he produced the first detailed topographic study of the moon in his 1647 work Selenographie. He also observed and described comets in works like Prodromus Cometicus and Cometographia. Hevelius made significant contributions to astronomy through his detailed observations and studies of the moon, stars, comets, and other celestial bodies from his observatory in Gdansk.
The document summarizes the activities of a Comenius project meeting held in Poland between partners from 5 countries. Over the course of the week-long meeting, participants presented their country's logo design and research topics, visited science centers and museums in Warsaw, and toured historic sites related to composer Frederic Chopin in Zelazowa Wola. The meeting concluded with the participants feeling they had achieved good results, shown their skills, enriched their cultures, improved their English, and developed ways to communicate using computers.
This document provides an overview of the Wandering Seminar on Scientific Objects held from May 1 - June 25, 2006. The seminar involved a group of scholars and museum curators visiting major scientific object collections across 15 research stations in Europe. Over two months, the group toured collections in Germany, Denmark, the UK, France, Italy, and Switzerland. Some of the highlights included examining collections at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Medical Museion in Copenhagen, the University of Cambridge's history of science collections, and the Museo di Storia Naturale in Florence, which housed Galileo's finger. The goal of the seminar was to encourage new perspectives on scientific objects and collections through first-hand experiences at
Kodaikanal Observatory as a world astronomy heritage siteRajesh Kochhar
The document discusses the potential for designating Kodaikanal Observatory in India as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for astronomy. It provides a history of the observatory, noting that it has collected solar data continuously from the same instrument for over 100 years, the longest such record in the world. It describes how the observatory was established in 1899 and instrumental to the development of solar physics as a scientific discipline. The document argues that preserving and promoting Kodaikanal Observatory could help recognize important astronomical achievements and heritage.
1. Museums have evolved over time along with shifts in societal world views. Early museums from the Greco-Roman to Renaissance periods aimed to assemble a miniature representation of the natural and artificial world.
2. During the Renaissance period from 1400-1600, museums took the form of Kunstkammers that brought together diverse objects to represent the world.
3. Modern museums since the 1750s focus on representation, classification, interpretation and motivating ideas about how the world is or should be.
Who doesn't visit the museum?Everyone has heard about it and held parents' hands and walked through the aisles of fascinating objects, sculptures, murals, etc and have been in awe.
What is a Museum?
Types of Museums?
Challenges
Case study
Organizational body
The telescope was invented in the early 17th century, first by Hans Lippershey and later improved by Galileo Galilei, who used it to make groundbreaking observations of the moon, Jupiter's moons, and sunspots. Early telescopic observations revealed that the celestial bodies were not perfect spheres as previously thought, sparking a scientific revolution and overturning Aristotelian physics and astronomy.
The document summarizes the activities of teachers from six countries who visited Greece as part of a Comenius-eTwinning project called "The Seven Wonders of Our Region". During their visit, the teachers participated in an educational program that involved touring sites in Athens, visiting schools, and engaging in cultural activities. They discussed their projects for discovering the most interesting historical places in their own regions. Greece's Acropolis was selected as that country's "Seventh Wonder".
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
The document summarizes information about several important figures in the history of astronomy, including their discoveries and contributions. It discusses Aristarchus' proposal of a heliocentric model of the solar system in 310 BC. It also mentions Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Halley, and others who helped develop our understanding of the structure of the solar system and laws of motion and gravity. The document provides brief biographies and highlights of discoveries for over 30 astronomers from 310 BC to the 19th century.
Historical lunar motion theories by Jacek Szubiakowski ILOAHawaii
This document summarizes historical lunar motion theories and lunar samples housed at the Olsztyn Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory. It discusses the theories of Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Ibn al-Shatir, and Copernicus. It also notes that Nicolaus Copernicus resided in the Olsztyn castle for four years. The observatory houses lunar rocks from the Apollo 11 mission, making it the only location in Poland with lunar samples from the mission. Research has used local soil as a simulant for lunar soil in engineering applications.
this is a presentation about invention of telescope. i have placed many information about telescope invention. and ancient world about telescope also. i hope this will usefull to you.
