This Powerpoint Presentation was made for our subject Anthropology and I give credits to the sources that I've used in this presentation. I hope this will help you to understand When, Where, Why and How does Third Sex exist in our society.

1. Prepared by:
Rex O. Gonzales
BSED-III (Soc. Sci.)

2. • Third sex
– Is describe as a gender identity that is different
from men and women.
– It is a term for people who are neither completely
male nor completely female.
• 1700 A.D.
– Third sex emerged in England.
– Traditional societies had provided social space for
those who belong to the third gender, and this
went on until the Middle Age.

3. • Homosexuality
– Pertains to one of the three main categories of
sexual orientation, namely; heterosexuality,
bisexuality and homosexuality, in the continuum
of hetero-homo spectrum.
– It described as a sexual or romantic attraction
among members of the same gender.
– Hybrid of two words: the Greek Homos (same)
and Latin Sexualis (sexual behavior).
Gay – common term used for male Homosexual.
Lesbian – common term used for female
Homosexual.
2006 – study reveal that 20% of the population in
Western culture anonymously reported some
Homosexual feelings.

4. Homosexuality in Contemporary
societies
• Thailand
– The homosexuals are called kathoeys or “lady boys”
– Describe as either a kind of man or a kind of woman.
– Chiang Mai Tech School
• Provided a separate restroom for kathoeys with intertwined
male/female symbols on the door.
• Italy
– Homosexuals are called femminielli.
• India
– Called as Hijras which is considered as the most populous
and well-known third sex type in the 20th century.
– Estimated that there are 5 to 6 million hijras in india.

5. Factors Affecting Gender
• There are number of factors seek to explain the
emergencies of homosexuality:
1. Genetics
2. Religious upbringing
3. Environment
4. Sexual abuse
• The issue of homosexuality also brings about
problems which could be directly or indirectly
attributed to the third sex gender orientation:
• Discrimination, Promiscuity, sexually
transmitted diseases and illegal drug abuse.

6. • Same-sex marriage, also known as gay
marriage, is marriage between people of the
same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in
a religious setting.
• In the late 20th century, religious rites of
marriage without legal recognition became
increasingly
• The first law providing for marriage of people of
the same sex in modern times was enacted in
2001 in the Netherlands.

7. • As of 16 December 2016, same-sex marriage is legally recognized
(nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries:
1. Argentina
2. Belgium
3. Brazil
4. Canada
5. Colombia
6. Denmark
7. France
8. Iceland
9. Ireland
10. Luxembourg
11. Mexico,
12. Netherlands
13. New Zealand
14. Norway, Portugal
15. South Africa
16. Spain
17. Sweden
18. United Kingdom
19. United States,
20. Uruguay.

9. • As of 2016 South Africa is the only African
country where same-sex marriage is
recognized, and no country in Asia allows
same-sex marriage ceremonies,
although Israel accepts same-sex marriages
performed overseas.
• Introduction of same-sex marriage laws has
varied by jurisdiction, being variously
accomplished through legislative change to
marriage laws, a court ruling based on
constitutional guarantees of equality, or by
direct popular vote (via ballot initiative or
referendum).

10. • The recognition of same-sex marriage is a
political and social issue, and also a religious issue
in many countries, and debates continue to arise
over whether people in same-sex relationships
should be allowed marriage or some similar
status (a civil union).
• Same-sex marriage can provide those in same-sex
relationships who pay their taxes with
government services and make financial demands
on them comparable to those afforded to and
required of those in opposite-sex marriages.
• Same-sex marriage also gives them legal
protections such as inheritance and hospital
visitation rights.

11. • Various faith communities around the world
support allowing those of the same sex to
marry, while many major religions oppose
same-sex marriage.
• Opponents of same-sex marriages have
argued that recognition of same-sex marriages
would erode religious freedoms, undermine a
right of children to be raised by their
biological mother and father or erode the
institution of marriage itself.

12. • The American Anthropological
Association asserts that social science
research does not support the view that either
civilization or viable social orders depend
upon not recognizing same-sex marriage.
• Some analysts state that financial,
psychological and physical well-being are
enhanced by marriage, and that children of
same-sex parents or carers benefit from being
raised by two parents within a legally
recognized union supported by society's
institutions

14. • The first historical mention of the
performance of same-sex marriages occurred
during the early Roman Empire according to
controversialhistorian John Boswell.
• Child emperor Elagabalus
–referred to his chariot driver, a blond slave
from Caria named Hierocles, as his
husband. He also married an athlete named
Zoticus in a lavish public ceremony in Rome
amidst the rejoicings of the citizens

15. • Nero
 The first Roman emperor to have married a man.
 who is reported to have married two other males on
different occasions
 The first was with one of Nero's own
freedmen, Pythagoras, with whom Nero took the role
of the bride
 Later, as a groom, Nero married Sporus, a young boy,
to replace the teenage female concubine he had
killed and married him in a very public ceremony with
all the solemnities of matrimony, after which Sporus
was forced to pretend to be the female concubine
that Nero had killed and act as though they were
really married.
 The marriage was celebrated in both Greece and
Rome in extravagant public ceremonies.

