Cristian Corato's speech during Chillventa 2018 on how is now possible to use transcritical CO2 applications in warmer climates and commercial refrigeration thanks to our EmJ Electronic modulating Ejectors
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
This is a general idea discussion, how we can improve our control methods by adding some control elements in conventional control loops (specially in solid fuel boilers)
The document discusses instrumentation and controls used in boiler systems. It describes the key objectives of instrumentation including measurement, control, quality control and safety. It then provides details on various control loops used in boiler instrumentation including drum level control, steam temperature control, combustion control, furnace pressure control, deaerator pressure and level control, and soot blower pressure control. It stresses the importance of good maintenance management for instrumentation and controls.
This document is a table of contents for an HVAC systems and equipment handbook. It lists 51 chapters organized under headings for air conditioning and heating systems, air handling equipment and components, heating equipment and components, cooling equipment and components, general components, and packaged/unitary and split-system equipment. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics covered in the handbook, including various HVAC system types, components, and general subjects.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
1. Boilers work by transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal to water to create steam, which can be used for various industrial processes.
2. There are two main types of boilers - firetube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes in the boiler shell, and watertube boilers where tubes containing water are surrounded by hot gases.
3. Boiler controls are needed to increase uptime, reduce emissions, maintain safety, and control costs. Controls regulate combustion, feedwater levels, steam pressure and temperature.
Zeus superior k w export manual tehnic - st-zkw ed 12-07 (en)Costel Sirghi
This document provides technical documentation for the ZEUS Superior kW wall-mounted boiler with an integrated storage tank. It has a sealed combustion chamber and is available in outputs of 24 kW, 28 kW, and 32 kW. It can be installed outside or in B22 configuration. The boiler uses a stainless steel coil in the 60L storage tank and has controls to manage heating and domestic hot water via the integrated circuit board. Diagrams and descriptions are provided of the main components and safety devices.
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL - BOILER CONTROLno suhaila
This document provides an overview of three-element control for regulating the water level in a boiler. It discusses the shortcomings of two-element control, such as not reacting quickly enough to sudden changes in feedwater flow rate. Three-element control improves on this by adding cascade control of the feedwater flow rate based on both the water level and feedforward information from steam flow rate. The procedure outlines setting up the equipment on a training system to implement and test three-element control.
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
This is a general idea discussion, how we can improve our control methods by adding some control elements in conventional control loops (specially in solid fuel boilers)
The document discusses instrumentation and controls used in boiler systems. It describes the key objectives of instrumentation including measurement, control, quality control and safety. It then provides details on various control loops used in boiler instrumentation including drum level control, steam temperature control, combustion control, furnace pressure control, deaerator pressure and level control, and soot blower pressure control. It stresses the importance of good maintenance management for instrumentation and controls.
This document is a table of contents for an HVAC systems and equipment handbook. It lists 51 chapters organized under headings for air conditioning and heating systems, air handling equipment and components, heating equipment and components, cooling equipment and components, general components, and packaged/unitary and split-system equipment. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics covered in the handbook, including various HVAC system types, components, and general subjects.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
1. Boilers work by transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal to water to create steam, which can be used for various industrial processes.
2. There are two main types of boilers - firetube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes in the boiler shell, and watertube boilers where tubes containing water are surrounded by hot gases.
3. Boiler controls are needed to increase uptime, reduce emissions, maintain safety, and control costs. Controls regulate combustion, feedwater levels, steam pressure and temperature.
Zeus superior k w export manual tehnic - st-zkw ed 12-07 (en)Costel Sirghi
This document provides technical documentation for the ZEUS Superior kW wall-mounted boiler with an integrated storage tank. It has a sealed combustion chamber and is available in outputs of 24 kW, 28 kW, and 32 kW. It can be installed outside or in B22 configuration. The boiler uses a stainless steel coil in the 60L storage tank and has controls to manage heating and domestic hot water via the integrated circuit board. Diagrams and descriptions are provided of the main components and safety devices.
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL - BOILER CONTROLno suhaila
This document provides an overview of three-element control for regulating the water level in a boiler. It discusses the shortcomings of two-element control, such as not reacting quickly enough to sudden changes in feedwater flow rate. Three-element control improves on this by adding cascade control of the feedwater flow rate based on both the water level and feedforward information from steam flow rate. The procedure outlines setting up the equipment on a training system to implement and test three-element control.
