Very informative

1. Emotions
Course facilitator
Amna khan

2. Definition of Emotions
• According to the American Psychological Association
(APA), emotion is defined as “a complex reaction pattern,
involving experiential, behavioral and physiological
elements.”
• They are intense feelings that are directed at something or
someone.
• Emotions are private experiences.

4. Components of Emotions
There are four basic components of emotions:
1. Feeling component
2. Cognitive component
3. Physiological arousal
4. Behavioral component

5. Feeling Component
• It involves subjective feelings of a person.
• This component makes us feel in a certain
way.
• This component may vary intensity and
duration

6. Cognitive Component
• This component involves the interpretation
of your feelings. It involves becoming
consciously aware of your feelings and giving
it a label.
• E.g. anger, fear, happiness etc.

7. Physiological Component
The physiological component involves
biological activation. Different emotions cause
different body reactions. The processes of
sympathetic nervous system create arousal and
prepare the body to cope with that emotional
triggering situation.

8. Behavioral Component
This component involves observable behavior
that reflects some kinds of emotions.
The emotions can be expressed either through
verbal and non-verbal behavior or actions.
For instance, facial expressions, body movements,
words and actions.

9. Categories of Emotions
Emotions are divided into two basic categories:
1. Primary emotions
2. Secondary emotions
3. Positive emotions
4. Negative emotions

10. Primary Emotions
• Primary emotions are the first emotion reactions to
any stimulus or situation.
• Primary emotions are triggered as a response to an
event.
• Such emotions have adaptive value.
• Most common primary emotions include; happiness,
sadness, fear, anger.

11. Secondary Emotions
• Secondary emotions are rooted in primary
emotions.
• They may be learned responses or reactions to
certain events.
• They depend upon primary emotions.
• For instance, optimism, pessimism, love,
irritation, guilt etc.

12. Positive Emotions
Positive emotions are those which make a
person feel good and satisfied. Such
emotions help you grow and achieve your
desired goals in life.

13. Positive Emotions

14. Negative Emotions
Negative emotions are those which create unpleasant
effects on your life. They prevent you from growing
and feeling good or satisfied with anything.

15. Factors Affecting Emotions
• Personality
• Culture
• Age
• Gender
• Environment
• Health
• Social elements

16. Theories of Emotions
There are two important and widely known
theories of emotions:
1. James Lange Theory
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
3. The Schachter-Singer Theory

17. James-Lange Theory
• It states that emotions occur as a result of
physiological reactions to events.
• Our mind interprets the physiological reactions
and then we realize our emotional state.

18. James-Lang Theory
Example. You see snake___ You start
trembling and therefore you realize
that you are in state of fear.

19. Cannon-Bard Theory
Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical
and psychological experience of emotion happen at the
same time and that one does not cause the other.
The theory proposes that emotions result when the
thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a
stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the
same time, the brain also receives signals triggering the
emotional experience.

20. Cannon-Bard Theory
It states that when we react to any emotional
situation we feel emotional state and body’s
physiological reactions at the same time.
For instance; You see a snake ___
You feel fear + your start trembling
at the same time.

21. The Schachter-Singer Theory
• Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the
Schachter-Singer theory is an example of a cognitive
theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the
physiological arousal occurs first, and then the
individual must identify the reason for this arousal to
experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus
leads to a physiological response that is then
cognitively interpreted and labeled, resulting in an
emotion.

22. The Schachter-Singer Theory
• Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer
theory also suggests that similar physiological
responses can produce varying emotions. For
example, if you experience a racing heart and
sweating palms during an important exam, you will
probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you
experience the same physical responses on your
marriage, you might interpret those responses as
love, affection, or arousal.

23. Flow charts