Lecture6April15.pptxJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.docxSHIVA101531
Lecture6April15.pptx
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832
1
Living nature exhibits fundamental organic types: archetypes, Urtypen, Haupttypen,…
Organisms as if produced by the ideal they embodied
Metamorphosis of organisms: development out of a basic kind of structure (parts of plants from leaves, skulls from vertebrae)
Organic conception of Nature opposed to the mechanical ideal: Naturphilosophie against Newtonianism
Art and Science: “All art should become science, and all science should become art”
Nature as Resource for the creation of the self
2
Alexander von Humboldt und Aimé Bonpland in der Urwaldhütte, 1850
3
Cosmos, A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe (1845-62)
Overview of all past and present knowledge of the earth and the heavens
Universe as law-bound, unified whole while respecting the freedom of each individual part
Chronometers, telescopes, quadrants, magnetic compasses, thermometers, barometers, electrometers…
Data from his voyages and from international networks
Widest audience possible (Language and images)
Aesthetics and Precision
Humboldt and Bonpland share a theodolite with an Ecuadoran, 1806
4
Humboldt (1850):
All formations are, therefore, common to every quarter of the globe and assume the like forms. Everywhere basalt rises in twin mountains and truncated cones… Thus, too, similar vegetable forms, as pines and oaks, alike crown the mountain declivities of Sweden and those of the most southern portion of Mexico”
“The azure of the sky, the effects of light and shade, the haze floating on the distant horizon, the forms of animals, the succulence of plants, the bright glossy surface of the leaves, the outlines of mountains, all combine to produce the elements on which depends the impression of any one region.” “Swiss scenery… Italian sky”
“”Observation of individual parts of trees or grass is by no means to be considered plant geography… rather, plant geography traces the connections and relations by which all plants are bound together.“
“Everywhere the mind is penetrated by the same sense of the grandeur and the vast expense of nature, revealing to the soul, by a mysterious inspiration, the existence of laws that regulate the forces of the universe.”
5
6
The Heart of the Andes, 1859
Frederic Edwin Church
8
"women felt faint. Both men and women succumb[ed] to the dizzying combination of terror and vertigo that they recognize[d] as the sublime. Many of them will later describe a sensation of becoming immersed in, or absorbed by, this painting, whose dimensions, presentation, and subject matter speak of the divine power of nature."
9
Mark Twain:
“You will never get tired of looking at the picture, but your reflections—your efforts to grasp an intelligible Something—you hardly know what—will grow so painful that you will have to go away from the thing, in order to obtain relief. You may find relief, but you cannot banish the picture—it remains with you still. It ...
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was an English scientist known for his pioneering work in microscopy, astronomy, and mechanics. Some of his key contributions included discovering cells using microscopy in 1665, inventing the Gregorian telescope, publishing his discoveries in Micrographia in 1665, and formulating Hooke's law of elasticity. He held several prestigious roles including Curator of Experiments of the Royal Society and Surveyor of London. Hooke made many important scientific discoveries and inventions over his career that helped lay the foundations for several fields of modern science.
Kodaikanal Observatory as a potential world astronomy heritage site Rajesh Kochhar
As things stand, I think the only candidate for astronomical world heritage list from India is the Solar Physics Observatory Kodaikanal ( est 1899 ), which now has solar picture data with the same instrument for the longest period in the world (since 1912), with some short interruptions due to maintenance/ upgradation.
- Sundials use the sun's position to tell time and can only be used outdoors during daylight hours without cloud cover. Ancient examples were placed in prominent locations to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
- Stonehenges were used as celestial calendars, burial sites, sacrificial altars, and defensive structures in ancient times.
- Telescopes allow viewing of distant celestial objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is the most advanced telescope currently in use.
The Evolution of Natural History MuseumsJoel Bartsch
Natural history museums highlight the wonders of the natural world, preserving the splendors of the past while embracing the spirit of exploration and discovery. With a history that dates back centuries, natural history museums contribute to human understanding of the world and the organisms that inhabit it.
The document discusses Thomas Kuhn's perspective on science and technology (S&T), known as the Kuhnian perspective. According to Kuhn, science experiences periods of stable growth and revisionary revolutions. When current theories cannot explain new phenomena, a scientific revolution or paradigm shift occurs with the proposal of a new theory. Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually toward truth, but rather has periods of stability interrupted by revolutionary changes in scientific paradigms.
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autor sztuk teatralnych i bajek.
