emotions in psychology

1. eMÖTiÔN
PRESENTED BY:-SHUBHAM GUPTA
NISHANK VERMA
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2. History
▶ Aristotle:- People are THINKING ANIMAL. What make people special
isthey can overcome theirbrutishemotions.
▶ Rousseau:- Emotions are what makes people special and gives us a
reason for living.
▶ Hippocrates:- Brain is the site of emotion.
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3. Emotion
▶ The word emotion derived from the Latin word EMOVERE which
means to strip up to get agitated.
▶ It is a stirred-up state caused by physiological changes occurring
as a response to some event and which tends to maintain or
abolish the causative events.
▶ Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and behavioral
components; external manifestations of which is affect.
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4. DEFINITION OF eMOTION
▶ Emotion is a complex psychological
phenomenon which occurs as animals or
people live theirlives.
▶ It is I
ntense feeling that are directed at
someone or something.
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5. EMOTIONS INCLUDE THREE THINGS
Emotions are a mix of :-
▶ 1) physiological activation,
▶ 2) expressive behaviors,and
▶ 3) conscious experience.
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6. EMOTION ISASSOCIATED WITH
▶ MOOD
▶ TEMPERAMENT
▶ PERSONALITY
▶ DISPOSITION
▶ MOTIVATION
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7. Overview of Emotion
Emotion have two components:
▶ Mental
▶ Physical
Emotion involves:
 Cognition:- an awarenessof the sensation.
 Affect:-the feeling itself.
 Conation:- the urge to take action.
 Physical changes:- hypertension, tachycardia & sweating.
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8. 8
Emotion
Cognition
Affect
Physical
Changes
Conation

9. Characteristics of Emotions
▶ Emotions are accompanied by both physiological and
cognitive changes.
▶ Emotions are valanced, that is, they are either positive or
negative.
▶ Emotions influence behavior
.
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10. Basic Emotions
▶ Ekman's findings have led some to propose that there are a set of
basic emotions that are shared cross culturally and that combine to
make up more complex emotions.
Basic Emotions
 Happiness
 Sadness
 Fear
 Anger
 Surprise
 Disgust
There can be combined to yield more complex emotions like-
1.anger +disgust +contempt
2.sadness+surprise +disappointment.
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11. Classification of Emotions
▶ Primary emotion
▶ Secondary emotion
▶ Tertiary emotions
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12. 12

13. 13

14. Types of Emotions
T
wo types:
 Positive Emotion
 Negative Emotion
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15. Theoriesof Emotion
▶ Cannon-Bard T
heory
▶ James-Lange T
heory
▶ Schachter-Singer T
heory
( Two-Factor Theory )
▶ Opponent Process T
heory
▶ Facial feedback Hypothesis
▶ Emotional set point T
heory
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16. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter B. Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the James-
Lange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
1871-1945
1898-1977
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17. James-Lange Theory
William James
(Eminence = 14th) and
Carl Lange proposed
an idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
1842-1910
1834 -1900
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18. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
1922-1977
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19. Facial feedback Hypothesis
▶ Itissimilar to the James-Lange Theory.
▶ A hypothesis indicating that facial expression can produce changes
in emotional state.
▶ It says that we determine our emotions by sensing whether we are
smiling or frowning.
▶ This suggests that people might be happier if they would just smile
more...!
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20. Opponent-Process Theory
▶ Emotional reactions to a stimulus are followed by an opposite
reaction; repeated exposure to a stimulus causes the initial reaction
to weaken and the opponent process ( opposite reaction ) to
strengthen.
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Stimulus Guilt
Delight

