This document summarizes the EmDrive technology, which aims to provide propulsion without expelling reaction mass by converting electrical energy to thrust using radiation pressure in a resonant cavity. It provides:
1) An overview of the theoretical basis and 8-year experimental program that has consistently shown thrust measurements agreeing with predictions.
2) A derivation of the basic thrust equation showing how a difference in radiation pressure at the ends of a tapered waveguide produces thrust due to relativistic effects.
3) Answers to frequently asked questions about how the technology can produce net thrust while conserving momentum and energy based on analyzing the waveguide and beam as an open rather than closed system.
The Low Energy Physics Frontier of the Standard Model at the MAMI acceleratorConcettina Sfienti
This document summarizes a presentation on the low energy physics frontier at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) facility. It discusses MAMI's upgrade which allows it to reach energies of 1.6 GeV with high intensity, resolution, polarization, and reliability. Several topics in nuclear physics are explored, including the structure of the proton and neutron as seen through measurements of their properties like mass, size, and stiffness. The importance of form factor measurements in understanding nucleon structure is highlighted. The relationship between nuclear physics and other fields like astrophysics is noted. The challenge of unraveling the different phases of nuclear matter from nuclei to neutron stars is discussed.
1. The Stern-Gerlach experiment discovered that silver atoms split into two beams, indicating the presence of an intrinsic "spin" angular momentum of 1/2 beyond orbital angular momentum.
2. Elementary particles are classified as fermions, with half-integer spin, and bosons, with integer spin. The spin of the electron is represented by a two-component spinor.
3. In a magnetic field, the spin precesses around the field direction at the Larmor frequency, independent of initial spin orientation. This principle underlies paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Fermi surface and de haas van alphen effect ppttedoado
The document discusses the Onsager theory of semiclassical quantization of electron orbits in a magnetic field. It describes how the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition leads to the quantization of the magnetic flux through an electron orbit. This quantization of flux results in discrete Landau levels with energies dependent on the quantum number and magnetic field strength. Measurements of oscillations in magnetization via the de Haas-van Alphen effect can be used to map the Fermi surface by detecting extremal orbits corresponding to peaks in the density of states.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving stationary standing waves (de Broglie waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
This document discusses phonons and lattice vibrations in crystalline solids. It begins by introducing phonons as quantized vibrational energy states that propagate through the lattice. It then covers topics like modeling atomic vibrations, phonon dispersion relations, vibrational modes, and the density of phonon states. The document also discusses how phonons contribute to various thermodynamic and transport properties of solids, including specific heat, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It compares the Debye and Einstein models for the phonon density of states and explains how phonon-phonon scattering influences thermal conductivity.
This document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors including:
1) Semiconductors have electrical properties that can be controlled through doping with impurities, allowing them to be used in transistors and integrated circuits. Their purity must be very high, measured in parts per billion.
2) Intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have a band gap between the valence and conduction bands that requires energy like heat or light to excite electrons across.
3) Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities that introduce electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type) that determine the semiconductor's conductivity type and shift the Fermi level. Charge neutrality must be maintained.
The Low Energy Physics Frontier of the Standard Model at the MAMI acceleratorConcettina Sfienti
This document summarizes a presentation on the low energy physics frontier at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) facility. It discusses MAMI's upgrade which allows it to reach energies of 1.6 GeV with high intensity, resolution, polarization, and reliability. Several topics in nuclear physics are explored, including the structure of the proton and neutron as seen through measurements of their properties like mass, size, and stiffness. The importance of form factor measurements in understanding nucleon structure is highlighted. The relationship between nuclear physics and other fields like astrophysics is noted. The challenge of unraveling the different phases of nuclear matter from nuclei to neutron stars is discussed.
1. The Stern-Gerlach experiment discovered that silver atoms split into two beams, indicating the presence of an intrinsic "spin" angular momentum of 1/2 beyond orbital angular momentum.
2. Elementary particles are classified as fermions, with half-integer spin, and bosons, with integer spin. The spin of the electron is represented by a two-component spinor.
3. In a magnetic field, the spin precesses around the field direction at the Larmor frequency, independent of initial spin orientation. This principle underlies paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Fermi surface and de haas van alphen effect ppttedoado
The document discusses the Onsager theory of semiclassical quantization of electron orbits in a magnetic field. It describes how the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition leads to the quantization of the magnetic flux through an electron orbit. This quantization of flux results in discrete Landau levels with energies dependent on the quantum number and magnetic field strength. Measurements of oscillations in magnetization via the de Haas-van Alphen effect can be used to map the Fermi surface by detecting extremal orbits corresponding to peaks in the density of states.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving stationary standing waves (de Broglie waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
This document discusses phonons and lattice vibrations in crystalline solids. It begins by introducing phonons as quantized vibrational energy states that propagate through the lattice. It then covers topics like modeling atomic vibrations, phonon dispersion relations, vibrational modes, and the density of phonon states. The document also discusses how phonons contribute to various thermodynamic and transport properties of solids, including specific heat, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It compares the Debye and Einstein models for the phonon density of states and explains how phonon-phonon scattering influences thermal conductivity.
This document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors including:
1) Semiconductors have electrical properties that can be controlled through doping with impurities, allowing them to be used in transistors and integrated circuits. Their purity must be very high, measured in parts per billion.
2) Intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have a band gap between the valence and conduction bands that requires energy like heat or light to excite electrons across.
3) Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities that introduce electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type) that determine the semiconductor's conductivity type and shift the Fermi level. Charge neutrality must be maintained.
This document reviews experimental approaches to analyze spin wave dynamics in ferromagnetic nanoscale structures. It describes recent developments in frequency- and field-swept spectroscopy to determine the resonant response of nanoscale ferromagnets. It also describes time-resolved measurements in the GHz frequency and picosecond time domains to analyze the relaxation of magnetization after microwave excitation. Examples are presented for analyzing and manipulating different mechanisms for the relaxation of magnetization into its ground state.
A geometrical model of the electron is shown as a closed-loop standing wave. The charge path is in the form of rotating Hopf link generating a toroidal swept surface with circumference equal to the Compton wavelength. A precessing epitrochoid charge path composed of two orthogonal spinors with toroidal & poloidal current loop components of 2:1 rotary octave resulting in observed 1/2 spin. Electric charge arises a result of a slight precession due to imbalance of electrostatic & magnetostatic energy characterized by a whirl no. equal to the inverse fine structure constant. Quantum mechanical description of electric & magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Polarization bremsstrahlung on atoms, plasmas, nanostructures and solidsSpringer
This document discusses the quantum electrodynamics approach to describing bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation, of a fast charged particle colliding with an atom. It derives expressions for the amplitude of bremsstrahlung on a one-electron atom within the first Born approximation. The amplitude has static and polarization terms. The static term corresponds to radiation from the incident particle in the nuclear field, reproducing previous results. The polarization term accounts for radiation from the atomic electron and contains resonant denominators corresponding to intermediate atomic states. The full treatment allows various limits to be taken, such as removing the nucleus or atomic electron, reproducing known results from quantum electrodynamics.
The document outlines the design of a helical resonator for use in a penning ion trap. It discusses different types of resonators and why a helical design is best. The document provides details on the design parameters and theoretical calculations for a 190 MHz helical resonator. Simulations of the resonator were performed using HFSS software, finding good agreement with theoretical resonant frequency and Q-factor values. The effect of different capacitive loads on resonant frequency was also studied through simulations. In conclusion, the helical resonator design is suitable for detection of charged particles in the penning ion trap application.
The document discusses the particle-wave duality in physics. It covers several key topics:
1) Early debates on the nature of light as either particles or waves, including experiments by Newton, Huygens, and Young.
2) Planck's work introducing the constant h and quantizing energy, laying foundations for quantum physics.
3) Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect supporting light behaving as particles called "light quanta".
4) De Broglie's hypothesis that all fundamental objects have both particle and wave properties, represented by his famous equation relating momentum and wavelength.
This document summarizes an experiment to verify the wave-particle duality of electrons using electron diffraction. Electrons are accelerated towards a graphite target, causing a diffraction pattern of concentric rings to appear on a fluorescent screen based on the De Broglie wavelength. The diameters of the rings were measured at different voltages and found to match closely with theoretical wavelengths calculated using De Broglie's equation, providing evidence that electrons exhibit both wave and particle properties.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on nuclear physics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter topics covered in the presentation, including the nucleus, nuclear decay, nuclear reactions, and particle physics. The objectives and content of each section are briefly outlined.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient. Matter in motion generates a de Broglie matter wave (contracted moving standing wave). An inverse effect of induced motion of matter by matter wave synthesis is predicted.