The document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, including their key components and control methods. It describes the components of a typical HVAC system such as chillers, cooling towers, boilers, air handling units, VAV boxes, and ductwork. It also discusses the basic control concept of using sensors, controllers, and actuators to regulate temperature, humidity, airflow and other factors. Finally, the document provides an example diagram of an air handling unit control system showing common sensors, the building management system, and actuated devices.
This document discusses combustion control systems used for industrial boilers. It describes the key components of a combustion control system, including actuators, valves, dampers, and electronic controllers. Maintaining the proper fuel-to-air ratio and firing rate is important for safety and efficiency. Specific burner combustion control methods are also outlined, such as oxygen trim, burner modulation, excess air regulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, and total heat control. Applications include power boilers, heaters, steam generators, and various industrial processes. The advantages and disadvantages of different combustion control schemes like jackshaft and parallel control are presented.
This document discusses HVAC systems and their energy consumption. It provides details on HVAC components like boilers, chillers, air handling units, and variable air volume boxes. It explains the functions of heating, cooling, humidification, ventilation and how outside air is used for economizer mode. Diagrams show how air flows through the system and components in an air handling unit. Common issues that can occur in real-world systems are also addressed.
This document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It provides details on:
- HVAC energy consumption for a lab building, with cooling and heating accounting for over 60% of annual energy use.
- Common temperature and humidity setpoints for HVAC systems.
- The main components of HVAC systems including boilers, chillers, air handling units, and variable air volume boxes.
- How air handling units heat, cool, humidify and distribute air to rooms while also bringing in outside air.
- How variable air volume boxes control room temperature and air flow.
- Real-world issues that can cause HVAC systems to operate differently than intended.
This document describes the closed loop control system used for boiler drum level control. It uses a three element control approach with drum level, feedwater flow, and main steam flow as process variables. During startup, a single 30% capacity feedwater control valve (FCV-101) is used to maintain drum level setpoint. At 30% load, control switches to two 100% capacity main feedwater valves (FCV-102) controlled via a three element algorithm. Drum level is measured by three level transmitters and averaged for input to the level controller (LIC-101). The controller output is summed with steam flow and used to set the remote setpoint for FIC-101, which controls FCV-102 position
Practical Boiler Control and Instrumentation for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This document discusses the key objectives and performance indicators for boiler control systems. It provides an overview of boiler processes including elementary block diagrams of the steam/water system and combustion system. Expanded models are shown for the boiler process and heat conversion in the boiler. Basic control functions are outlined for drum level control, furnace pressure control, combustion control, and steam temperature control. Diagrams of common boiler types such as fire-tube, water-tube and fluidized bed designs are also included.
The Presentation describes the basics about the Efficiency and performance of a steam based power plant. It also describes how the heat rate of the power plant is important from the point of view of fuel savings.
Energy Efficiency Potential in Food & Beverage Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in food and beverage sector in Nepal. The status of various subsectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
The document discusses energy efficiency improvements in the Pali textile cluster in India. It describes how the MSME sector is an important part of the Indian economy but faces challenges in adopting energy efficiency. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency initiated a project to implement energy efficient technologies like air preheaters and economizers in boiler systems in five MSME clusters, including Pali. Air preheaters and economizers allow for waste heat recovery from flue gases which can improve boiler efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. Cost-benefit analyses are provided for installing these technologies in typical textile processing units, finding potential savings of 1% of fuel costs for every 6 degree Celsius rise in feed water temperature from an economizer.
The document provides information about Heat Interface Units (HIUs) made by Altecnic. It discusses the benefits of HIUs, including improving energy efficiency by enabling the use of central boilers. It describes three main Altecnic HIU models and their operation, components, and benefits such as electronic control units that precisely control temperatures. The document also outlines other features of Altecnic HIUs that improve efficiency, such as compensating heating temperatures, domestic hot water priority, and monitored heat exchangers.
This document discusses different methods of boiler feedwater control systems. Single element control uses drum level measurement alone and is the simplest method. Two element control adds steam flow measurement to provide feedforward control. Three element control further adds feedwater flow measurement, providing feedback on the controlled variable to improve control over load changes. The document describes the control loops and components used in these systems.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
The document provides information on power generation processes including boiler and steam turbine systems. It discusses the basics of boiler operation including the water and steam system, combustion requirements, air and flue gas system, fuel preparation and firing. It also covers steam turbine fundamentals and components of the turbine steam system including governing and control. Key aspects like thermal efficiency, major equipment, and process regulation are described for the different systems.