21. Emotional Set Point Theory
▶ Some recent research has shown that how happy or unhappy you
are on average may not be a function of what happens to you.
▶ According to emotional set point theory our happiness is
determined by a Biological Set Point ( perhaps innate ) and
average happiness always returns to that set point.
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22. Why does this occur ?
▶ Adaptation Level Principle: Emotions are relative to our current
state.
▶ Relative Deprivation Principle: Compare your state to those of others
in your social group.
▶ The pessimistic view of this finding: It does not matter what you do,
you are never going to be any happier with your life than you are
right now.
▶ The optimistic view of this finding: Happiness is more a matter to how
you feels events in your life than the events themselves. If you want
to be happier than you are now, you should change your outlook
on events.
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23. The Biological Basis of Emotion
▶ Right cerebral hemisphere plays important role in emotional
functions. Right hemisphere is specialized for processing emotional
information.
▶ Activation of the left cerebral hemisphere is associated with positive
affect.
▶ Activation of the right cerebral hemisphere is associated with
negative affect.
▶ Activation of anterior portion of both hemisphere is associated with
Valence (pleasantness/unpleasantness) of emotion.
▶ Activation of the posterior portion of both hemisphere is associated
with Arousal-the intensity of emotion.
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24. Emotional Processing & The Brain
Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the four brain regions in the
regulation normal emotion:-
▶ The Prefrontal Cortex
▶ The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
▶ The Hippocampus
▶ The Amygdala.
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25. 25
Papez Circuit :-
Hippocampus MammillaryBody
Cingulate Gyrus Anterior Nucleus of
Thalamus
Fornix
Thalamocortical
fibre
Malliothalamic
fibre
Corticohippocampal
fibre

26. Factors Affecting Emotions
▶ Genetic
▶ Cognition
▶ Memory
▶ External Stimuli
▶ Health
▶ Circadian Rhythm
▶ Meditation.
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27. Polygraphy
▶ Measure physiological responses of the autonomic nervous system
in an attempt to detect the feelings of anxiety that often
accompany deception.
Typesof polygraphy :-
▶ Guilty/ innocent Test
▶ Control Question T
est
▶ Guilty Knowledge Test
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28. Expressed Emotion
▶ Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and
by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of
emotion universal?
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29. Detecting Emotion
▶ Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through
nonverbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single
angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy
face (Fox et al, 2000).
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30. Detecting Emotion
▶ Hard-to-control facial muscles reveal signs of emotions you may be
trying to conceal. A feigned smile may continue for more than 4-5
seconds while a genuine smile will have faded by then.
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Which of Paul Ekman’ssmilesisgenuine?

31. Hindu Dance
▶ In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to
effectively convey 10 different emotions.
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32. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated
that our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language.
Nonverbal facial
expressions led to
our ancestor’s
survival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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33. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.
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34. HOW TO CONTROL
YOUR EMOTION..?
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35. Method 1: Taking Physical Actions
▶ 1. Control your breathing
▶ 2. Keep your head up
▶ 3. Use assertive body language
▶ 4. Get some exercise
▶ 5. Take a break
▶ 6. Meditate
▶ 7. Practice mindfulnessmeditation
▶ 8. Practice progressive muscle relaxation.
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36. Method 2: Reframing Your Feelings
▶ 1. Learn to recognize your emotional stimuli
▶ 2. Repeat self-calming statements
▶ 3. Find something funny orsilly in your situation
▶ 4. Set small goals
▶ 5. Savour the good thingsin your life
▶ 6. Speak kindly to yourself
▶ 7. Refrain from judging yourself
▶ 8. Reject perfectionism
▶ 9. Talk about how you feel
▶ 10. Consider talking with a counsellor or therapist.
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37. Method 3:Reworking Your Thinking
▶ 1. Look ahead
▶ 2. Stop fighting your emotions
▶ 3. Change the story
▶ 4. Examine what you’re actually reacting to
▶ 5. Challenge negative thoughtsby reframing them productively.
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38. Method 4:Fighting Distorted Ways
of Thinking
▶ 1. Learn to recognize cognitive distortions
▶ 2. Challenge “filtering”
▶ 3. Challenge “catastrophizing”
▶ 4. Challenge “personalization”
▶ 5. Challenge “overgeneralization”.
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39. Method 5: Understanding Your
Emotions
▶ 1. Understand how emotions work
▶ 2. Consider whether past experiences are affecting you now
▶ 3. Be aware of “emotional contagion”
▶ 4. Determine your emotional needs
▶ 5. T
ry STOPP-ing.
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40. Quotes on Emotion:
▶ “ Colors, like features, follow the changes of the
emotions.”
Pablo Picasso
▶ “ Every role varies greatly, just as emotions vary
greatly.”
Corin Nemec

41. Thank You…!
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