The document discusses wave optics and electromagnetic waves. It defines key concepts like wavefronts, which connect points of equal phase, and rays, which describe the direction of wave propagation perpendicular to wavefronts. It explains Huygens' principle, which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets to determine the new wavefront position. The principle of superposition states that multiple waves add linearly at each point in space to determine the resulting disturbance. Interference occurs when waves are out of phase and their amplitudes diminish or vanish.
The document summarizes research on a proposed plasma magnet propulsion concept. Key points:
1) Experiments at the University of Washington generated and sustained up to 10kA of plasma current using a rotating magnetic field, enough to inflate a plasma bubble similar to a mini-magnetosphere.
2) Measurements found electron temperatures of 18eV and densities sufficient to sustain particle confinement for over a year within an inflated 100km plasma bubble.
3) Numerical simulations modeled self-consistent electron motion within experimental rotating dipole fields and plasma inflation dynamics, supporting the feasibility of the plasma magnet concept for deep space exploration propulsion.
Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Acceleartor)SubhamChakraborty28
A review presentation about the research and experiments done at HERA related to Deep Inelastic Scattering, High Energy Physics and Quantum Chromodynamics
The document discusses Rutherford's experiment in 1909 where he investigated alpha particles passing through thin metal foils. The experiment found that a small percentage of alpha particles were deflected at very high angles, contrary to expectations based on Thomson's atom model. This led Rutherford to propose the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus at the center containing positive charge and mass. It also discusses nuclear energy levels, radioactive decay processes including beta decay and neutrinos, and the use of mass spectrometers to determine atomic mass.
Physics dictionary for CBSE, ISCE, Class X Students by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
Dictionaries are very important. Without definitions of scientific words you can not understand the theories or theorems. This dictionary explains nearly all the terms used in CBSE Class X science book.
Electromagnetic fields of time-dependent magnetic monopoleIOSR Journals
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations, retained for magnetic monopoles, are generalized by introducing
magnetic scale field. It allows the magnetic monopoles to be time-dependent and the potentials to be Lorentz
gauge free. The non-conserved part or the time-dependent part of the magnetic charge density is responsible to
produce the magnetic scalar field which further contributes to the magnetic and electric vector fields. This
contribution makes possible to create an ideal square wave magnetic field from an exponentially rising and
decaying magnetic charge.
1) Maxwell's equations describe electromagnetic waves propagating through space and time. For time-varying fields, the full set of Maxwell's equations must be used.
2) By assuming time-harmonic fields with a sinusoidal time variation, Maxwell's equations can be simplified to phasor forms containing only spatial derivatives.
3) The phasor forms of Maxwell's equations can be reduced to Helmholtz wave equations for the electric and magnetic fields. Plane wave solutions representing uniform electromagnetic waves propagating in a given direction can be derived from these equations.
This document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
1. The properties of bar magnets such as aligning along north-south, opposite poles attracting and like poles repelling.
2. Magnetic dipoles including current loops and solenoids behaving similarly to bar magnets with north and south poles.
3. Earth's magnetic field having a magnetic axis inclined to its geographic axis, with declination and dip angles defining their relationship.
This document provides an overview of quantum mechanics. It begins by explaining that quantum mechanics describes the motion of subatomic particles and is needed to understand the properties of atoms and molecules. It then discusses some key developments in quantum mechanics, including Planck's quantum theory of radiation, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, de Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave equation. The document also compares classical and quantum mechanics and provides examples of quantum mechanical applications like atomic orbitals and black body radiation.
This document defines electro-optic effects and describes how an external electric field can induce changes in the refractive index of a material, modulating its optical properties. It discusses the Pockels effect specifically, where a linear change in refractive index occurs due to an applied electric field. This effect can be used to build integrated optical modulators and switches, such as a transverse Pockels cell that inserts a phase difference between orthogonal field components, acting as a polarization modulator. The phase difference can be converted to an intensity variation using an interferometer such as a Mach-Zehnder configuration.
I'm not the author of this presentation, I'm just sharing it here for better accessibility.
This slideshow was given by Roger Shawyer to NSF (NASA spaceflight forum) member Mullerton for wider distribution.
This document describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that increasing the specific surface area of projectiles in a coilgun will increase the net magnetic force and resulting kinetic energy imparted. Four iron projectiles with varying surface areas but identical masses were 3D printed and fired through a two-coil 110 kA/m coilgun. Motion analysis was used to measure the distance traveled by each projectile, from which the work done by magnetic forces could be calculated using a friction model. The results would show either a linear relationship between distance traveled and specific surface area, validating the hypothesis, or no relationship, invalidating it.
This white paper describes the basic functionality and characteristics of antennas. It begins with an overview of Hertz's original antenna model and the fundamentals of wave propagation including Maxwell's equations and wavelength. The key general antenna characteristics covered are radiation pattern, directivity, gain, impedance, bandwidth and polarization. A few specific antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles and log-periodic antennas are then briefly described to conclude the white paper.
This document reviews experimental approaches to analyze spin wave dynamics in ferromagnetic nanoscale structures. It describes recent developments in frequency- and field-swept spectroscopy to determine the resonant response of nanoscale ferromagnets. It also describes time-resolved measurements in the GHz frequency and picosecond time domains to analyze the relaxation of magnetization after microwave excitation. Examples are presented for analyzing and manipulating different mechanisms for the relaxation of magnetization into its ground state.
A geometrical model of the electron is shown as a closed-loop standing wave. The charge path is in the form of rotating Hopf link generating a toroidal swept surface with circumference equal to the Compton wavelength. A precessing epitrochoid charge path composed of two orthogonal spinors with toroidal & poloidal current loop components of 2:1 rotary octave resulting in observed 1/2 spin. Electric charge arises a result of a slight precession due to imbalance of electrostatic & magnetostatic energy characterized by a whirl no. equal to the inverse fine structure constant. Quantum mechanical description of electric & magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Polarization bremsstrahlung on atoms, plasmas, nanostructures and solidsSpringer
This document discusses the quantum electrodynamics approach to describing bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation, of a fast charged particle colliding with an atom. It derives expressions for the amplitude of bremsstrahlung on a one-electron atom within the first Born approximation. The amplitude has static and polarization terms. The static term corresponds to radiation from the incident particle in the nuclear field, reproducing previous results. The polarization term accounts for radiation from the atomic electron and contains resonant denominators corresponding to intermediate atomic states. The full treatment allows various limits to be taken, such as removing the nucleus or atomic electron, reproducing known results from quantum electrodynamics.
The document outlines the design of a helical resonator for use in a penning ion trap. It discusses different types of resonators and why a helical design is best. The document provides details on the design parameters and theoretical calculations for a 190 MHz helical resonator. Simulations of the resonator were performed using HFSS software, finding good agreement with theoretical resonant frequency and Q-factor values. The effect of different capacitive loads on resonant frequency was also studied through simulations. In conclusion, the helical resonator design is suitable for detection of charged particles in the penning ion trap application.
The document discusses the particle-wave duality in physics. It covers several key topics:
1) Early debates on the nature of light as either particles or waves, including experiments by Newton, Huygens, and Young.
2) Planck's work introducing the constant h and quantizing energy, laying foundations for quantum physics.
3) Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect supporting light behaving as particles called "light quanta".
4) De Broglie's hypothesis that all fundamental objects have both particle and wave properties, represented by his famous equation relating momentum and wavelength.
This document summarizes an experiment to verify the wave-particle duality of electrons using electron diffraction. Electrons are accelerated towards a graphite target, causing a diffraction pattern of concentric rings to appear on a fluorescent screen based on the De Broglie wavelength. The diameters of the rings were measured at different voltages and found to match closely with theoretical wavelengths calculated using De Broglie's equation, providing evidence that electrons exhibit both wave and particle properties.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on nuclear physics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter topics covered in the presentation, including the nucleus, nuclear decay, nuclear reactions, and particle physics. The objectives and content of each section are briefly outlined.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient. Matter in motion generates a de Broglie matter wave (contracted moving standing wave). An inverse effect of induced motion of matter by matter wave synthesis is predicted.
The document discusses wave optics and electromagnetic waves. It defines key concepts like wavefronts, which connect points of equal phase, and rays, which describe the direction of wave propagation perpendicular to wavefronts. It explains Huygens' principle, which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets to determine the new wavefront position. The principle of superposition states that multiple waves add linearly at each point in space to determine the resulting disturbance. Interference occurs when waves are out of phase and their amplitudes diminish or vanish.
The document summarizes research on a proposed plasma magnet propulsion concept. Key points:
1) Experiments at the University of Washington generated and sustained up to 10kA of plasma current using a rotating magnetic field, enough to inflate a plasma bubble similar to a mini-magnetosphere.
2) Measurements found electron temperatures of 18eV and densities sufficient to sustain particle confinement for over a year within an inflated 100km plasma bubble.
