It’s important to remember that the impact factor only looks at an average citation and that a journal may have a few highly cited papers that greatly increase its impact factor, while other papers in that same journal may not be cited at all. Therefore, there is no direct correlation between an individual article’s citation frequency or quality and the journal impact factor.
Impact Factor: An Index of Research JournalAJAY SEMALTY
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL OPENKNOWLEDGE or see URL https://youtu.be/nPLnJqLEknY
Research Indices are the indicators of the credibility and recognition of a researcher, a journal, an article and/or and institute. These include Impact Factor, immediacy Index, h-index etc. Researchers and students must know about these indices for better recognition in the academia and research. In the first part of the series we are discussing Impact Factor as a vital research Index. Impact factor (IF) is the most Important basis of selection of journal by the researchers and readers. Its a a measure of the reputation of a journal. IF is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The OER shall cover how (IF is calculated), Who (provides the IF), on which factors IF depends upon, The importance of IF in academic recognition and knowing the IF of journal. Also SUBSCRIBE OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL OPENKNOWLEDGE or see https://youtu.be/nPLnJqLEknY
The presentation discusses about a Thesis, Research paper, Review Article & Technical Reports: Organization of thesis and reports, formatting issues, citation methods, references, effective oral presentation of research. Quality indices of research publication: impact factor, immediacy factor, H- index and other citation indices. A verbal consent of Prof. Dr. C. B. Bhatt was obtained (at 4.15pm on Dt. 26-11-2016 at Hall A-2, GTU, Chandkheda) to float the presentation online in benefits of the research scholar society.
Prof. sp singh.ph d.course work.2020-21.citation index, journal impact factor...Saurashtra University
Citation index, Journal Impact Factors , H – Index and Impact Factor
-------
RESEARCH, PUBLICATIONS AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT
WIDE VARIATION IN THE ASSESSMENT AND QUALITY JUDGMENT
DIFFRENTIAL LEVEL OF RESEARCH OUTPUT- Reflected by number/frequency/quality of the publication
LACK OF INTEREST
DIFFERNCES IN OVER ALL OBJECTIVES
TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS
TYPES AND QUALITY OF THE JOURNALS
It’s important to remember that the impact factor only looks at an average citation and that a journal may have a few highly cited papers that greatly increase its impact factor, while other papers in that same journal may not be cited at all. Therefore, there is no direct correlation between an individual article’s citation frequency or quality and the journal impact factor.
Impact Factor: An Index of Research JournalAJAY SEMALTY
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL OPENKNOWLEDGE or see URL https://youtu.be/nPLnJqLEknY
Research Indices are the indicators of the credibility and recognition of a researcher, a journal, an article and/or and institute. These include Impact Factor, immediacy Index, h-index etc. Researchers and students must know about these indices for better recognition in the academia and research. In the first part of the series we are discussing Impact Factor as a vital research Index. Impact factor (IF) is the most Important basis of selection of journal by the researchers and readers. Its a a measure of the reputation of a journal. IF is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The OER shall cover how (IF is calculated), Who (provides the IF), on which factors IF depends upon, The importance of IF in academic recognition and knowing the IF of journal. Also SUBSCRIBE OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL OPENKNOWLEDGE or see https://youtu.be/nPLnJqLEknY
The presentation discusses about a Thesis, Research paper, Review Article & Technical Reports: Organization of thesis and reports, formatting issues, citation methods, references, effective oral presentation of research. Quality indices of research publication: impact factor, immediacy factor, H- index and other citation indices. A verbal consent of Prof. Dr. C. B. Bhatt was obtained (at 4.15pm on Dt. 26-11-2016 at Hall A-2, GTU, Chandkheda) to float the presentation online in benefits of the research scholar society.
Prof. sp singh.ph d.course work.2020-21.citation index, journal impact factor...Saurashtra University
Citation index, Journal Impact Factors , H – Index and Impact Factor
-------
RESEARCH, PUBLICATIONS AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT
WIDE VARIATION IN THE ASSESSMENT AND QUALITY JUDGMENT
DIFFRENTIAL LEVEL OF RESEARCH OUTPUT- Reflected by number/frequency/quality of the publication
LACK OF INTEREST
DIFFERNCES IN OVER ALL OBJECTIVES
TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS
TYPES AND QUALITY OF THE JOURNALS
Citation analysis: State of the art, good practices, and future developmentsLudo Waltman
Presentation at Bibliometrics & Research Assessment: A Symposium for Librarians & Information Professionals. Bethesda, MD, United States, October 31, 2016.