The presentation is about the boiler drum's water level control, which is used on the ship for generating the steam. The presentation briefs about some controls used overboard to maintain the level inside the boiler for continuous steam supply.
K10854 Experimental evaluation of cascade refrigeration plantShraddhey Bhandari
The document summarizes several experiments on cascade refrigeration systems using different refrigerant pairs. The first experiment evaluated a CO2 and NH3 system for freezing applications, finding the optimum CO2 condensing temperature was within 2.4% of published correlations. A second experiment analyzed a R134a and CO2 system, determining compressor performance, temperatures, cooling capacity, and COPs of the individual and overall systems. A third experiment used an R22/R404A pair to determine the optimal condensing temperature of the low-temperature circuit by evaluating the individual and global COPs.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems with two parts: components and diagnosing issues. It describes the major components: furnace, air conditioner, heat pump, ducting, thermostat, line set, electricity, gas line. Each component is then broken down into smaller specialized parts and their functions are explained, such as the burner, blower, coils, fans, valves of the furnace. The air conditioner components inside and outside the home are also detailed. Thermostats, both mercury switch and digital, are reviewed. The document aims to educate homeowners on HVAC systems and when to call a technician.
This document discusses a propane mini chiller system called INFINEE. It has an external refrigerant section for propane that is separated from the internal water/glycol section for safety. It has an inverter compressor and pump for high efficiency. Propane has a low GWP and the system has a simple and safe design to provide efficient cooling capacity down to low temperatures while using a natural refrigerant.
This document discusses an integrated CO2 system for refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat recovery installed in a supermarket in southern Germany. It includes:
1. Medium and low temperature compressors, a parallel compressor, heat exchangers, and valves to control the transcritical and flash gas processes.
2. The system is controlled as a single unit to reduce installation costs and space needs while improving efficiency through more precise control and optimization of refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat recovery loads.
3. Data is collected in real-time to calculate COP and divide total energy consumption between the different applications to evaluate system performance under varying operating conditions.
Refrigeration and air conditioning systembikramstalion
This document discusses various strategies to optimize refrigeration and air conditioning systems to reduce energy consumption and costs. It describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle and how system performance is affected by evaporator and condenser temperatures. Methods to optimize compressor operation include adjusting loading/unloading, variable speed drives, and gas bypass controls. Optimizing cooling water systems, replacing shell and tube condensers with evaporative condensers, and switching to more efficient centrifugal compressors can also improve performance. The document also compares vapor absorption to vapor compression cycles.
The document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, including their key components and control methods. It describes the components of a typical HVAC system such as chillers, cooling towers, boilers, air handling units, VAV boxes, and ductwork. It also discusses the basic control concept of using sensors, controllers, and actuators to regulate temperature, humidity, airflow and other factors. Finally, the document provides an example diagram of an air handling unit control system showing common sensors, the building management system, and actuated devices.
This document discusses combustion control systems used for industrial boilers. It describes the key components of a combustion control system, including actuators, valves, dampers, and electronic controllers. Maintaining the proper fuel-to-air ratio and firing rate is important for safety and efficiency. Specific burner combustion control methods are also outlined, such as oxygen trim, burner modulation, excess air regulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, and total heat control. Applications include power boilers, heaters, steam generators, and various industrial processes. The advantages and disadvantages of different combustion control schemes like jackshaft and parallel control are presented.
This document discusses HVAC systems and their energy consumption. It provides details on HVAC components like boilers, chillers, air handling units, and variable air volume boxes. It explains the functions of heating, cooling, humidification, ventilation and how outside air is used for economizer mode. Diagrams show how air flows through the system and components in an air handling unit. Common issues that can occur in real-world systems are also addressed.
This document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It provides details on:
- HVAC energy consumption for a lab building, with cooling and heating accounting for over 60% of annual energy use.
- Common temperature and humidity setpoints for HVAC systems.
- The main components of HVAC systems including boilers, chillers, air handling units, and variable air volume boxes.
- How air handling units heat, cool, humidify and distribute air to rooms while also bringing in outside air.