3) Numerical simulations modeled self-consistent electron motion within experimental rotating dipole fields and plasma inflation dynamics, supporting the feasibility of the plasma magnet concept for deep space exploration propulsion.
Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Acceleartor)SubhamChakraborty28
A review presentation about the research and experiments done at HERA related to Deep Inelastic Scattering, High Energy Physics and Quantum Chromodynamics
The document discusses Rutherford's experiment in 1909 where he investigated alpha particles passing through thin metal foils. The experiment found that a small percentage of alpha particles were deflected at very high angles, contrary to expectations based on Thomson's atom model. This led Rutherford to propose the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus at the center containing positive charge and mass. It also discusses nuclear energy levels, radioactive decay processes including beta decay and neutrinos, and the use of mass spectrometers to determine atomic mass.
Physics dictionary for CBSE, ISCE, Class X Students by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
Dictionaries are very important. Without definitions of scientific words you can not understand the theories or theorems. This dictionary explains nearly all the terms used in CBSE Class X science book.
Electromagnetic fields of time-dependent magnetic monopoleIOSR Journals
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations, retained for magnetic monopoles, are generalized by introducing
magnetic scale field. It allows the magnetic monopoles to be time-dependent and the potentials to be Lorentz
gauge free. The non-conserved part or the time-dependent part of the magnetic charge density is responsible to
produce the magnetic scalar field which further contributes to the magnetic and electric vector fields. This
contribution makes possible to create an ideal square wave magnetic field from an exponentially rising and
decaying magnetic charge.
1) Maxwell's equations describe electromagnetic waves propagating through space and time. For time-varying fields, the full set of Maxwell's equations must be used.
2) By assuming time-harmonic fields with a sinusoidal time variation, Maxwell's equations can be simplified to phasor forms containing only spatial derivatives.
3) The phasor forms of Maxwell's equations can be reduced to Helmholtz wave equations for the electric and magnetic fields. Plane wave solutions representing uniform electromagnetic waves propagating in a given direction can be derived from these equations.
This document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
1. The properties of bar magnets such as aligning along north-south, opposite poles attracting and like poles repelling.
2. Magnetic dipoles including current loops and solenoids behaving similarly to bar magnets with north and south poles.
3. Earth's magnetic field having a magnetic axis inclined to its geographic axis, with declination and dip angles defining their relationship.
This document provides an overview of quantum mechanics. It begins by explaining that quantum mechanics describes the motion of subatomic particles and is needed to understand the properties of atoms and molecules. It then discusses some key developments in quantum mechanics, including Planck's quantum theory of radiation, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, de Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave equation. The document also compares classical and quantum mechanics and provides examples of quantum mechanical applications like atomic orbitals and black body radiation.
This document defines electro-optic effects and describes how an external electric field can induce changes in the refractive index of a material, modulating its optical properties. It discusses the Pockels effect specifically, where a linear change in refractive index occurs due to an applied electric field. This effect can be used to build integrated optical modulators and switches, such as a transverse Pockels cell that inserts a phase difference between orthogonal field components, acting as a polarization modulator. The phase difference can be converted to an intensity variation using an interferometer such as a Mach-Zehnder configuration.
I'm not the author of this presentation, I'm just sharing it here for better accessibility.
This slideshow was given by Roger Shawyer to NSF (NASA spaceflight forum) member Mullerton for wider distribution.
This document describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that increasing the specific surface area of projectiles in a coilgun will increase the net magnetic force and resulting kinetic energy imparted. Four iron projectiles with varying surface areas but identical masses were 3D printed and fired through a two-coil 110 kA/m coilgun. Motion analysis was used to measure the distance traveled by each projectile, from which the work done by magnetic forces could be calculated using a friction model. The results would show either a linear relationship between distance traveled and specific surface area, validating the hypothesis, or no relationship, invalidating it.
This white paper describes the basic functionality and characteristics of antennas. It begins with an overview of Hertz's original antenna model and the fundamentals of wave propagation including Maxwell's equations and wavelength. The key general antenna characteristics covered are radiation pattern, directivity, gain, impedance, bandwidth and polarization. A few specific antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles and log-periodic antennas are then briefly described to conclude the white paper.
(i) The document provides general instructions for a physics exam containing 30 questions. It specifies the number and type of questions, the marks allocated to each question type, and exam guidelines.
(ii) The questions cover a range of physics topics including mechanics, properties of matter, heat and thermodynamics, waves, electricity and magnetism, optics, modern physics, electronics, and semiconductor devices.
(iii) Detailed information and diagrams are provided for each question to assess students' understanding of fundamental concepts and their ability to apply principles to solve problems.
1) The experiment used gamma-ray spectroscopy to analyze spectra from various radioactive sources. Spectra were recorded at different photomultiplier tube voltages to study resolution and efficiency.
2) Analysis found the number of dynodes in the photomultiplier tube to be 6.5, and resolution R was determined to be inversely proportional to gamma ray energy as expected.
3) Activity of a potassium chloride sample was estimated using detector efficiency calculations, finding 1.7×10^17 40K nuclei, consistent with the expected amount.
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths.docxalinainglis
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths 670 nm and 425 nm,
respectively, strikes a slab of fused quartz at an incident angle of 30o. On refraction, the
different components are separated by an angle of 0.001312 rad. If the index of
refractions of the red light is 1.4925, what is the index of refraction of the blue light?
Week 5 Assignment
Early Quantum Theory
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) The walls of a blackbody cavity are at a temperature of 27o C. What is the frequency
of the radiation of maximum intensity?
2) Assume that a 100 – W light bulb gives off 2.50% of its energy as visible light. How
many photons of visible light are given off in 1.00 min? (Use an average visible
wavelength of 550 nm)
3) What is the energy of photons (joules) emitted by an 107.5-MHz FM radio station?
4) What is the longest wavelength of light that will emit electrons from a metal whose
work function is 3.50 eV?
5) A metal with a work function of 2.40 eV is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic
light. If the stopping potential is 2.5V, what is the wavelength of the light?
6) What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1000 kg car moving at a velocity of 25 m/s?
7) A hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited to the n = 5 level. It then makes a
transition directly to the n = 2 level before returning to the ground state.
a) What are the wavelengths of the emitted photons?
b) Would any of the emitted wavelengths be in the visible region?
8) What is the longest wavelength light capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom in the
ground state?
Week 6 Assignment
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of an electron that is known to be
somewhere between 0.050 nm and 0.10 nm from a proton?
2) The energy of the first excited state of a hydrogen atom is -0.34 eV ± 0.0003 eV.
What is the average lifetime of for this state?
3) Knowing that a free neutron has a mean life of 900 s and a mass of m = 1.67 x 10-
27kg, what is the uncertainty in its mass in kg?
4) For n = 5, l = 4, what are the possible values of and ml and ms?
5) Draw the ground state energy level diagrams for nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).
6) Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of an electron in the n = 7, l= 5
state of hydrogen.
Week 7 Assignment
Nuclear Physics
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the approximate atomic radius of
2) What is the approximate radius of a nucleus?
(b) Approximately what is the value.
Galvanomagnetic Effects Sensors Based On Hall Effectpetousis
1. The document discusses the Hall effect and magnetoresistance effect, which are galvanomagnetic effects that occur when a conducting material is exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field while an electric current is passed through it.
2. It analyzes the Hall effect using a drift-diffusion approximation, finding that the magnetic field exerts a Lorentz force on the charge carriers, deflecting them and creating a Hall voltage.
3. The Hall angle and Hall coefficient are defined as parameters relating the electric and magnetic fields. Short and long samples exhibit different Hall effect behaviors like voltage generation or current deflection.
international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea
Physics Sample Paper with General Instruction for Class - 12Learning Three Sixty
Learning 360 brings “Physics sample paper” for CLASS – 12. This document also carries 31 questions with solution of each given question for better understanding of the students. Download for free now; http://www.learning360.net/study_hub/1090-2/
1. The document discusses radiation from a two-wire transmission line connected to an antenna. It explains how electric and magnetic fields are created between the conductors when a voltage is applied. Electromagnetic waves travel along the transmission line and enter the antenna.
2. When part of the antenna structure is removed, free space waves are formed by connecting the open ends of the electric field lines. The constant phase point of these waves moves outward at the speed of light.
3. Key terms related to antennas like radial power flow, radiation resistance, uniform current distribution, principle planes, beam width, polarization, effective aperture area, directive gain, power gain, and dual characteristics are defined in the document.
In this work, the performances of a solar cell based on InGaN were simulated under the illumination conditions of one sun by employing SILVACO software.
