Emotions are complex states that involve physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. They arise from our interpretation of situations based on physiological arousal and environmental cues. The three main theories on emotions are the James-Lange theory, which claims physiological arousal precedes emotions, the Cannon-Bard theory, which says physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory, which posits that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the situation together produce distinct emotions. Emotions are expressed through facial expressions, vocal tones, and body language and involve physiological changes in the body. People can learn to control emotions using biofeedback, drugs, desensitization, flooding, self-statements, and coping strategies.

3.  Emotion is derived from the Latin word
“EMOVERE” which means ‘to stir up’ or ‘ to
excite’.
 In common EMOTION is referred as
Subjective feeling.
 Emotions are some sort of feelings or
affective experiences which are
characterized by some physiological changes
that generally lead them to perform some or
the other type of behavioral acts.

4. WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?
• A complex state of feeling that results in physical
and psychological changes that influence thought
and behavior.
• When one is emotional, various psychological
phenomena occur, which include temperament
personality, mood and motivation.
• Emotion involves physiological arousal, expressive
behaviors, and conscious experience

6. CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF EMOTION:
 Subjective feeling
 -> how we experience the emotion
 is what you believe you are feeling?
 It is conscious and intellectual perception of a situation.
 Physiological changes
 –> how our bodies react to the emotion
 Conscious experience:-
 Emotional experience is generally a conscious feeling.
In order to assess an individual’s emotion ,his feelings
and his report of his emotional experience is an
important indicator.

7.  Emotional expression:-
 How we behave in response to emotion:
Three ways of expressing emotions:-
 FACIAL-EMOTIONS like GUILT,JOY,ANGER etc. can
be perceived through facial expression.
 VOCAL-trembling voice means sorrow or disappointment
 -A loud ,sharp , high pitched voice means anger
 BODILY MOVEMENT & GESTURES
 In Anger –person clenches his fist and moves forward to
attack.
 In Fear – person runs away
 In joy – person is excited ,hold his head high & chest out.

9.  JAMES-LANGE Theory of Emotion
 The concept of William James and Carl Lange
about
 emotion is that we are having emotional
experiences as the result of the body's reaction to
the environmental stimulation.
 We experience emotions as a result of our
physiological changes that produce specific
sensation.

10. REACT
CRY
STRIKE
INTERPRET
SAD
ANGRY

11. A major approach to the James-
Lange Theory;
This emphasized on the facial
expressions.
It is believed that the facial
expressions hold the key in
initiating the experience of
emotions

12.  Walter Cannon and Philip Bard proposed a different
view on explaining the nature of human emotions.
 Walter and Philip believed that both physiological
arousal and emotional experience are produced
simultaneously by the same stimulus
 In perceiving certain stimulus which produces emotion,
the thalamus initiates a response that signals the
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and a visceral
response is produced.
 Also, the thalamus sends messages to the cerebral
cortex for the understanding of the emotional
experiences.
 The thalamus plays a major function in processing an
emotional response or experience.

13. STIMULUS THALAMUS
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
AWARENESS OF
EMOTION
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REACTION

14.  Formulated by Stanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer, this
 theory emphasized that we express emotions
through a
 combination of physiological arousal and
environmental cues.
 We experience emotion based on the
physiological arousal and
 our assessment on our current situation

15. STIMULUS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
AROUSAL
THALAMUS
IDENIFYING
EMOTIONS
OBSERVATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
CLUES

16. TECHNIQUES OF
CONTROLLING
EMOTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL
-BIOFEEDBACK
-DRUGS
- MANIPULATION OF
BRAIN CENTERS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
- DENSITIZATION
-FLOODING
- SELF STATEMENTS
- COPING STRATERGIES

17.  DESENSITIZATION-A state of complete relaxation & are then expose
to the stimulus that elicts the anxiety response.
 FLOODING- Person is directly exposed to fear producing stimulus ,
but escapes is made impossible.
 SELF STATEMENT-We can reassure ourselves with self-talking or
expressing self directed statements to control our feeling.
 COPING STATERGY- Keeping the goal within realistic limits & engage
yourself in an activity that does not require concentration

18.  BIOFEEDBACK-The learning to control our bodily process by
acquiring knowledge about them.
 MANIPULATION OF BRAIN CENTERS-Implantation of
electrodes in brain in specific areas to reduce emotions
like-anxiety ,fear ,pleasure ,hostility ,loneliness.
 DRUGS-Drugs used to control emotions . For eg .Marijuana
, cocaine etc.

19. EXTERNAL INTERNAL
CHANGE IN VOICE INCREASED B.P & HEART RATE
CHANGE IN RESPIRATION
CHANGE IN FACIAL EXPRESSION DILATION OF PUPIL
SWEATING
CHANGE IN DIFFERENT BODY
PARTS
DRY MOUTH
LACK OF SLEEP
TREMOR
ERECT HAIR ON SKIN

20.  HELP THE PATIENT TO FEEL COMFORTABLE
 INTERACT THE PATIENT & RELATIVES.
 ALERT WITH BASIC NEEDS OF THE PATIENT
 UNDERSTATND NEGATIVE EMOTION
 PROMOTE POSITIVE FEELINGS
 DEVELOP EMPATHY

21.  FOR CLIENT:-
 When a nurse first come in contact with the
client she should be very polite in her
nature.
 She should give warm welcome to the
client.
 She should provide pleasant, relax
atmosphere.
 She should understand clients negative
emotions.
 The nurse should promote positive feeling
by trying to eliminate fear, anger etc.
 She should maintain good I.P.R.
 Help the client to control their emotions.

22.  FOR NURSE :-
 A nurse is the central figure in
health care so she or he should
be much more emotionally strong
and mature in her/his behaviour.
 She should understand herself
strength and weakness.
 She maintain balance her own
emotions and her work.
 She should have control on her
emotions.

24. THANKS
FOR
WATCHING