- How variable air volume boxes control room temperature and air flow.
- Real-world issues that can cause HVAC systems to operate differently than intended.
This document describes the closed loop control system used for boiler drum level control. It uses a three element control approach with drum level, feedwater flow, and main steam flow as process variables. During startup, a single 30% capacity feedwater control valve (FCV-101) is used to maintain drum level setpoint. At 30% load, control switches to two 100% capacity main feedwater valves (FCV-102) controlled via a three element algorithm. Drum level is measured by three level transmitters and averaged for input to the level controller (LIC-101). The controller output is summed with steam flow and used to set the remote setpoint for FIC-101, which controls FCV-102 position
Practical Boiler Control and Instrumentation for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This document discusses the key objectives and performance indicators for boiler control systems. It provides an overview of boiler processes including elementary block diagrams of the steam/water system and combustion system. Expanded models are shown for the boiler process and heat conversion in the boiler. Basic control functions are outlined for drum level control, furnace pressure control, combustion control, and steam temperature control. Diagrams of common boiler types such as fire-tube, water-tube and fluidized bed designs are also included.
The Presentation describes the basics about the Efficiency and performance of a steam based power plant. It also describes how the heat rate of the power plant is important from the point of view of fuel savings.
Energy Efficiency Potential in Food & Beverage Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in food and beverage sector in Nepal. The status of various subsectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
The document discusses energy efficiency improvements in the Pali textile cluster in India. It describes how the MSME sector is an important part of the Indian economy but faces challenges in adopting energy efficiency. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency initiated a project to implement energy efficient technologies like air preheaters and economizers in boiler systems in five MSME clusters, including Pali. Air preheaters and economizers allow for waste heat recovery from flue gases which can improve boiler efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. Cost-benefit analyses are provided for installing these technologies in typical textile processing units, finding potential savings of 1% of fuel costs for every 6 degree Celsius rise in feed water temperature from an economizer.
The document provides information about Heat Interface Units (HIUs) made by Altecnic. It discusses the benefits of HIUs, including improving energy efficiency by enabling the use of central boilers. It describes three main Altecnic HIU models and their operation, components, and benefits such as electronic control units that precisely control temperatures. The document also outlines other features of Altecnic HIUs that improve efficiency, such as compensating heating temperatures, domestic hot water priority, and monitored heat exchangers.
This document discusses different methods of boiler feedwater control systems. Single element control uses drum level measurement alone and is the simplest method. Two element control adds steam flow measurement to provide feedforward control. Three element control further adds feedwater flow measurement, providing feedback on the controlled variable to improve control over load changes. The document describes the control loops and components used in these systems.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
The document provides information on power generation processes including boiler and steam turbine systems. It discusses the basics of boiler operation including the water and steam system, combustion requirements, air and flue gas system, fuel preparation and firing. It also covers steam turbine fundamentals and components of the turbine steam system including governing and control. Key aspects like thermal efficiency, major equipment, and process regulation are described for the different systems.
The presentation is about the boiler drum's water level control, which is used on the ship for generating the steam. The presentation briefs about some controls used overboard to maintain the level inside the boiler for continuous steam supply.
K10854 Experimental evaluation of cascade refrigeration plantShraddhey Bhandari
The document summarizes several experiments on cascade refrigeration systems using different refrigerant pairs. The first experiment evaluated a CO2 and NH3 system for freezing applications, finding the optimum CO2 condensing temperature was within 2.4% of published correlations. A second experiment analyzed a R134a and CO2 system, determining compressor performance, temperatures, cooling capacity, and COPs of the individual and overall systems. A third experiment used an R22/R404A pair to determine the optimal condensing temperature of the low-temperature circuit by evaluating the individual and global COPs.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems with two parts: components and diagnosing issues. It describes the major components: furnace, air conditioner, heat pump, ducting, thermostat, line set, electricity, gas line. Each component is then broken down into smaller specialized parts and their functions are explained, such as the burner, blower, coils, fans, valves of the furnace. The air conditioner components inside and outside the home are also detailed. Thermostats, both mercury switch and digital, are reviewed. The document aims to educate homeowners on HVAC systems and when to call a technician.
This document discusses a propane mini chiller system called INFINEE. It has an external refrigerant section for propane that is separated from the internal water/glycol section for safety. It has an inverter compressor and pump for high efficiency. Propane has a low GWP and the system has a simple and safe design to provide efficient cooling capacity down to low temperatures while using a natural refrigerant.