h index: Benchmark of productivity and impact of researcher AJAY SEMALTY
In the Indices of research series h index is discussed here. The h-index (sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number) is one of the several research indices which is used to measure the productivity and impact of of a researcher/ research group/ institution. It’s an index which increases on the basis of citations and number of papers continuously with the passage of time. It is the major benchmark used by the employers for selection/recruitment and/ or assessment of Researchers. This e-module will let you know all about the h index: What, How, Who, why......about h index will be answered here. In the very next video we will cover how to identify h index of a researcher in various platforms. (URL link for video: https://youtu.be/BAhPzxWVtVE) For any query please feel free to write to us at openknowledgeok@gmail.com and please do subscribe our youtube channel.......THANKS FOR GIVING YOUR TIME. --- Team OK
Journal impact measures: the Impact FactorTorres Salinas
The seminar on impact measures will first shed light on the best known and most controversial indicator, namely Garfield’s Journal Impact Factor. Its strengths and weaknesses as well as its correct use will be discussed thoroughly. Moreover the corresponding analytical tool, Clarivate Analytics’s Journal Citation Reports will be demonstrated.
Presented at the european summer school for scientometrics ESSS - July 16th, 2019 - Louvain
Journal and author impact measures Assessing your impact (h-index and beyond)Aboul Ella Hassanien
This seminar presented at faculty of Computers Monofiya university on Saturday 12 Dec. 2015. Seminar for researchers and graduate students at Egyptian universities to increase awareness of the importance of publication and scientific research and how to increase the researchers weight, its calculation, and calculation of magazines weight and how to calculate new weights that differ from the impact of the magazines and tips for students attic studies on how to increase citation of the published research papers and How to use open access publishing. In addition discuss the Issues in the field of open access including its advantages and disadvantages
Impact factor (using impact factor to assess the impact of a journal)shri mangalambikai
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it's articles are cited.
Impact Factors are useful, but they should not be the only consideration when judging quality. Not all journals are tracked in the JCR database and, as a result, do not have impact factors. New journals must wait until they have a record of citations before even being considered for inclusion. The scientific worth of an individual article has nothing to do with the impact factor of a journal.
Research metrics give a balanced, multi-dimensional view for assessing the value of published research. Based on the depth and breadth of its content, Scopus works with researchers, publishers, bibliometricians, librarians, institutional leaders and others in academia, to offer an evolving basket of metrics that complement more qualitative insights. Throughout Scopus, you can access multiple metrics at the journal, article and author levels.
Citation analysis: State of the art, good practices, and future developmentsLudo Waltman
Presentation at Bibliometrics & Research Assessment: A Symposium for Librarians & Information Professionals. Bethesda, MD, United States, October 31, 2016.
h index: Benchmark of productivity and impact of researcher AJAY SEMALTY
In the Indices of research series h index is discussed here. The h-index (sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number) is one of the several research indices which is used to measure the productivity and impact of of a researcher/ research group/ institution. It’s an index which increases on the basis of citations and number of papers continuously with the passage of time. It is the major benchmark used by the employers for selection/recruitment and/ or assessment of Researchers. This e-module will let you know all about the h index: What, How, Who, why......about h index will be answered here. In the very next video we will cover how to identify h index of a researcher in various platforms. (URL link for video: https://youtu.be/BAhPzxWVtVE) For any query please feel free to write to us at openknowledgeok@gmail.com and please do subscribe our youtube channel.......THANKS FOR GIVING YOUR TIME. --- Team OK
Journal impact measures: the Impact FactorTorres Salinas
The seminar on impact measures will first shed light on the best known and most controversial indicator, namely Garfield’s Journal Impact Factor. Its strengths and weaknesses as well as its correct use will be discussed thoroughly. Moreover the corresponding analytical tool, Clarivate Analytics’s Journal Citation Reports will be demonstrated.
Presented at the european summer school for scientometrics ESSS - July 16th, 2019 - Louvain
Journal and author impact measures Assessing your impact (h-index and beyond)Aboul Ella Hassanien
This seminar presented at faculty of Computers Monofiya university on Saturday 12 Dec. 2015. Seminar for researchers and graduate students at Egyptian universities to increase awareness of the importance of publication and scientific research and how to increase the researchers weight, its calculation, and calculation of magazines weight and how to calculate new weights that differ from the impact of the magazines and tips for students attic studies on how to increase citation of the published research papers and How to use open access publishing. In addition discuss the Issues in the field of open access including its advantages and disadvantages
Impact factor (using impact factor to assess the impact of a journal)shri mangalambikai
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it's articles are cited.