Rethinking the dynamics of an accelerated charge from classical concepts. From the idea that radiation
comes from kinetic energy and managing the problem of the auto-energy of a point charge, a system of
non-linear dynamic equations are found and results amenable to experimental verification. In developing, a
relationship between the principle of causality, which affects the direction of time, and the constancy of
mass appears. Another consequence are the fluctuations in the motion of particles, compatible with
Brownian motion and Heisenberg´s indeterminacy principle. The case of gravitational acceleration is also
analyzed, concluding that no electromagnetic radiation is possible and there is no electric field that can
produce a constant acceleration on a point charge. Thus the constant acceleration is an exclusive feature of
gravity.
1) The document analyzes the classical dynamics of an accelerated electric charge, exploring the idea that electromagnetic radiation comes from the charge's kinetic energy.
2) It derives equations for the motion of an accelerated charge while accounting for the possibility of fluctuations in the charge's mechanical mass due to radiation.
3) Applying Poynting's theorem, it shows that the rate of change of electromagnetic energy within a volume around the charge is equal to the rate of change of the charge's kinetic energy plus the outgoing electromagnetic energy flux due to radiation.
Rethinking the dynamics of an accelerated charge from classical concepts. From the idea that radiation
comes from kinetic energy and managing the problem of the auto-energy of a point charge, a system of
non-linear dynamic equations are found and results amenable to experimental verification. In developing, a
relationship between the principle of causality, which affects the direction of time, and the constancy of
mass appears. Another consequence are the fluctuations in the motion of particles, compatible with
Brownian motion and Heisenberg´s indeterminacy principle. The case of gravitational acceleration is also
analyzed, concluding that no electromagnetic radiation is possible and there is no electric field that can
produce a constant acceleration on a point charge. Thus the constant acceleration is an exclusive feature of
gravity.
Movimiento De Una Partícula Cargada En Un Campo Eléctrico Y En Un Campo Magné...Gregory Zuñiga
The document discusses the mathematical modeling of the motion of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields. It describes three cases: 1) motion in a uniform electric field, where the particle experiences a constant acceleration; 2) motion in a uniform magnetic field, where the particle travels in a circular path with radius determined by the magnetic field strength; and 3) motion in both uniform electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other, where the particle follows a helical path with the forces from the two fields balancing each other out under certain conditions. The modeling of the particle motion incorporates equations for forces, fields, energy, and kinematics.
The document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including:
1. Photons carry energy and momentum that depends on their frequency or wavelength. Electrons also behave as both particles and waves with an associated wavelength.
2. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle establishes that the more precisely one property of a particle is measured, the less precisely its complementary property can be known.
3. Atomic spectra are unique to each element and arise from electrons transitioning between discrete energy levels in atoms. The wavelength of emitted photons corresponds to energy differences between levels.
Krishna Tripathi presented on NMR spectroscopy. The presentation covered the basic principles of NMR, including spin quantum number, resonance frequency, chemical shifts, and factors that influence chemical shifts. It also discussed instrumentation, relaxation processes, coupling constants, and applications of NMR including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and electron nuclear double resonance. The presentation provided an overview of the key concepts and applications of NMR spectroscopy.
This document discusses a fusion-driven rocket (FDR) concept for rapid interplanetary travel. It summarizes the FDR approach, which uses magneto-inertial fusion to directly convert fusion energy into propulsive energy through a thick metal blanket and magnetic nozzle. Initial mission studies show the FDR could enable 30-day and 90-day missions to Mars, with the 30-day option providing the fastest transit but lower payload mass fraction, while the 90-day option allows higher payload but a longer trip. Further development is needed to advance the FDR concept to a technology readiness level of 5 through experiments and additional mission analysis.
Great pyramid giza alternative energy pg circular timestavennerpride
1) The authors have found that the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza express key ratios related to sine waves and Fibonacci numbers. They hypothesize that the pyramid shape could function as a wideband antenna for capturing atmospheric electrostatic discharge (ESD) impulses.
2) Experiments show that a pyramid-shaped transducer can absorb ESD impulses from an electrostatic field and convert them into exponentially decaying sinusoidal waveforms.
3) Through an inductive coil system, the transducer is able to transfer power from the captured ESD impulses. Measurements indicate the system can achieve efficiencies of around 20-30% in transferring power.
This document provides information about electronics and components such as the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO), semiconductor diodes, and transistors. It contains:
1) An explanation of the uses and working principle of the CRO, including how to measure voltages and time intervals using the CRO.
2) Details on semiconductor properties and the p-n junction, including how diodes are used for rectification in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits.
3) The terminals and functions of transistors, as well as symbols for n-p-n and p-n-p transistors.
A Business Analysis of a SKYLON Based European Launch Service OperatorA. Rocketeer
The document summarizes a study conducted between 2012-2014 by an industrial consortium for the European Space Agency to explore the feasibility of using Skylon, a single stage reusable launch system, as the basis for a new European launch service operator. The study looked at both a Skylon operator business model and a Skylon manufacturer business model. It found that the only viable approach was an "airline" model where the manufacturer sells Skylons to multiple operators. Under reasonable assumptions, the manufacturer could expect around a 10% return, sufficient to attract public-private funding. The operator business also showed potential for commercial viability even at lower launch prices to match expendable systems.
Tranquility Aerospace Ltd is a privately owned engineering company based in Oxfordshire that offers automation design and manufacturing services to customers like Festo, Intelligent Energy, Ford, Bosch, Parker, Bentley, and Cosworth. The company directors have over 80 years of combined engineering experience. One of Tranquility's projects is Devon One, a single-stage, fully reusable vertical take-off and landing vehicle that can carry a 30-40kg payload to an altitude of 100km and return to its point of origin or another location. Tranquility also conducts research and testing in areas like propulsion, materials, and software.
This document describes a competition to award funding for innovative space propulsion ideas. It provides information on the prizes, submission and judging process. The top prize is £10k for exploratory ideas. Pitches must be 8 minutes and cover the challenge addressed, solution, evidence it will work, and plans for prize money. Judging criteria include relevance, innovation, benefits, and quality of presentation. Rules require submissions by UK entrants by February 20th and presentations on March 18th in London. Intellectual property remains with winners, and funding must be used for continued research.
Reaction Engines has made progress on their Skylon single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane and its SABRE engine. They completed a technology demonstration program for the SABRE engine's pre-cooler system, successfully testing a full-scale pre-cooler module that cooled air to below -100°C for over 5 minutes. Reaction Engines will now begin a £250 million program to demonstrate the engine technologies at a system level and advance the SABRE engine design to critical design review.
The document outlines the UK space sector's achievements and challenges in accelerating space-enabled economic growth. It identifies key markets such as satellite broadband, maritime surveillance, and location-based services that could drive growth. Recommendations include promoting space benefits, increasing exports, stimulating SMEs, and regulating supportively. Implementing identified actions could help triple the upstream space economy and achieve the target of £40 billion in space-enabled turnover by 2030.
This document provides an overview of an academic presentation on interstellar flight given by Kelvin F. Long, the executive director of the Institute for Interstellar Studies. The presentation discusses the history of interstellar studies and proposals, including projects by the British Interplanetary Society. It also examines the fundamental requirements and challenges of interstellar travel such as the large amounts of energy needed and long mission times. Finally, it introduces the Institute for Interstellar Studies and its mission to promote education and technologies that could enable interstellar spacecraft.
IGS Restack Workshop Presentation: Nov 2012A. Rocketeer
The document outlines a vision for the UK space sector in 2030. It discusses establishing a vision to guide growth of the sector and attract political and public support. Some key points include setting objectives to visualize a space-enabled world in 2030 and how the UK can benefit, as well as illustrating benefits of sustained UK leadership in this growing sector. It also reviews progress on recommendations from the 2010 UK Space Innovation and Growth Strategy (IGS) to support the sector.
Future of UK Space Science Missions: Oct 2012A. Rocketeer
The document discusses the future of UK space science missions. It notes that half of UK government space spending is on space science through ESA programs like the Mandatory Science Programme and UK National Programme. Upcoming missions by the end of the decade include Gaia, LISA Pathfinder, BepiColombo, JWST, and the first two Medium-class missions in ESA's Cosmic Vision program. The UK plays a key role in these missions and seeks to maximize returns through coordination with STFC. The dual key mechanism with STFC supports this coordination.
World Space Programs & Prospects: A European PerspectiveA. Rocketeer
This document discusses European space programs and prospects from a European perspective. It summarizes current and future European orbital and suborbital launch systems as well as commercial space companies. It notes that government funding for space programs is unlikely to increase significantly due to budget constraints, but commercial space companies exploiting new technologies and US-developed systems have growth potential. In particular, testing of Reaction Engines' heat exchanger technology is key to financing future development efforts in Europe, and suborbital spaceflight services are expected to see major growth driven by European companies operating reusable launch vehicles developed in the US.
Satellite Applications Catapult Centre OverviewA. Rocketeer
The document proposes establishing a Satellite Applications Catapult Centre to drive innovation in satellite technology and applications. Satellites can provide global communications, broadcasting, positioning and observation. The centre would provide end-to-end capabilities to help ideas commercialize, link existing space companies with new players, and prototype new applications like mobile communications and environmental monitoring to generate economic growth. It recommends establishing the centre to help overcome challenges of commercializing research and industrializing innovations in satellite technologies.