This document discusses an integrated CO2 system for refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat recovery installed in a supermarket in southern Germany. It includes:
1. Medium and low temperature compressors, a parallel compressor, heat exchangers, and valves to control the transcritical and flash gas processes.
2. The system is controlled as a single unit to reduce installation costs and space needs while improving efficiency through more precise control and optimization of refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat recovery loads.
3. Data is collected in real-time to calculate COP and divide total energy consumption between the different applications to evaluate system performance under varying operating conditions.
Refrigeration and air conditioning systembikramstalion
This document discusses various strategies to optimize refrigeration and air conditioning systems to reduce energy consumption and costs. It describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle and how system performance is affected by evaporator and condenser temperatures. Methods to optimize compressor operation include adjusting loading/unloading, variable speed drives, and gas bypass controls. Optimizing cooling water systems, replacing shell and tube condensers with evaporative condensers, and switching to more efficient centrifugal compressors can also improve performance. The document also compares vapor absorption to vapor compression cycles.
This document discusses compressor analysis and design. It begins by reviewing compressor types and efficiencies. It then discusses how centrifugal compressors work by rapidly rotating blades to compress refrigerant from low to high pressure. The document presents compressor performance data graphs showing how mass flow rate, cooling capacity, and power consumption vary with evaporating and condensing temperatures. It describes how compressor maps are developed from these curves and fitted with polynomials. Finally, it states that compressor design primarily involves selecting the appropriate type and size of compressor to match the cooling capacity and compatibility with other system components.
This document provides an overview of air to water heat pump technology. It discusses how air to water heat pumps work by capturing heat from the outside air and transferring it inside to heat or cool a building. The document also covers the benefits of air to water heat pumps such as using renewable energy, providing heating, cooling and hot water from one system, and significant savings in energy costs compared to gas or oil systems. It provides details on the components of air to water heat pump systems including inverters, compressors, and controls.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information on the RTX rooftop air conditioning unit, including:
- It has plug fans coupled with EC brushless motors and options for free-cooling and enthalpic free-cooling.
- Configurations include options for return air, external air, and expelled air flows.
- It has features like two cooling circuits, scroll tandem compressors, finned pack exchangers, and microprocessor control for efficient operation.
This document provides information about boilers. It defines a boiler as a closed vessel that heats fluid, typically water, which is then used for various heating applications. It describes the basic working principle of boilers, which involves using heat energy to convert water into steam. It also discusses different boiler types, components like burners, pumps, and safety devices, and explains the basic sequence of operations for a boiler.
The document discusses advances in fan coil unit technology and controls presented by Mick Holland. It provides an overview of Ability Projects, a supplier of fan coil units, and their product ranges. It then covers EC motors, pressure independent control valves, and modern controller capabilities for fan coil units. The Matrix range is introduced as a fully packaged fan coil unit with smart pod fans, individual duct pressures, and no need for volume control dampers. Benefits of variable air volume control strategies using the Matrix are discussed.
This document describes a temperature controlled fan speed controller circuit. The circuit uses an LM35 temperature sensor to monitor temperature. It sends the analog temperature reading to an ADC which converts it to a digital signal for a microcontroller. The microcontroller compares the temperature to set limits and controls the speed of a DC fan motor using PWM to vary the duty cycle and fan speed. It aims to efficiently cool components by increasing fan speed as temperature rises and decreasing it as temperature falls.
The units of the G series are designed with construction characteristics that optimise the space and layout of technical floors. The fan section is composed of a separately provided sub-base, providing remarkable advantages: a coil with ample heat exchange surface area, an extended filtering surface that limits maintenance operations thanks to less soiling, and horizontal air delivery for operation with less pressure drops. The G series is available in the GX versions, with air condensing and matching remote condenser, or with water condensing and incorporated plate heat exchanger, as well as the GW version with the cooled water circuit. The PX versions have the optional DC brushless inverter compressor for efficient modulation of delivered power. Advanced microprocessor electronic regulation for integrated control of the unit with a standard RS485 card.