16. • It should be noted, however, that conubium existed only
between a civis Romanus and a civis Romana (that is, between a
male Roman citizen and a female Roman citizen), so that a
marriage between two Roman males (or with a slave) would have
no legal standing in Roman law .
• ]Furthermore, according to Susan Treggiari, "matrimonium was
then an institution involving a mother, mater. The idea implicit in
the word is that a man took a woman in marriage, in
matrimonium ducere, so that he might have children by her.“
• Still, the lack of legal validity notwithstanding, there is a
consensus among modern historians that same-sex relationships
existed in ancient Rome, though the frequency and nature of
"same-sex unions" during that period are obscure
• In 342 AD, Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans issued
a law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) prohibiting same-sex
marriage in Rome and ordering execution for those so married.

17. • A same-sex marriage between two men,
Pedro Dias and Muño Vandilas, occurred on
16 April 1061 in the Galician municipality
of Rairiz de Veiga in Spain.
• They were married by a priest at a small
chapel. The historic documents about the
church wedding were found at Monastery of
San Salvador de Celanova

18. • Writing in Harvard Magazine in 2013, legal
historian Michael Klarman wrote that while there was a
growth of gay rights activism in the 1970s United
States, "Marriage equality was not then a priority.“
• He argued that many gay people were not initially
interested in marriage, deeming it to be a traditionalist
institution, and that the search for legal recognition of
same-sex relationships began in the late 1980s.
• Faramerz Dabhoiwala writing for The Guardian, say
that the modern movement began in the 1990s

19. Trivia

20. • Denmark was the first country to recognize a legal relationship
for same-sex couples, establishing "registered partnerships" in
1989.
• This gave those in same-sex relationships "most rights of
married heterosexuals, but not the right to adopt or obtain
joint custody of a child.”
• In 2001, the Netherlands became the first country to
permit same-sex marriages.
• Same-sex marriages have been permitted and mutually
recognized
by Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Canada (2005), South
Africa (2006), Norway(2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010),I
celand (2010), Argentina (2010),Denmark (2012), Brazil (2013),
France (2013), Uruguay (2013), New Zealand (2013),
the United Kingdom (2014), Luxembourg (2015), the United
States (2015), Ireland (2015) and Colombia (2016). Same-sex
marriage is to become legal in Finland on 1 March 2017.

21. • In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in a
number of states and recognized in all thirty-one states
• In Nepal, their recognition has been judicially
mandated but
• In Mexico marriages are recognized by all sub-national
jurisdictions and by the federal government.
• On 3 June 2015, Mexico'sSupreme Court of Justice of
the Nation released a "jurisprudential thesis" declaring
the current purpose of marriage, which is procreation,
as unconstitutional and discriminatory towards same-
sex relationships.
• Courts nationwide must now authorize marriages
between people of the same-sex through injunctions, a
process slower and more expensive than opposite-sex
marriage not yet legislated.

22. • Israel does not recognize same-sex marriages
performed in its territory, but same-sex marriages
performed in foreign jurisdictions are recorded strictly
"for statistical purposes", thereby avoiding official
recognition of same-sex marriages by the state
• Kenya
– Female same-sex marriage is practiced among
the Gikuyu, Nandi, Kamba, Kipsigis, and to a lesser extent
neighboring peoples.
– Approximately 5–10% of women are in such marriages.
However, this is not seen as homosexual, but is instead a
way for families without sons to keep their inheritance
within the family.
– The laws criminalizing homosexuality are generally
specific to men, though in 2010 the prime minister called
for women to be arrested as well.

23. • Nigeria
– In Nigeria, homosexual activity between men, but not
between women, is illegal.
– In 2006, Nigerian President Olusegun
Obasanjo introduced legislation that prohibits same-
sex marriages and criminalizes anyone who "performs,
witnesses, aids or abets" such ceremonies.
– Among the Igbo people and probably other peoples
in the south of the country, there are circumstances
where a marriage between women is considered
appropriate, such as when a woman has no child and
her husband dies, and she takes a wife to perpetuate
her inheritance and family lineage

24. • Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or
territory—everything from legal recognition of same-
sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to
the death penalty as punishment for same-sex
romantic/sexual activity or identity.
• LGBT rights are considered human rights by
the Amnesty International and civil rights by
some. LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited
to, the following:
government recognition of same-sex relationships (such
as via same-sex marriage or similar unions)
allowing LGBT adoption
recognition of LGBT parenting
anti-bullying legislation and student non-discrimination
laws to protect LGBT children and/or students

25. immigration equality laws
anti-discrimination laws for employment and housing
hate crime laws providing enhanced criminal penalties
for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
equal age of consent laws
equal access to assisted reproductive technology
access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone
replacement therapy
legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned
gender
laws related to sexual orientation and military service
allowing men who have sex with men to donate blood

26. • As of April 2016, nineteen countries, most of them located in
the Americas and Western Europe recognize same-sex marriage
and grant most of (if not all) the other rights listed above to its
LGBT citizens.
• In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its
first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up
with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission
documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people,
including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality,
and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human
Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done
so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.
• As of May 2016, 16 countries have an unequal age of consent
law.
• As of August 2016, 72 countries as well as five sub-national
jurisdictions have laws criminalizing homosexuality, with most
of them located in Asia and Africa. In 2006 that number was 92.