Progress on the SKYLON Reusable SpaceplaneA. Rocketeer
The document provides an update on the progress of Reaction Engines' Skylon reusable spaceplane and SABRE engine programs. It discusses the development of the SABRE engine technology through ground testing, the design of the SABRE4 engine, and compatibility with vehicle requirements. It outlines plans for a flight test of the engine nacelle and estimates costs for demonstrating the engine technology and designing the SABRE4 engine as part of a proposed 30 month Phase 3 program. An independent review by the UK Space Agency and ESA found no critical issues identified for either the Skylon vehicle or SABRE engine programs.
The document discusses the NSTP Space for Growth Competition, which provides funding for collaborative research and development projects with the space sector. It offers two funding streams: Fastrack grants of £50k-£100k for 6-9 month projects, and larger Flagship grants of up to £2m for 1-2 year projects. 54 applications were received for Fastrack grants and 11 for Flagship grants. Strong SME participation was seen, with over half of project leads being SMEs. Projects covered several areas identified in the UK space innovation strategy.
The document discusses the commercial spaceflight revolution and emerging private sector efforts to develop low-cost space technologies. Key points include private companies developing suborbital spacecraft for space tourism, orbital vehicles to resupply the ISS, plans for private space stations, efforts to return to the Moon and mine its resources, and solar power satellites. Private rocket companies like SpaceX are also developing technologies to enable lower-cost access to orbit and beyond.
UKSA National Space Technology StrategyA. Rocketeer
The document presents the National Space Technology Strategy for the UK. It aims to increase the UK's share of the global space economy, which is predicted to grow to £400 billion annually within 20 years. The strategy identifies 5 technology roadmaps and sectors to focus on. It recommends establishing a cross-sector National Space Technology program jointly funded by industry and government, rising to £100 million annually by 2015/16, to develop technologies, increase competitiveness, and create jobs in the growing space sector. The strategy aims to leverage existing UK space capabilities and investments to capture a greater share of global growth opportunities in space technologies and applications.
The document outlines the UK Space Agency's access to space roadmap from 2011-2022. It details both market and technology developments for small satellite launch services, novel low thrust orbits, demonstration of new platform and payload technologies, and development of technologies like Skylon, expandable cubesats, orbit transfer units, small satellite launch boosters, and more. The roadmap outlines increasing the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of these technologies from lower to higher levels between 2011-2022.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
1. CEAS 2009
Session 11 27 October 2009 Manchester UK
THE EMDRIVE PROGRAMME – IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF THE
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Roger Shawyer C.Eng. MIET. FRAeS
SPR Ltd, United Kingdom
sprltd@emdrive.com
1. INTRODUCTION thrusters. The test programmes have
consistently and repeatedly given thrust and
The theoretical basis of the EmDrive electric acceleration measurements in close agreement
propulsion technology is now gaining with theoretical predictions. Great emphasis
worldwide acceptance. It is therefore timely to has been placed on eliminating or calibrating
think ahead to the implications of this very out any spurious force data during the tests,
disruptive technology on the future of the and technical reports have been independently
aerospace industry. reviewed by government and industry experts.
EmDrive technology provides direct Two other groups, one in China and one in the
conversion of electrical energy to thrust, using USA are working on EmDrive projects. We
radiation pressure at microwave frequencies in understand that significant progress has been
a tapered, high Q, resonant cavity. For the first made in both theoretical and experimental
time, propulsion without the need for expelling work, within these groups. Reports have also
reaction mass has been demonstrated. As the been received of work in a further two
theory and experimental work clearly shows countries. In the UK we have started the initial
however, EmDrive is not a reactionless performance tests of our first flight thruster. It
machine. It obeys Newtonian physics by is anticipated that this thruster will be flown
producing an accelerating, reaction force on a technology demonstrator mission.
opposite to the thrust vector. The law of
conservation of energy is also obeyed, as is Although EmDrive will clearly have a major
well illustrated by applying the dynamic thrust impact on conventional in-orbit propulsion
equation to a very high Q superconducting applications, the main object of this paper is to
thruster. describe the results of a recent design study for
a Hybrid Spaceplane. This vehicle utilises
The paper gives a summary of the theory hydrogen cooled, superconducting EmDrive
behind EmDrive, followed by answers to the thrusters to provide the static lift. Acceleration
most frequently asked questions concerning is provided by hydrogen fuelled conventional
the production of net force, conservation of jet and rocket engines. The results of a number
momentum and conservation of energy. The of numerical analyses show remarkable
theory clearly derives equations for both static performances for different missions. These
and dynamic thrust. include sub-orbital passenger transport, Earth
orbit payload delivery, and a Lunar landing
An eight year R&D programme has been mission. This design study followed on from
carried out with both UK government funding the first phase of an experimental,
and private investment. Design software has superconducting thruster programme.
been developed and verified during the
manufacture and test of four different
1
2. 2. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION If v is replaced with the group velocity vg of
the electromagnetic wave, then equation 1
The concept of the microwave engine is illustrates that if vg1 is greater than vg2, then Fg1
illustrated in fig 1. Microwave energy is fed should be expected to be greater than Fg2.
from a magnetron, via a tuned feed to a closed, However as the velocities at each end of the
tapered waveguide, whose overall electrical waveguide are significant fractions of the
length gives resonance at the operating speed of light, a derivation of the force
frequency of the magnetron. difference equation invokes the difference in
velocities and therefore must take account of
the special theory of relativity.
Relativity theory implies that the
electromagnetic wave and the waveguide
assembly form an open system. Thus the force
Fg1 difference results in a thrust which acts on the
waveguide assembly.
T = Q(Fg1-Fg2)
Fg2
3. DERIVATION OF BASIC THRUST
EQUATION
Magnetron
Consider a beam of photons incident upon a
flat plate perpendicular to the beam. Let the
beam have a cross-sectional area A and
suppose that it consists of n photons per unit
volume. Each photon has energy hf and
Fig 1
travels with velocity c, where h is Planck’s
constant and f is the frequency. The power in
the incident beam is then
P0 = nhfAc (2)
The group velocity of the electromagnetic
wave at the end plate of the larger section is The momentum of each photon is hf/c so that
higher than the group velocity at the end plate the rate of change of momentum of the beam
of the smaller section. Thus the radiation at the plate (assuming total reflection) is
pressure at the larger end plate is higher that 2nhfA. Equating this change of momentum to
that at the smaller end plate. The resulting the force F0 exerted on the plate, we find
force difference (Fg1 -Fg2) is multiplied by the
Q of the resonant assembly. 2 P0
F0 = 2nhfA =
c (3)
This force difference is supported by
inspection of the classical Lorentz force
equation
(3)
F = q( E + vB ) (1)
which is the classical result for the radiation
pressure obtained by Maxwell (reference 1).
2
3. The derivation given here is based on Cullen Now λg2 > λg1, due to the difference in cross-
(reference 2). If the velocity of the beam is v section, and hence Fg1 > Fg2.
then the rate of change of momentum at the Therefore the resultant thrust T will be
plate is 2nhfA(v/c), so that the force Fg on the
plate is in this case given by
2 P0 λ0
λ
2P (4) T = Fg1 − Fg 2 = − 0
Fg = 0 ( v / c ) c λ g1 λ g 2
c
(7)
We now suppose that the beam enters a
vacuum-filled waveguide. The waveguide
tapers from free-space propagation, with
wavelength λ0, to dimensions that give a 4. FREQENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
waveguide wavelength of λg and propagation
velocity vg. This is the group velocity and is The considerable reaction caused by the New
given by Scientist cover story in September 2006,
identified three questions which caused most
c λ0 (5) of the difficulties in understanding the
vg =
µ r er λg concept.
Then from (4) and (5) (with µr = er = 1) the
force on the plate closing the end of the
waveguide is (a) How can net thrust be produced ?
P λ
Fg =
2 P0
( vg / c ) = 2c 0 λ0 From (7) it can be seen that to maximise
thrust, the taper design should ensure λg1
c g
approaches λ0 consistent with an acceptable
(6) maximum dimension. Also λg2 should
approach infinity, which occurs when the
minimum dimension approaches the
propagation cut-off limit. This minimum
see Cullen (p.102 Eq. (15)).
dimension must be consistent with allowable
manufacturing and thermal tolerances.
Assume that the beam is propagated in a
vacuum-filled tapered waveguide with
The resulting design must also ensure a low
reflecting plates at each end. Let the guide
taper slope, to minimise the axial component
wavelength at the end of the largest cross-
of side wall forces. This combination of
section be λg1 and that at the smallest cross- dimensional constraints requires an iterative
section be λg2. numerical design approach, taking account of
the highly non-linear relationship between
Then application of (6) to each plate yields radial dimensions and guide wavelengths. This
the forces relationship is illustrated in fig 2.