This document provides specifications for DBVU-X+ and DBVU-X VRF systems. DBVU-X+ uses all DC inverter compressors and fan motors for improved energy efficiency. It has a wide operating range from -30°C to 55°C for heating and cooling. Key specifications include maximum connected indoor units, equivalent piping lengths and height differences between indoor and outdoor units. Performance data like IPLV, EER and COP are provided for various capacity units. The document also describes the system's enhanced vapor injection compressor, auto refrigerant charging function and power saving mode.
The document provides information about a training session on solar thermal and heat pump systems for industrial applications. It discusses solar thermal and heat pump technologies for various industrial processes like canteen cooking, plate washing, boiler feed, and process treatment. Load estimations are presented for a canteen cooking application using both solar thermal and heat pump systems. The solar thermal system requires a 126 kW capacity while the heat pump requires 42 kW due to different operating hours.
URHE-CF is a heat recovery unit containing both a high-efficiency cross-flow plate exchanger, and a cooling circuit in heat pump mode. The cooling circuit has a high-efficiency scroll compressor, finned condensation/evaporation coil, thermostatic valve, 4-way valve, liquid separator, liquid indicator light, filter drier, and all the necessary measuring and safety components. The unit is fitted with centrifugal fans (that respect ERP2015) with forward blades and a directly coupled motor. The rotation speed is controlled by an EC device. It has G4 filters positioned before the plate exchanger (on both the fresh air and the extracted air), and a differential pressure switch for checking the filters are not clogged. The machine has an advanced adjustment system for managing the cooling circuit and the accessories used (integration coils, free-cooling kit).
URHE-CF is a heat recovery unit containing both a high-efficiency cross-flow plate exchanger, and a cooling circuit in heat pump mode. The cooling circuit has a high-efficiency scroll compressor, finned condensation/evaporation coil, thermostatic valve, 4-way valve, liquid separator, liquid indicator light, filter drier, and all the necessary measuring and safety components. The unit is fitted with centrifugal fans (that respect ERP2015) with forward blades and a directly coupled motor. The rotation speed is controlled by an EC device. It has G4 filters positioned before the plate exchanger (on both the fresh air and the extracted air), and a differential pressure switch for checking the filters are not clogged. The machine has an advanced adjustment system for managing the cooling circuit and the accessories used (integration coils, free-cooling kit).
This document describes tests of a refrigeration system that uses flooded evaporation in the evaporator. Key aspects of the new system include a bubble expansion valve to control liquid flow, an ejector pump to circulate refrigerant, and a method to recover pressure drop losses. Testing showed the new system improved evaporator temperature by 3.5K and reduced power consumption by 10% compared to a standard direct expansion system. Operating data and test results are presented, showing the flooded evaporator system significantly improved heat exchanger efficiency.
The document describes the CoolSense system from Trane, which uses dedicated outdoor air units and sensible-cooling terminal units. It provides details on:
- The system configuration using DOAS units and sensible terminal units for zone cooling and ventilation.
- Controller sequences and operation for the terminal units for cooling, heating, and demand-controlled ventilation.
- Available configurations for the DOAS units including DX packs, chilled water AHUs, and energy recovery options.
- Sizing and dehumidification requirements to maintain indoor dew points below 55°F.
Similar to EmJ to boost the CO2 compressor pack efficiency in warm climate (20)
Plug-in cabinets solutions overview for commercial and professional refrigera...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Giovanni Tonin, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Application Manager and Sebastiano Di Lena, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Group Marketing – Food Retail at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. From iJ to HEOSone: CAREL's solutions for plug in cabinets
Know more: natref.carel.com
Which is the best solution for commercial and professional plug-in cabinets?CAREL Industries S.p.A
Miriam Solana Cipres, HVAC/R Knowledge Centre Engineer at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. This presentation describes the main objectives when designing a plug-in cabinet and Heosone, CAREL’s solution for commercial or professional plug-in cabinets.
Know more: natref.carel.com
How indoor air quality and relative humidity control affect your life: fighti...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Andrea Oscar Frisiero, Sales & Marketing HVAC Application Specialist at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. This presentation describes the role of air quality and humidity control in fighting the spread of airborne diseases and in preserving human health and the role of an HVAC company to reach these goals.
Know more: healthcare.carel.com
Marco Piovan, Sales & Marketing HVAC Application Manager and Matteo Venturi, Sales & Marketing Application Specialist at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. NEW uChiller for process chiller and use of Chillbooster for condenser and liquid coolers for industrial applications.