Impact Factors are useful, but they should not be the only consideration when judging quality. Not all journals are tracked in the JCR database and, as a result, do not have impact factors. New journals must wait until they have a record of citations before even being considered for inclusion. The scientific worth of an individual article has nothing to do with the impact factor of a journal.
Research metrics give a balanced, multi-dimensional view for assessing the value of published research. Based on the depth and breadth of its content, Scopus works with researchers, publishers, bibliometricians, librarians, institutional leaders and others in academia, to offer an evolving basket of metrics that complement more qualitative insights. Throughout Scopus, you can access multiple metrics at the journal, article and author levels.
All researchers have heard about the impact factor. Read to learn what you may not know about the impact factor. Other measures of journal quality are now available as well.
Presented to members of the Psychology department as part of the New Tricks Seminar series (February 2016)
• journal metrics using WoS and Scopus
• article level metrics in WoS, Scopus and Google Scholar, and from publishers and the differences in each. Touch on altmetrics.
• author metrics in the above. Touch on Publish or Perish
Tanya Williamson, Academic Liaison Librarian
MedicReS Conference 2017 Istanbul - Fostering Responsible Conduct of Research...MedicReS
Fostering Responsible Conduct of Research
MedicReSConference
May 5, 2017
Istanbul, Turkey
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D., CIP
University of Maryland School of Medicine
MedicReS Conference 2017 Istanbul - Ethical issues of secondary analysis of a...MedicReS
Ethical issues of secondary analysis of archived data
MedicReS Conference
May 4, 2017
Istanbul, Turkey
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D., CIP
University of Maryland School of Medicine
MedicReS Conference 2017 Istanbul - Integrity of Authorship in Research Publi...MedicReS
Integrity of Authorship in Research Publications
MedicReSConference
May 4, 2017
Istanbul, Turkey
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D., CIP
University of Maryland School of Medicine
MedicReS Winter School 2017 Vienna - Ethics of Cancer Trials - Adil E. ShamooMedicReS
A Comprehensive Introduction to the Ethical Issues at stake in the conduct of Cancer Research
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.
University of Maryland School of Medicine
MedicReS Winter School 2017 Vienna - Importance of Selection of Outcomes - Ma...MedicReS
Importance of Selection of Outcomes and Covariates in Comparative Effectiveness of Cancer ...
International Conference Good Biostatistical and Publication Practice in Cancer Research with “Real Work Data”
February 13-14th, Vienna
Mariana Chavez Mac GregorMD, MSc.
Assistant Professor, Health Services Research Department
Breast Medical Oncology Department
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
For Better Surat #ℂall #Girl Service ❤85270-49040❤ Surat #ℂall #Girls
Elsevier - MedicReS World Congress 2011
1. Measuring Journal and Research
Prestige
Stephen Troth
26th
March 2011
s.troth@elsevier.com
MedicReS International Conference on
Good Medical Research
2. 2
Opening Questions
What is the best scientific journal that you know of?
Why is that one the best?
Why can’t another journal be just as good as that one?
3. 3
Objectives
Why is there a need to discern quality among different
journals?
What metrics are used to compare journals?
Which journal is appropriate for me to submit my
research to?
4. Why is there a need to discern quality
among different journals?
5. 5
Growth of peer-reviewed journals
“This is truly the decade of the journal and one
should seek to limit their number rather than
to increase them, since there can be too many
periodicals.”
(1789)
Neues medicinisches Wochenblatt fur Aerzte
6. 6
Growth of scholarly journals
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
<1900 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s >2000
Decade
NumberofActive,Peer-ReviewedJournals
Source:
~3% per annum
• Number of journals and disciplines is increasing
• The need to discern journal quality becomes that
much more important
7. 7
Journal Competition
• Journals must vigorously compete with each other for the best papers and
the best authors
• The concept of journal prestige originates from this competition
For example: In the category of “Analytical Chemistry”
Analytical Chemistry
Analytica Chimica Acta
Analytical Biochemistry
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Analyst
Electroanalysis
Analytical Sciences
Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Current Analytical Chemistry
Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
And >50 others!