2 P0 λ0 2 P0 λ0
Fg1 = , Fg 2 =
c λ g1 c λg 2
3
4. Fig 2 Guide wavelength for circular TMO1 at calculated according to Einstein’s law of
addition of velocities given by
5000
v1 + v2
v=
1 + ( v1v2 ) / c 2
4000
3000
The second effect is that as the beam velocities
are not directly dependent on any velocity of
the waveguide, the beam and waveguide form
2000
an open system. Thus the reactions at the end
plates are not constrained within a closed
1000
system of waveguide and beam, but are
reactions between waveguide and beam, each
operating within its own reference frame, in an
0
open system.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Waveguide Diameter (mm)
2 GHz From (7) and (5) we find
It is clear that if the minimum dimension was 2 P0 vg1 vg 2
T= −
c c c
the cut off diameter, force Fg2 would be zero.
However because there would still be a
significant small end plate area, the projected
area of the side wall would not equal the area
of the large end plate. Thus any attempt to
show a resultant zero net force due to
equalisation of areas is incorrect.
Note also that if the forces had been the where
mechanical result of a working fluid within the
closed waveguide assembly, then the resultant v g1 = cλ0 / λg1 v g 2 = cλ0 / λ g 2
force would merely introduce a mechanical .
strain in the waveguide walls. This would be
Applying the above addition law of relativistic
the result of a closed system of waveguide and
velocities we obtain
working fluid.
In the present system, the working fluid is
replaced by an electromagnetic wave 2 P0 v g1 − v g 2 2 P0 S 0 λ0
= λ
T= − 0
propagating close to the speed of light and c 2 1 − v g1v g 2 / c 2
c λ g1 λ g 2
Newtonian mechanics must be replaced with
the special theory of relativity. There are two (8)
effects to be considered in the application of
the special theory of relativity to the where the correction factor So is
waveguide. The first effect is that as the two
forces Fg1 and Fg2 are dependent upon the −1
velocities vg1 and vg2, the thrust T should be
λ2
S 0 = 1 − 0
λ g1λ g 2
4
5. We suppose that the waveguide is resonant at
the frequency of the microwave beam and that Acceleration Vector Thrust Vector
the conductive and dielectric losses are such 1
that there are Q return paths (each at power
0.8
P0). Then the total thrust is finally given by
0.6
0.4
2 P0 QS 0 λ0 λ (9) 0.2
Thrust (Tc/2Po)
T = − 0
λ
c g1 λg 2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.4
-0.6
(b) How is momentum conserved? -0.8
-1
The concept of the beam and waveguide as an Waveguide velocity (Vw /c)
open system can be illustrated by increasing
the velocity of the waveguide in the direction
of the thrust, until a significant fraction of the Fig 3. Solution to equation 10
speed of light is reached. Let vw be the velocity
of the waveguide. Then as each plate is
moving with velocity vw the forces on the When the waveguide is accelerated along the
plates, given by equation 6, are modified as acceleration vector, the thrust approaches a
follows: maximum of 1. However, as the velocity of
the waveguide increases in the direction of
thrust, the thrust will decrease to zero. This
2 P0 v g1 − v w 2 P0 point is reached when vga = vgb. Fig 3 illustrates
Fg1 = = v
c2 1− v v c2 c 2 ga the solution to equation 10 for values of vg1 =
g1 w 0.95 c and vg2 = 0.05c. It can be seen that if vw
and is increased beyond the value of 0.7118c, the
thrust reverses.
2 P0 v g 2 + vw 2 P0
Fg 2 = = v Equation 10 illustrates that the thruster is an
c2 1 + v v c2 c 2 gb
g2 w open system, where guide velocities are
independent of waveguide velocity, and it is
the relative velocities that give rise to the
The thrust is then given by
forces. Note that if Einstein’s law for the
addition of velocities had not been used,
(10)
relative velocities would exceed c, and the
2 P0 v ga − v gb thrust would go above the theoretical limit of
T=
c2 1− v v c2 1.
ga gb
(c) How is energy conserved?
The solution to (10) is illustrated in Fig 3.
Note that to maintain the principle of the We now examine the implications of the
conservation of momentum, the acceleration principle of the conservation of energy when
of the waveguide due to thrust, is opposite to the thrust is first measured on a static test rig,
the actual thrust direction. Thus, in Fig 3, the and then when an engine is used to accelerate
sign convention for the waveguide velocity a spacecraft.
axis is:
With the microwave engine mounted on a
static test rig, all the input power P0 is
5
6. converted to electrical loss. In this case the Q where v is the average velocity over time ∆t
of the engine may be termed Qu, the unloaded and a is the acceleration of the spacecraft.
Q. Now M.a is the force due to the acceleration of
Now the spacecraft, which opposes the thrust of the
Pc Pc engine. Then
Qu = =
P0 Pe
where Pc is the circulating power within the
resonant waveguide and Pe is the electrical 2 P0Ql D f v
loss. From (9) we find Pk =
c
2 P0 D f Qu
T= ,
c (13)
Where Df is the design factor
(14)
λ λ
D f = S0 0 − 0
λ
g1 λ g 2
where Ql is the loaded Q of the engine when it
2 D f Pc is delivering an output power Pk.
Then T= . (11)
c
Thus if the circulating power remains constant, The electrical power losses Pe are assumed to
for instance in a superconducting resonant be I2R losses and thus for any value of Q ,
waveguide, then T will remain constant. This
will be important in non spacecraft Pe = Q 2 Pe 0
applications where very high values of Qu
could be employed to provide a constant thrust where Pe0 is the loss for Q=1. From the static
to counter gravitational force. case, we have
P0
If the engine is mounted in a spacecraft of total Pe 0 = 2
mass M and is allowed to accelerate from an
Qu
initial velocity vi to a final velocity vf in time
∆t, then by equating kinetic energies we so that
2
obtain: Q
Pe = P0 l
Q (14)
Pk ∆t =
M
2
2
(
v f − vi
2
) u
where Pk is the output power transferred to the
spacecraft. From this we obtain For an accelerating spacecraft,
Pk ∆t =
M
( v f − vi )( v f + vi ) , P0 = Pe + Pk
2 Substitution of (13) and (14) into this last
equation then yields
so that Pk = M va (12) 2
Ql 2Ql D f v
+
Q =1
u c
6
7. Q u=5E +3 Q u=5E +4 Q u=5E +5
1
0.8
0.6
Ql/Qu
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Average velocity (km /s)
(15) Fig 5 Specific thrust at 3km/s.
(d) Is EmDrive similar to anything else?
EmDrive is a new class of electrical machine
operating at microwave frequencies, and
Fig 4 Solution to equation 15. therefore bears little similarity to any other
device. However, analogies are sometimes
Fig 4 shows the solution to (15) for values of helpful in obtaining a mental picture of
v up to 10km/sec and for values of Qu equal operating principles and the following
to 5x103, 5x104 and 5x105. The value of Df is mechanical analogy is offered for
taken to be 0.945. consideration.
EmDrive can be considered as an
For Df equal to 0.945 and an average velocity “electromagnetic flywheel”. As with a
of 3 km/s, the specific thrust is obtained from mechanical flywheel, a resonant cavity can
(9) and (15) and is given in fig 5. This store energy in the form of momentum. Due
illustrates that the specific thrust increases to a to the asymmetric geometry of the EmDrive
maximum of 333 mN/kW at this velocity. cavity, the stored momentum can produce a
linear force, which if used to accelerate a
mass, transfers some of the momentum from
the cavity. This transfer results in a loss of Q,
350 and hence a reduction in the force available.
However unlike a mechanical flywheel, the
300
cavity is able to store and replace momentum
Specific thrust (mN/kW)
250 very rapidly. The time constant of, a simple
cavity operating at 4 GHz with a Q of 50,000
200 is 2 microseconds. Thus if acceleration is
restricted, as with a large spacecraft being
150
propelled with low thrust, continuous
100
momentum transfer can take place, whilst
maintaining the high Q.
50
0
1000 10000 100000 1000000 5. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Unloaded Q
7
8. The first experimental thruster was a 160 mm
diameter device, operating at 2.45 GHz. The To obtain the predicted thrust, the engine was
design factor, calculated from as-built required to maintain stable resonance at this
measurements of the thruster geometry was high Q value. Major design challenges
0.497. In 2001 a test programme was started included thermal compensation, tuning control
and an unloaded Q of 5,900 was measured. and source matching.