Know more: carel.com/product/mchiller-process
Michele Mohorovicich, Marketing Manager Refrigeration – EMEA CAREL, at Eurovent Middle East 2020. This presentation describes the solution trends for Supermarket retrofit and the benefits of DC inverter technology and EXV in food retail applications. Explore CAREL DC technology solutions to reach energy efficiency and food preservation.
Sistemi di umidificazione adiabatica secondo normativa VDI6022; aspetti tecno...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Andrea Oscar Frisiero, Application Specialist – Indoor Air Quality and Climate Control e Andrea Pagan, Application Manager – Ventilation and Systems a MCE Live & Digital 2021.
La recente pandemia ha evidenziato l'importanza di un corretto controllo dell'umidità (RH 40-60%) al fine di limitare la diffusione ed il rischio di contagio all'interno degli edifici.
Le tecnologie di umidificazione adiabatica sono la risposta più idonea al fine di garantire massima igienicità ed efficienza.
La norma VDI6022 costituisce il riferimento per le caratteristiche funzionali e costruttive per la gestione, la conduzione e la manutenzione sia dell'umidificatore che dell'intero sistema di ventilazione.
Progettisti ed installatori devono perciò fare importanti scelte riguardo il controllo dell'impianto. Una soluzione integrata tra umidificatore e sistema di controllo garantisce maggiori livelli di efficienza ed igienicità altrimenti non raggiungibili dai singoli elementi distinti.
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Andrea Pagan, Application Manager – Ventilation and Systems e Alberto Bussotti, Area Manager HVAC Project & Dealer Filiale Italia a MCE Live & Digital 2021. Le azioni per garantire i corretti livelli di igienicità negli impianti di ventilazione sono spesso in contrasto con i più tradizionali principi volti a minimizzare il consumo energetico.
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From system approach to monitoring solutions, exploiting also devices configuration through smartphone APPs.
Vom Systemansatz zu Überwachungslösungen, wobei auch die Gerätekonfiguration durch Smartphone-APPs ausgenutzt wird.
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What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
3. Europe background
CO2 is the mainstream technology in
Europe for food retail application
The CO2 equator is still visible,
considering the number of installations
Installing transcritical CO2 systems in
southern Europe is today feasible
Ejector technology is one of the best
options for warm climates
Source: SheccoBase
Total CO2 Stores
14000+
Southern Europe
500 (3,6%)
4. Top perfomances comes from system control stability
• Wide modulation range to always
fit the cooling capacity
• Maximum energy efficiency at
part load
• Stepper electronic expansion valves
• Continuous and precise control of
evaporator feeding
• Equi-percentual profile for perfect
control in part load operation
Opening %
Cooling
capacity
CAREL ExV
• Continuous modulation to match the
different rack requirements
• No need of high pressure valve to
modulate high pressure flow
• Maximum energy efficiency in ejector
mode
CAREL DNA: Continuous Modulation
DC technology EEV EMJ
5. Emj: Modulating Ejector
Full RANGE of MODULATING EJECTORS
• from 20 to 135 kW and up to 3 EmJ in parallel
to match different compressor rack capacities, even for
small formats
• Compact Design
• Vapour ejectors design for full mass flow
• Continuous stepper modulation to match the
different rack requirements
• Easy adaptation to all working condition and part loads
• Precise high pressure control: no compromise on
HPV function
• Simplified rack design to reduce capital investement
• Full advanced control system (rack, cabinets,
monitoring) for whole system optimization
20 kW
135 kW
6. System configuration and operating modes
Standard mode (winter)
Standard CO2 transcritical system
Parallel Comp. mode
Parallel compressor activation
Ejector mode (summer)
Ejector activation
7. • Standard booster system
• Ejector suction port is closed
• Ejector controls high pressure like a standard
modulating HPV