How can you tell which of these are high quality journals?
9. 9
Overview of Journal Metrics
Impact Factor
H-index
SCImago Journal Rank
Usage
Others
• Journal citation data and bibliometrics can be used to measure
the impact or influence of articles, authors, and journals
10. 10
Impact Factor
• Citation index of Science, Social Science, Arts &
Humanities journals
• Impact Factors of Science and Social Science
journals
Impact Factor is the most well-known citation metric
11. 11
Impact Factor Definition & Calculation
IF is published 6 months after the end of the year it relates
to (i.e. 2006 data published in mid-2007)
Definition: A ratio between citations and recent citable items published
in a journal
(i.e. the average number of citations received per published article)
13. 13
Citations to non-source items (editorials, letters, news
items, book reviews, abstracts, etc) may inflate the IF
The Impact Factor anomaly
To all items
(regardless of type)
Of source items
(“articles” and “reviews”)
14. 14
Influences on the IF: Article TypeCitations
Articles
Reviews
Years after publication
Notes
4 8 12 160 2 6 10 14 18 20
Impact Factor
15. 15
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Mathematics & Computer Sciences
Social Sciences
Materials Science & Engineering
Biological Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Earth Sciences
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Physics
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Clinical Medicine
Neuroscience
Fundamental Life Sciences
Mean Impact Factor (1998)
Influences on the IF: Subject Area
CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000
PAPER & WOOD
TEXTILES
CERAMICS
COMPOSITES
COATINGS & FILMS
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
POLYMER SCIENCE
NANOSCI & NANOTECH
BIOMATERIALS
Aggregate 2006 IF
Materials Science disciplines
Impact Factors carry
little meaning unless
they are compared
within the same
subject area and
discipline
18. 18
Impact Factor Use and Abuse
• Used for library collection development
• Open to manipulation by authors, reviewers,
editors and publishers
• Used to compare journals of different types
• Used to compare journals in different fields
• Used to derive a ‘personal IF’
• Used as a lone proxy for journal ‘quality’
20. 20
Elsevier’s philosophy on the IF
“Elsevier uses the Impact Factor as one of a
number of performance indicators for journals. It
acknowledges the many caveats associated
with its use and strives to share best practice
with its authors, editors, readers and other
stakeholders in scholarly communication.
Elsevier seeks clarity and openness in all
communications relating to the IF and does not
condone the practice of manipulation of the IF
for its own sake.”
21. 21
Other IF-related metrics
Cited Half-life
The cited half-life for the journal is the median age of its
articles cited in the current JCR year
Immediacy Index
The immediacy index is the average number of times an
article is cited in the year that it is published
Influence
The influence indicates the share of citations that an individual
title or publisher has within a given subject category or subject
group
22. 22
h-index
• Proposed by physicist
Jorge Hirsch in 2005
• Rates individuals or
journals based on career
publications
• Incorporates both quantity
(no. of publications) and
quality (no. of citations)
23. 23
Calculating the h-index
If you list a scientist’s papers in descending order of the
number of citations received to date, his/ her h-index
is 8 if 8 papers have each received 8 or more citations
26. 26
SCImago Journal Rank
Produced by experts in Spain
Data sourced from Scopus and incorporated in it
A ratio of citations in current year to articles published in the
previous 3 years
Citations are weighted by the SJR of the
citing journal (like Google weights
links to webpages)
29. 29
Free (eigenfactor.org); also now part of the JCR
Similar to Impact Factor, but considers 5 years
Self-citations excluded
Citations weighted by EF of the citing journal
Eigenfactor Article Influence
30. 30
Usage
Usage is a new concept for measuring journal value and
impact
Typically defined as when a full-text article is
downloaded or viewed
COUNTER is attempting to standardize usage reporting
and develop a “Usage Factor” metric
Libraries already use usage statistics heavily to evaluate
their collections and spending
Authors also interested to see how much their works are
used
31. 31
Summary of Different Metrics
H-index, SJR, and usage are gaining weight as more
users include them as evaluative tools
Other metrics are also being studied and developed not
mentioned here: Eigenfactor
But IF is still the industry-standard and first metric that is
used to assess journal importance
33. 33
Journal Selection
How would you select among the journals of “Analytical Chemistry”?
Analytical Chemistry
Analytica Chimica Acta
Analytical Biochemistry
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Analyst
Electroanalysis
Analytical Sciences
Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Current Analytical Chemistry
Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
And >50 others!