The maximum thrust, measured using a
precision balance was 16mN for an input The engine was tested in a large static test rig
power of 850W, which is very close to the employing a calibrated composite balance to
thrust of 16.6mN predicted from equation (9). measure thrust in both vertical and horizontal
directions. A total of 134 test runs were carried
The thrust could be varied from zero to out over the full performance envelope.
maximum by varying the input power, or by
varying the resonant frequency of the thruster.
Considerable efforts were made to test for 6
possible thermal and electromagnetic spurious
effects. The primary method was to carry out 4
all tests in both nominal and inverted
orientations, and to take the mean of the
results. The thruster was also sealed into a 2
hermetic enclosure to eliminate buoyancy Power
effects of the cooling air. Three different Up
0
types of test rig were used, two using 1 mg Down
resolution balances in a counterbalance test rig Horizontal
and one using a 100 mg resolution balance in a -2
direct measurement of thruster weight.
Comparison of the rates of increase of thrust -4
for the different spring constants, using pulsed
input power, gave a clear proof that the thrust -6
was produced by momentum transfer and was 20 40 60 80 100 120
not due to any “undefined” spurious effect. Time (secs)
The total test programme encompassed 450
test runs of periods up to 50 seconds, using 5
different magnetrons. Fig 7. Demonstrator Engine Static Test Data
In 2003 a Demonstrator Engine development Fig 7 gives test results for 3 Vertical Thrust
programme was started. Unlike the first test runs under the same input and tuner
experimental thruster, the Demonstrator conditions but for thrust vectors in the Up,
Engine was rated for continuous operation and Down and Horizontal directions. This clearly
extensive design work was required to illustrates the loss of measured weight for the
increase the specific thrust by raising the Up vector, the increase in measured weight for
design factor and unloaded Q. the Down vector, and a mean weight change
close to zero, for the horizontal vector. These
The engine was built to operate at 2.45 GHz, early, low Q, comparative tests yielded
with a design factor of 0.844 and has a specific thrusts around 80mN/kW.
measured maximum Q of 45,000 for an overall
diameter of 280 mm. The microwave source is
a water cooled magnetron with a variable
output power up to a maximum of 1.2 kW.
8
9. Fig 8 shows the results for a later, higher Q, Fig 9. Demonstrator Engine on Dynamic Test
test run, with the engine on the balance and
then with it suspended above the balance. This The engine was then mounted on a dynamic
illustrates the thrust measurements were not test rig enabling it to be “flown” on a rotary air
subject to EMC effects. Specific thrust for this bearing, as shown in fig 9.
test was 214mN/kW. The tests simulated the engine moving a
100Kg spacecraft in weightless conditions.
The test programme included acceleration and
deceleration runs in both directions, and
confirmed the thrust levels measured in the
static tests.
7
5 6
4 5
3 4
Velocity
Freq
Thrust Power
3
2 Power
EMC
2
1
1
0
0
-1 100 150 200 250 300
30 50 70 90 110 Time (secs)
Time (secs)
Fig 10. Dynamic test results
Fig 8. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Fig 10 gives the result of a typical test run,
where the Demonstrator Engine produced a
thrust of 10.4 gm against a calibrated friction
torque of 7.1 gm. Input power was 421W,
giving a specific thrust of 243 mN/kW.
The frequency offset curve shows that initial
magnetron thermal drift ends with frequency
lock. At this point, 130 secs into the test run,
9
10. the velocity data shows the start of
acceleration under power. The prior thermal
drift period, with no acceleration, shows that
the thrust is not a result of spurious thermal
effects. When the power is turned off, at 210 Thruster
secs, there is a coast period as the slosh effects
of 5kg of coolant maintain a reduced
acceleration. This is followed by the
deceleration due to the friction torque. A
maximum velocity of 2cm/s was achieved and isolators
a total distance of 185cm was “flown”.
TWTAs
The direction of acceleration was opposite to
the direction of thrust, thus conclusively
proving that the engine obeys Newton’s laws,
and that although no reaction mass is ejected, FGU
the engine is not a reactionless machine. An
electrical reaction occurs between the EM
wave and the reflector surfaces of the
resonator, resulting in an input impedance
change with acceleration. This is seen in the
power curve in fig 10. Fig 11. Flight Engine Block Diagram
Using the flight model design as the starting
6.FLIGHT THRUSTER PROGRAMME point, two lines of development will be
followed.
The Flight thruster programme covers the
design and development of a 300 Watt C Band Thrust Vector control.
flight thruster. This has a specified thrust of A single plane, 360 degree, pointing
85 mN, and a mass of 2.92Kg. Overall mechanism will be developed and qualified to
dimensions are 265mm diameter at the enable a set of 4 FM thrusters, each mounted
baseplate and a height of 164mm. on a mechanism, one on each spacecraft side
panel, to carry out full 3 axis AOCS functions
The thruster is designed to be powered from with the required redundancy. As there are no
existing flight qualified TWTAs, which are plume restrictions, the mechanism can be
driven from a dual redundant frequency mounted inside the spacecraft, thus easing the
generator unit (FGU) The FGU includes a environment specification. With each thruster
frequency control loop using feedback signals orientated along the same axis, primary
from the thruster, as shown in the functional propulsion for orbit changing of medium sized
block diagram of the complete Flight Engine satellites is available.
Fig 11.
High Power operation.
By mounting the thruster externally on the
spacecraft, on the lower panel where the ABM
is normally mounted, a set of high power
thrusters can provide the primary propulsion
for LEO to GEO transfer of large satellites. A
high power rating of 3.5kW per thruster can be
achieved by updating the design, together with
10
11. the addition of radiating fins. This would Rs @ 3.83GHz
produce a target static thrust of 1N per
thruster. 100
90
80
7.SUPERCONDUCTING 70
DEMONSTRATOR PROGRAMME
Rs (mico Ohms)
60
50
The first phase of this programme was an 40
experimental superconducting thruster. This 30
low power, HTS device operates at liquid 20
nitrogen temperature, and is designed for very 10
high Q and consequently high specific thrust. 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Tem p (deg K)
Fig 13 Surface Resistivity
For the Demonstrator Thruster, cooling will be
by liquid hydrogen. The design resistivity at
20deg K is therefore taken as 11.8 x 10-6
Ohms. This value was then used in the same
design software used for the experimental 2G
thruster. The resulting thrust was calculated as
143kg for 6kW input.
A design study was then undertaken on a
simple 500kg unmanned Demonstrator
Fig 12 Experimental Superconducting Vehicle, illustrated in Fig 14. The basic
Thruster vehicle consists of a 700 litre horizontal liquid
hydrogen tank, supported by four lift engines.
Fig 12 shows the thruster, which operates at
3.8 GHz, and was designed using an update of A lift engine is based on the Demonstrator
the software used for the previous S band Thruster in a 5 litre dewar, mounted on a 2
designs. Super-conducting surfaces are formed axis +/- 30 degree gimbal mechanism. Two
from YBCO thin films on sapphire substrates. 3kW Travelling Wave Tubes (TWT) are
positioned below the thruster. Mounted below
Small signal testing at 77 deg K confirmed the the TWTs are two Electric Power Conditioners
design, with a Q of 6.8x106 being measured. (EPC) providing the high voltages to the
TWTs.
Fig 13 shows the surface resistivity of the
superconducting thruster based on specified The total mass of the lift engine is predicted as
manufacturer’s data, updated for the measured 25.2 kg. This was calculated using the
data. measured mass of the experimental thruster,
together with scaled masses of a flight TWT
and EPC.
An attitude control unit using feedback signals
from a laser gyroscope is used to maintain the
thrust axis vertical over the full gimbal range.
A frequency generator and control unit
(FGCU) completes the Lift engine.
11
12. 600
To provide acceleration, the waste hydrogen
gas boiled off from cooling the lift engines is 500
used to power a pair of small Jet engines. A
hydrogen fuelled motor-generator set is used 400
to provide D.C. power. The jet engines are
Total Lift Thrust (kg)
gimballed in one plane to provide horizontal or 300
vertical thrust. Aerodynamic performance is
improved with the addition of two side body 200
fairings.
100
The vehicle which is illustrated in fig 14 has
overall dimensions of 3.73m long, 1.91m wide 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
and 1.16m high. Average Velocity (m /s)
Fig 15 Dynamic thrust
For 6kW of microwave input power at each
thruster, the total lift thrust is 573kg. Thus for
an estimated total vehicle mass of 477kg, the
vehicle would start to accelerate upwards.
However as the average velocity goes above
1m/s, the lift thrust approaches the vehicle
mass, and acceleration stops. This is simply
the principle of the conservation of energy at
work, with energy used to accelerate the
Fig 14 Demonstrator Vehicle vehicle being lost from the stored energy in
the thruster, hence lowering the Q.
