7. Our era is
marked by
an almost
complete
absence of
moral and
spiritual
ideals in
government,
business and
everyday
affairs
~ (Lidz 1979)
Nevertheless,
religion
always was,
is, and
remains a
cultural
universal.
Its role has
certainly
changed…
[protestant
reformation
& industrial
revolution]
But it has not
disappeared
in any
society to
date.
8. The Process of
Secularization
Sacred Realm as
Dominant [Bible,
Qu’ran & Torah –
as the highest
authority in the
community
Feudal Era –
Central event
was the
disestablishment
of RCC.
[success
mercantile and
emerging
capitalism]
1600s – Sacred
authority was
challenged
virtually
everywhere…
Europe was
diffusing its
secular
principles to
colonized areas
Marx, Spencer, Weber
and Durkheim
considered
SECULARIZATION to
be the wave of the
future
9. The development and regulation of
language
Language and
Evolution
The Mechanics
of Language
Change
Linguistic Unity and
Diversity Today
10. Ancient pursuit
and can be
traced back to
the works of
Plato
More recent studies of non European tongues
and of the effects of the European culture
contact on local languages, have revealed that
languages actually change in many different
often complex ways
Each one develop in response to multitude of
unique demographic factors [different
environment, population size and culture –
and contacts with other culture]
11. The Passing of Traditional
Societies
Cultures differ in the extent to which
they encourage or accommodate change
Modern culture today are far better
integrated and more highly
elaborated
Local cultural styles: fast food, blue
jeans & rock’n’roll
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies
As a single world system emerges and takes shape via information superhighways, the place of religion and religious ideals in humanity’s future remain uncertain – in social science terms, this reflects unsettled conflict between the sacred and the secular aspects of contemporary culture
cultural universal – common to all human cultures worldwide
For many thousand of years, people generally viewed the sacred realm as dominant, and religious authorities such as priests and prophets occupied a special and elevated status ------- Promote the principle of individualism, economic prosperity and practicality
Language are among the most important system of non-material culture – anthropologists referred culture as language [hall, 1966] ------ Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language,
The study of language is an----
Passing of Tradition as a type of cultural change
Traditional culture
Relationships are made up of interactions
Depends on close ties – intimacy. Participants are expected to care about the other as a whole person. ---- primary means develop first in the life of people ---- that according to the values dominant in all cultures [they ought to be the most important in our lives]
Secondary relationships are relatively impersonal – participants are expected to be concern only with the standing of interest.
As seen in the interactions between a military superior and a subordinate [where the soldier salutes the uniform not the wearer.
Tend to be emotionally neutral – can be replaced by anyone who are qualified
Both primary and secondary relationships required that actors to have direct experience or face to face contact. Tertiary relationship in contrast are mediated. Participants are separated by space. With the use of media – messengers, letters, phone, fax, tv, email – tertiary interactions often occur as part of primary and secondary relationships
relations have been altered over generations
Movements can take many forms: crowd, rumor spreading, fad following, strikes and mass demonstrations & social movements
Collective behavior
It occurs in situations in which norms are unclear or ambiguous – crowd rumor spreading, strikes, mass demonstrations
extremist
In which people join and participate with the overt understanding that they are working with others– international labor and US civil rights
Operate with the explicit aim of affecting the agendas of government, business and other institutions