34. 34
Journal Selection
Selection of a journal will depend on many factors in addition
to journal metrics
The aims and scope of the journal
The type of manuscript you have written (review, letter, articles)
The specific subject area
The significance of your work
The prestige/quality of the journal
The respect of the editors in the field
The editorial and production speed of the journal
The community and audience associated with the journal
The coverage and distribution (regional, international)
35. 35
Summary
Why is there a need to discern quality among different journals?
Increasing number of journals and disciplines
What metrics are used compare journals?
Impact Factor
H-index
SCImago Journal Rank
SNIP/Eigenfactor
Usage
Which journal is appropriate for me to submit my research to?
Consider the significance and scope of your work. Ask professors in your field
what journal would be appropriate for the area and level of research you have
conducted
Consider the aims, scope, subject area, prestige, editors, editorial and production
speed, community/audience, and coverage of a journal
Editor's Notes
Opening questions to be considered one by one with optional audience participation and discussion after each. These are meant to gauge the audience’s understanding of journal prestige and bibliometrics coming into the presentation.
The goal is to get audience to think about why certain journals are considered good and others considered bad.
The 3 questions that the presentation will attempt to answer are:
Why is there the need to discern the quality of journals?
What metrics are used to compare journals?
Which journal is appropriate for a researcher to submit their research to?
Section title Slide
For every generation of scholars, the problem of information overload has always seemed insurmountable. The annual launch of new journals has often been seen as a contributing factor to the burgeoning literature, rather than a consequence of it. In actuality, the increase in journals over time has mirrored the increase in the number of researchers. Information overload may be occurring, but it is not because of too many journals, it is due to the growth in the number of scientists.
Bibliometric analysis can serve as a tool to demonstrate how a newly launched journal contributes uniquely to the community it serves and paves the way for the dissemination of research.
Here is one example of how crowded some subject areas have become.
In the category of “Analytical Chemistry”, 11 journals titles are unveiled here.
The point is that not only do the titles sound very similar in certain respects, it is difficult to judge which journal might be better than others unless you had a deeper understanding of the journal histories, editors, prestige, and audience.
Furthermore, these are just 11 of more than 60 journals in this subject area.
The second point is that journals must vigorously compete with one another to attract the best authors and best editors and elevate their reputation and prestige.
There are various metrics which can serve as useful tools to help in assessing the relative standing of journals.
Section Title Slide
The use of citation data and bibliometrics can be effectively used as one means for measuring the impact or influence of articles, authors, and journals.
Academic institutions often use journal metrics to evaluate faculty for tenure and promotion.
Some of the more commonly used journal metrics are listed here and each will be described in detail in the slides ahead:
Impact Factor
H-index
SCImago Journal Rank
Usage
In the field of bibliometrics, or citation metrics, Thomson has developed a suite of products that better inform our knowledge of the number of citations a journal receives. Thus, the most common way that we judge the “quality” of a journal is by how many times its articles get cited by other articles.
The ISI Web of Science is a Citation index that tracks citations for science, social science, and arts journals.
The Impact Factor is a metric that is calcualted for Science and Social science journals as part of the Journal Citation Reports.
The Impact Factor has become the traditional metric that is used to track citations and compare journals in the same field. It is the most well-known and most established metric.
The Impact Factor is defined as a ratio between the citations received and the recent citable items published in a journal. In other words, it is the average number of citations received per published article.
The IF calculations are standardized by taking the total citations in the current year to articles published in the past two years (blue box);
And dividing that by the total number of articles published in the past two years (red box).
These calculations are carried for all of the journals that are listed in Thomson’s ISI database and are published 6 months into each new year.
Another weakness of IFs is that they are very discipline-dependent.
As can be seen from this first chart, the IF varies greatly by subject area with biomedical fields receiving many more citations on average than the mathematics, social science, or materials science fields.
Even when we look within the same subject area at different categories (such as in Materials Science in this second chart), there are still widely varying IF values.
It is ineffective to compare journals across categories and especially across subject areas as the research communities in each exhibit different behaviors when it comes to citations and referencing.
Finally it is important to summarize the weaknesses and proper uses of the IF
It should be used as a tool for libraries to assess their collection development and whether the resources they are providing are meeting the needs of their users.
Even though the IF may serve as a good benchmark for a journal’s importance to its field, it should not be used as a direct proxy for quality alone considering how the IF can be manipulated and considering that in many scientific circles, citations are not the purest form of a journal’s worth.