• Parallel compressor is not active
Standard mode (winter) – low external T
MT evap P = 26 bar
SH in cabinets = 5-10K
Rec P =
35-40
bar
Suct P =
26 bar
WINTER
mode
Ejector HP control
3Way-valve
(Vcs)
EmJ Suction
port (Vej)
CLOSED
Parallel Comp NOT ACTIVE
Flash Valve ACTIVE
Vcs
Vej
8. • Parallel compressor is active
• Flash valve is closed
• 3-way valve connects comp suction and evap outlet
• Ejector suction port is closed
• Ejector controls high pressure like a standard modulating HPV
Parallel Comp. mode
MT evap P = 26 bar
SH in cabinets = 5-10K
Rec P
= 35-40
bar
Suct P =
26 bar
WINTER
mode
MID SEASON
mode
Ejector HP control HP control
3Way-valve
(Vcs)
EmJ Suction
port (Vej)
CLOSED CLOSED
Parallel Comp NOT ACTIVE ACTIVE
Flash Valve ACTIVE NOT ACTIVE
Vcs
Vej
9. Ejector mode (Summer) – High external T
MT evap P = 28-30 bar
SH in cabinets = 3K
Rec P
= 33-38
bar
• 3-way valve connects comp suction and liquid receiver
• Ejector suction port is open
• Ejector controls high pressure modulating its opening
• Ejector provides a pressure lift from evaporator pressure to receiver
P
• All compressor work in «parallel» conditions: i.e. 33-38 bar suction P
• SH can be reduced: semiflooded Evap
Suct P =
33-38 bar
WINTER
mode
MID SEASON
mode
SUMMER
mode
Ejector HP control HP control Optimized
HP control
3Way-valve
(Vcs)
EmJ Suction
port (Vej)
CLOSED CLOSED OPEN
Parallel Comp NOT ACTIVE ACTIVE ALL
Compressors
Flash Valve ACTIVE NOT ACTIVE NOT ACTIVE
Vcs
Vej
10. Emj advanced system control
ETHTCPIP
• Fast synchronization between rack and
cabinets thanks to ethernet connectivity
• Safety and optimization is always at top
level
Rack
• Reduced number of compressors required
thanks to interchangeability of medium
temp and parallel compressors
• No need of liquid receiver
• All compressors running as parallel
compressors in summer mode
Case
• Semiflooded operation, SH=2-3K
• Stable regulation
Ethernet
switch
ETH TCPIP ETH TCPIP
11. Results from a real store
System Characteristics
Location: Spain
Cooling Capacity: 130kW MT, 40kW LT
Booster system
4 MT compressors (1° with INV) +
1 Eco Compressor
3 LT compressors (1° with INV)
3 Ejectors
44 Medium Temp cabinets
15 Medium Temp cold rooms
12 Low Temp cabinets
2 Low Temp cold rooms
12. Analysis: Data acquisition
Data Acquisition
Sampling every 10 minutes
6 month data (May to
October)
Compressor rack
Temperature probes
Pressure probes
Compressors activation
Ejectors opening
Operating modes
Cabinets
Temperature probes
Pressure probes
Energy Meters
General
MT line
LT line Supervisory system
Alarm management
Plant optimization
Data logging
13. Analysis: Annual energy savings
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Ejectoractivation[%]
hours
External temperature [°C]
Temperature distribution example
EJ
Std
Activation Ejector
In hours at low temp,
Standard mode will
be active
In hours at high
temp, Ejector mode
will be active
Each column represents the
number of hours per year at
a certain temperature.
14. Results: Annual energy savings expectations
Annual average Temperature [°C]
Madrid Sevilla
Rio de
Janeiro
Sao Paulo Houston Miami Phoenix Acapulco Veracruz
14,3 18,4 24,0 19,9 20,3 24,1 23,8 27,4 25,0
15. Improvments: Annual energy savings expectations
Annual average Temperature [°C]
Madrid Sevilla
Rio de
Janeiro
Sao Paulo Houston Miami Phoenix Acapulco Veracruz
14,3 18,4 24,0 19,9 20,3 24,1 23,8 27,4 25,0
Ejector mode activation parameters
can be optimized:
• The system could work for a
longer time in EJ mode
• The transition curve could be
shifted, including more hours in
EJ mode during the year
The rack analysed worked with an
evaporation pressure setpoint in
ejector mode of 28 bar.
• It is possible to increase the
pressure setpoints to 30 bar,
with an improvement of the
energy saving
16. Conclusions
• Efficiency in warm climate is not anymore an issue thanks of modulating ejectors
• Southern Europe can profit of CO2 transcritical technology, already mature in the
northern part of the continent. Extreme saving of time and investments
• CO2 not only for big formats, Emj can offer suitable solution also for small formats.
Effective solution to improve energy efficiency.