„Orędownik Sądecczyzny” swój dom, zwany „Oficyną Raczków”,
zamienił w niezwykłą galerię grafik, obrazów i rzeźb. Przez wiele lat było to miejsce spotkań i twórczej pracy artystów. W pokoju „Pod muzami” Raczek podejmował gości winem własnego wyrobu z owoców głogu i dzikiej róży.
Sztuka była dla niego niczym pamiętnik – uwiecznił starosądecki rynek, klasztor klarysek, kapliczki, św. Kingę. Malowidła znajdujące się w sieni przybliżają nam kulturę i historię Starego Sącza, a na podwórku wciąż jeszcze rzeczywistość miesza się z bajką.
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Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
DAWNE OBSERWATORIUM ASTRONOMICZNE W COLLEGIUM ŚNIADECKIEGO I OGRÓD BOTANICZNY W KRAKOWIE: "Former Astronomical Observatory and Botanical Garden in Krakow" (english version)
1. Former Astronomical Observatory and Botanical Garden in
Krakow
Ever since the beginning the fates of the building of the former Astronomical Observatory,
since 1963 known as the Collegium Śniadeckiego, have been associated with the surrounding
garden. The first idea to set up a garden for research purposes was put forward in 1602 by Jan
Zemełka, a medical doctor, graduate of the universities in Krakow and Padua. The garden laid
out in Padua in 1545, nowadays the oldest botanical garden in the world, may have inspired
Zemełka, whose vision, however, was not realised. The garden did not come into existence until
1783, when, acting at the instruction of the Commission of National Education, Hugo Kołłątaj
started to reform the weakened university. The Chair of Chemistry and Natural History was
then founded, along with the Botanical Garden as an auxiliary facility. It was located in the
district of Wesoła, on former Jesuit grounds. The garden stretched over a modest area of 2.4
hectares. A gardener, Franciszek Kajzer (Franz Keiser), was brought from Vienna to transform
it into a French Baroque garden. At the same time, in 1787, mathematician and astronomer Jan
Śniadecki started to convert the suburban villa that had been on the grounds into an
observatory. The architectural design was by Feliks Radwański, also a mathematician and a
close friend of Śniadecki’s. The building, opened in 1792, housed offices for botanists on the
ground floor and, upstairs, facilities for astronomers who in those times performed not only
sky observation but also climate research and various physical and chemical experiments. It
was from the garden that the first balloon was launched on 1st April 1784, which caused quite a
stir among Krakow’s residents.
The observatory was soon renowned across Europe for observation of the positions of planets,
comets and planetoids, lunar eclipses and changes in star brightness. In the course of the 19th
century its operations occasionally ground to a halt only resume again later.
It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that the observatory’s activity was revived by
Director Tadeusz Banachiewicz. The astronomer developed the so-called Krakovian calculus,
brought new observation instruments, and in the 1920s. designed the chronocinematograph – a
long focus length camera which could film the course of solar eclipses. Thus equipped, he
organised several research expeditions to observe total solar eclipses in Sweden, the USA,
Greece, the USSR and Japan. Director Banachiewicz also put forward the idea of building an
observatory in the Beskid Makowski (the present day observation station Lubomir).
After World War II, due to its proximity to the brightly illuminated city, the former
observatory had to be moved to a new seat in Fort Skała.
The Botanical Garden is a place where a keen observer will spot precise clock mechanisms:
plants. Some orchids, for instance, blossom once in twenty years. Other plants tell the time of
day by blooming. Concealed in garden greenhouses, prehistoric cycads, whose origins go back to
the Palaeozoic era, which has earned them the name of ‘living fossils’, can transport us to
distant past like a time machine.
2. The Malopolska Days of Cultural Heritage
The Malopolska Days of Cultural Heritage are one of the major
annual events that show and promote the cultural diversity of
Malopolska. For two weekends in May, every year, it is possible
to visit, free of charge, over ten selected sites, using materials
prepared especially for that purpose, and to learn about the region’s past and its traditions
by participating in the many accompanying events. The sites selected for the purpose include
little known places or those that are normally out of bounds to the public, often in private
hands.
We make sure that the presentation of the selected sites is accompanied with professional,
attractive and original commentary, which not only describe but also reveal Malopolska’s
history. We choose the most interesting topics connected with the presented sites and construct
the programme of the event for them.
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