The IF should not be used to compare different types of journals (e.g. review journal versus a letter journal).
The IF should not be used to compare journals in different fields.
The IF should not be used for authors to derive “vanity” ratings
And, though it can be, the IF should not be abused and manipulated by authors, reviewers, editors, and publishers in the way they treat citations.
There are other journal metrics that are commonly associated with Impact Factors and provide supplementary ways to describe the citation behavior for a particular journal:
The cited half life is the median age of the journal’s articles cited in the current year.
A higher or lower cited half-life does not imply any particular value for a journal. For instance, a primary research journal might have a longer cited half-life than a journal that provides rapid communication of current information. Cited half-life figures may be useful to assist in collection management and archiving decisions.
2. The immediacy index is the average number of times an article is cited in the year it is published. For comparing journals specializing in cutting-edge research, the immediacy index can provide a useful perspective.
3. The influence indicates the share of citations that an individual title or publisher has within a given subject category or subject group.
A metric that is gaining some weight and momentum in terms of being used is the H-index.
It was developed just a few years ago by Jorge Hirsch and is used to rate not only journals, but also individuals.
The H-index takes into account both the quantity of output by a journal or author as well as the quality of the journal or author (as determined by the number of citations).
By definition, the H-index is most easily calculated when the number of papers are lined up in decreasing order according to the number of citations they received.
When the number of papers is equal to the number of citations those papers received, this value is then determined as the H-index.
In Elsevier’s case, we have adopted the H-index as a built in feature of our abstracting and indexing database, Scopus
If we searched for Hirsch’s articles and ordered them according to the number of citations they received (right-hand column of the table), we can then calculate Hirsch’s own H-index.
A curve can then be generated which pinpoints his H-index as 16.
Analogously, journals can also have H-indexes which are based on all the articles that have ever been published in the journal and based on all the citations that the journal may have ever received.
Another major alternative to the IF, is the SCImago journal rank, or SJR.
This was a metric developed in Spain and it uses Scopus data as its source data.
Unlike the IF and H-index, the equation to calculate the SJR is MUCH more complicated.
Qualitatively, the SJR uses the number of citations a journal receives for articles published in the last 3 years, but weights those citations according to the SJR of the citing journal. In other words, citations from highly ranked journals count for more than citations from lower ranked journals. This is similar to the way Google Page Ranking works.
1. In the case of the SJR, even though it is called a “rank”, the higher the SJR, the better the quality of the journal.
Finally, a metric which is getting more and more attention as a way to measure journal value and impact is usage.
Rather than being citation-based, usage is based on the reader and end-user behavior. One “use” is typically defined as when a full-text article is downloaded or viewed.
The development of usage is still in its infancy. Industry has formed a project organization called “COUNTER” to attempt to standardize usage reporting and also develop a formal “Usage Factor”.
Libraries already use usage statistics heavily to evaluate their collections and spending, so a formal metric will further facilitate these efforts.
Authors are also very interested to see how much their work is being read.
This chart gives a sample spreadsheet for how a library could track the usage of its subscribed titles on a monthly basis.
The advantages of usage over citation-based metrics include the fact that usage data can be compiled and reported immediately for a more current view of the impact of an article or journal, usage is not prone to self-citation manipulations by authors. But usage can be prone to other manipulations.
In summary:
The H-index, SJR, and usage all serve as alternative metrics that are gaining weight and being used more frequently to evaluate authors and journals.
There are even more metrics being developed, for example, the Eigenfactor.
But the IF has been the established metric and still is the industry-standard to first assess journal importance.
Section Title Slide
In looking back at our original example of journals in Analytical Chemistry, how can we better determine which journal is right for a researcher to submit to?
Selection of a journal will depend on many factors in addition to journal metrics:
1. Some factors make the decision easier, such as the type of manuscript written (reviews should ideally be submitted to review journals; letters submitted to letter journals).
2. Another factor to consider is the specific subject area (electroanalysis is more likely to fit with one of the “Electroanalysis” titled journals). 3. The significance or expected impact of the work will indicate whether you should publish in a top journal or middle of the pack journal.
4. The prestige/quality of the journal
5. The respect of the editors in the field
6. The editorial and production speed of the journal (ideally you would want to get your work published as quickly as possible).
7. The community and audience associated with the journal
8. The coverage and distribution (regional, international)