Clearly, to achieve a useful rate of climb, the
The design of the vehicle results from iterating jet engines need to be rotated to give vertical
a mass, power and thrust analysis with inputs thrust and the lift engine operation needs
from four mission analyses. The mass, compensation to avoid losing stored energy. A
dimensions and performance of the jet engines method of compensation has been established
are scaled from the data available for the AMT theoretically, and one of the main objectives of
Titan UAV engine. The power generator is the Demonstrator Vehicle programme will to
based on an uprated ROTAX 503 aero engine be to show this compensation in operation.
driving a high speed 36 kW alternator.
The flight envelope was investigated by
From the dynamic thrust equation, (equation running 4 numerical mission analyses. These
15), it is clear that if the lift engine is used to gave a maximum rate of vertical ascent of
accelerate the vehicle upwards, then at the 52m/s (170ft/s) and a maximum speed of
high Q values obtained with superconducting 118m/s (230 knots) at a maximum altitude of
thrusters, thrust will decrease rapidly. This is 12.6km (41,300ft). If the altitude is restricted
illustrated for the Demonstrator Vehicle in Fig to 1.34km (4,400 ft) then a full liquid
15. hydrogen fuel load will give a maximum range
of 97km (60 miles).
It is estimated that this very simple vehicle,
using four, liquid hydrogen cooled, versions of
12
13. the experimental thruster, could begin flight
trials in 3 years time.
Fig 16 Hybrid Spaceplane. Sub-orbital
8. HYBRID SPACEPLANE configuration
Fig 16. illustrates the HSP carrier with the sub-
Following completion of the Demonstrator orbital payload outlined in red. The overall
Vehicle study, a design exercise was carried dimensions are 35.5m long, 13.3m wide and
out to investigate the potential for applying 7m high. Carrier dry mass is 61.1 Tonnes.
superconducting thrusters to a large multi- Maximum fuel load, liquid hydrogen (LH2)
purpose spaceplane. and liquid oxygen (LOX) is 190.5 Tonnes.
Mission analyses have shown that the
The basic Hybrid Spaceplane (HSP) concept is maximum payload mass that can be carried is
a VTOL carrier vehicle using eight EmDrive for the GEO mission, where a total mass of 63
lift engines, two hydrogen fuelled jet engines Tonnes can be delivered to orbit. This includes
with vertical lift deflectors and up to six the mass of the orbital engine and fuel tanks.
hydrogen/ oxygen fuelled rocket engines. This gives a maximum launch mass of 314.6
Electrical power would be provided by two Tonnes and an EmDrive lift requirement of
fuel cells run on the boiled-off hydrogen gas 78.7 Tonnes per lift engine. The rocket
from the lift engines, and liquid oxygen. The engines are mounted in pairs and can be any
HSP is designed to carry a variety of payloads, combination of either ascent engines, with a
and analyses have been carried out for the thrust of 2 tonnes each or orbit engines, with a
following missions: thrust of 20 tonnes each. Note that full 2 for 1
redundancy is envisaged for all carrier
a) Long distance passenger transport propulsion systems, as manned qualification
using sub orbital flight. status will be required, at least for the sub-
orbital mission.
b) LEO payload delivery using additional
orbital engines and fuel tanks. The airframe design for the HSP is based on a
simple space frame with lightweight panels
c) GEO payload delivery using (mainly flat). There is no requirement for high
additional orbital engines and fuel mechanical or thermal stress in the HSP carrier
vehicle. The mission analyses show the
tanks.
highest g level to be 0.58 g and maximum
velocity in air to be 180 km/hr. However the
d) Lunar landing and payload delivery.
design is aerodynamic (drag coefficient is
estimated at 0.35) and the vehicle is capable of
a glide landing in an emergency. Control
surfaces for this situation are provided by the
twin fin and tailplane configuration. A 2m
scale model of the space plane has been built
for aerodynamic investigations and is
illustrated in fig 17.
13
14. At this height, the orbit engines are fired to
accelerate the spaceplane to a cruise velocity
of 4km/s. At 90 minutes into the flight,
deceleration starts, using the lift engines in a
braking mode. Note that when used for
deceleration, the EmDrive lift engines are not
subject to the dynamic thrust limitation, as no
energy is being lost from the stored energy in
the resonant cavity. Descent and a vertical
landing are controlled by both the lift engines
and the jet engines.
Fig 17. 2m scale model of spaceplane The two Earth orbit missions use the carrier
vehicle to achieve an altitude above the
required orbit height. The takeoff and landing
Each mission was subject to a numerical phases are similar to the sub-orbital mission,
analysis to calculate acceleration, velocity, with the ascent phase extended until the
height and distance from the thrust, drag and required altitude is reached. The payload
mass data for time increments through each vehicle, comprising payload, rocket engines,
phase of the mission. The results of the and fuel tanks, is then dropped from the carrier
analyses were then used to iteratively optimise vehicle and the engines are ignited. For the
the spaceplane design. LEO mission, two 100 tonne thrust engines are
required, whilst for the GEO mission only one
The results of the mission analyses are given is used. For these missions the spaceplane
in table 1. carrier vehicle can be viewed as a “space
elevator without cables”.
Missions
Sub LEO GEO Lunar
orbital The Lunar landing analysis illustrates the
Distance 16,890 250 36,000 382,538 dramatic improvements possible for future
(km)
Mission 2.63 1.98 59.83 105.58 missions. The Earth orbit cruise phase is
time extended to a distance where the vehicle
(hours) comes within the gravitational influence of the
Max 4.14 7.79 3.07 2.17
velocity moon. The lift engines are then used to control
(km/s) descent to the Lunar surface. A precise landing
Max 0.32 0.58 position can be achieved by using the
Carrier g
Max 4 1.5 gimballed ascent engines for horizontal and
Payload vertical movement, whilst the lift engines
g provide hover. Lunar take-off uses the
Payload 58.7 15.9 49.4 44.1
Mass 20 tonne thrust engines to achieve return
(Tonnes) velocity, with the lift engines used to control
deceleration and descent into the Earths
Table 1. Mission Analysis Results atmosphere. The landing phase is similar to
the previous missions.
The London to Sydney sub-orbital mission
starts with a vertical take-off with the
spaceplane in a horizontal attitude. Lift is
provided by the EmDrive thrusters and vertical
acceleration by the jet engines. At 12km 9. CONCLUSIONS
altitude the ascent rocket engines are fired to
maintain the climb to a cruise altitude of 96km
14
15. The theory and principles of operation of
EmDrive have been given, together with the Finally, the need to refocus the aircraft
derivation of the equations used to predict industry in the face of these technology
performance. The development of the theory changes, will also lead to space applications
and its verification have been supported by a becoming important. Solar Power Satellites
lengthy experimental and demonstrator form a large future market, which clearly
programme in the UK. Some results from this requires low cost access to GEO. The Hybrid
programme have been given. This theoretical Spaceplane will finally make this industry
and experimental work has been independently financially viable, and at the same time
verified by groups working outside Europe. It provide an answer to the global need for a
is therefore confidently predicted that within a green energy source.
few years, the use of first generation EmDrive
technology will provide significant
improvements in mission performance, for all ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
space applications. It is important that Europe
does not lose out in this field. The author is grateful for the assistance given
by colleagues in SPR Ltd, by Dr R B Paris of
However the major impact of this technology Abertay University, Dundee, by J W Spiller of
will occur in the aircraft industry when second Astrium UK Ltd and by Professor J Lucas of
generation superconducting EmDrive thrusters The University of Liverpool. The early
are used as a lift engines in hybrid air and theoretical work and experimental
space vehicles. Once the requirement for programmes were carried out with support
aerodynamic lift, or ballistic trajectory, is from the Department of Trade and Industry
removed from air transport or space vehicles, under their SMART award scheme, and then
mission analysis has to be re-thought. The under a Research and Development grant.
design studies for an early Demonstrator Recent programmes have been funded by
Vehicle and a future Spaceplane have shown substantial shareholder investment.
that small VTOL vehicles, using simple low
stressed airframe design, could capture the
personal transport market. The combination of
the commercial microwave industry and a REFERENCES
future automobile industry, with liquid
hydrogen storage and fuel cell capability,
would render the existing short and medium 1. MAXWELL J.C. ‘A Treatise on
haul aircraft industry redundant. Electricity and Magnetism’
1st Edition (Oxford University Press 1873)
The future of the aircraft industry would then p.391.
rely on the high speed long distance sub-
orbital spaceplane. However this requires no 2. CULLEN A.L. ‘Absolute Power
improvement in existing airframe design, other Measurements at Microwave Frequencies’
than an ability to operate in vacuum. No high IEE Proceedings Vol 99 Part IV 1952 P.100
velocity in the atmosphere is required, and the
vehicle is not subject to high g forces or
extreme thermal environments. London to
Sydney in under 3 hours, using hydrogen fuel
could be a reality in under 10 years, although
it may not be a European vehicle that
demonstrates this. VTOL is of course part of
the attraction of all EmDrive based
applications.
15