T.S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land explores the spiritual and moral confusion of the modern world. It uses fragments from various sources without narrative to portray a "waste land" society fragmented by war. Some key aspects include its use of the Grail legend as a framework to discuss themes of fertility and rebirth. It also employs the "objective correlative" technique of using imagery to represent emotions. The poem had a profound influence on modernist literature through its revolutionary structure and style.
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This presentations attempts to explore the autobiographical elements in 'The Waste Land' - the poem by T.S. Eliot - the high priest of the theory of depersonalization.
John Keats was an English Romantic Poet. He was one amongst the main figures of the second generation of Romantic Poets. He died young at the age 25. He was the pioneer of the Romantic Movement
Autobiographical Elements in T.S. Eliot's The Waste LandDilip Barad
This presentations attempts to explore the autobiographical elements in 'The Waste Land' - the poem by T.S. Eliot - the high priest of the theory of depersonalization.
John Keats was an English Romantic Poet. He was one amongst the main figures of the second generation of Romantic Poets. He died young at the age 25. He was the pioneer of the Romantic Movement
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The PPT helps to understand the modernism and the poem of Ezra Pound. Poetry as it attempts to ‘break from the pentameter’ incorporates the use of visual spacing as a poetic device, and does not contain verbs.
Modern period literature, Modernism, Modern poetry.zainabnawaz15
This Presentation is about Modern Century literature, Modernism, Poetry and important poets and contrast of modernism and Victorian period. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961 .
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Modernism and In a Station of the Metro poem by Ezra PoundMohan Raj Raj
The PPT helps to understand the modernism and the poem of Ezra Pound. Poetry as it attempts to ‘break from the pentameter’ incorporates the use of visual spacing as a poetic device, and does not contain verbs.
DISCUSSION POETS HARDY & ELIOT BRIEFLY RESPOND scholarly to FOU.docxlynettearnold46882
DISCUSSION POETS HARDY & ELIOT BRIEFLY RESPOND scholarly to FOUR POSTS
Top of Form
· POST ONE-Hardy - DW16
T.S. Eliot and Thomas Hardy have similar writing styles. However, Hardy is straight forward, very imaginative, and to the point in his writing. Hardy's cynicism shows human struggles as useless against universal forces, which is a common theme in his literary works. Eliot wanted his poetry to capture the fragile physiological state of humanity disintegrating the twentieth century. Both writers had a vision of post religion society and dealt with mortality.The failure of the works can be seen as a metaphor of cultural pessimism and desolation that can be accredited to literary criticism. Both Eliot and Hardy's admiration for mythological works are filled with references of critical interpretations of text. To enlighten readers, the poet must beware of using excessive academic language and only extract the most important historical pieces of the past into a poem.
· POST TWO- T.S. Eliot & Hardy CJ - 16
In the years following World War One, society was reeling from a dehumanizing realization of the lack of sanctity found in everything previously held dear. The poets of the time analyzed this truth, sought to internalize the feelings of society as a whole, and then reproduce them in works painted with honesty. T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland is perhaps the most heavy-handed in this sense. Eliot goes to great lengths to describe the world around him. He states,
“A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,
And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,
And the dry stone no sound of water. Only
There is shadow under this red rock,
(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),
And I will show you something different from either
Your shadow at morning striding behind you
Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you;
I will show you fear in a handful of dust.”
By encapsulating the feelings of hopelessness, fear, and despair, Eliot was able to successfully conjure an emotional response from his peers within a universal situation and worldview.
In a similar sense, Thomas Hardy also addresses the hopelessness that accompanies collapse. In Hap, Hardy analyzes the suffering that follows a loss of faith. Hardy blames "casualty" and "time" for unhappiness and attributes suffering not to God, but mere acts of chance. This collapse of faith mirrors the literal historical and emotional collapse mentioned by Eliot.
· POST THREE - T.S. Elliot & Thomas HardyVT -15
Thomas Hardy and T.S. Elliot are Victorian style poetry writers whose works were greatly influenced by past conflicts and the state of society in their time periods. These influences gave both these writers consistently similar themes of collapse throughout many of their works. I will discuss works by these authors that are blatantly about collapse and in Thomas hardy’s works that basically state his mission as a writer to expose the ugly things. Both were troubled by how poorl.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Eliot ok
1. Thomas Stearns Eliot, or T.S. Eliot as he is better known, was born in 1888 in St. Louis.
He was the son of a prominent industrialist who came from a well-connected Boston family. His family
was descended from one of the original Puritan settlers, and his parents were wealthy and fond of
culture (his mother was a poet while his father was an artist) Eliot always felt the loss of his family's
New England roots and seemed to be somewhat ashamed of his father's business success; throughout
his life he continually sought to return to the epicenter of Anglo-Saxon culture, first by attending
Harvard and then by emigrating to England, where he lived from 1914 until his death. He studied at
Harvard, Paris and Oxford universities, thus giving a cosmopolitan bent to his education. Though an
American by birth, his cultural background was at first English and then European. In fact he discovered
John Donne and the English Metaphysical poets; he learned Italian by studying Dante, whom he
devoted one of his most celebrated essays in 1929. Here Eliot stated Dante was the poet who best
expressed a universal situation and praised him “clear visual images”, “the lucidity” of his style and “his
extraordinary force of compression”, to come to the conclusion that “more can be learned about how
to write poetry from Dante than from any other English poet”. In 1910 when he studied in Paris at the
Sorbonne he attended Henri Bergson’s lectures, and where he started to read the works of the French
Symbolists.
Eliot met Ezra Pound in 1914, as well, and it was Pound who was his main mentor and editor and who
got his poems published and noticed. During a 1921 break from his job as a bank clerk (to recover from
a mental breakdown), Eliot finished the work that was to secure him fame, The Waste Land. This poem,
heavily edited by Pound and perhaps also by Eliot's wife, Vivien, addressed the fragmentation and
alienation characteristic of modern culture, making use of these fragments to create a new kind of
poetry. Based on various legends, it portrays London as a sterile, waste land, and expresses the
depression and cynicism of the postwar period. The poem is built around several symbols, the most
important of which are drought and flood, representing death and rebirth. The highly allusive manner
and numerous references make the poem difficult to understand. Its true originally lies in its
presentation of man’s spiritual crisis and in its variety of style, rather than in its literary apparatus. In
2. writing The Waste Land Eliot was influenced by Dante, the English Metaphysical poets and the French
symbolists.
It was also around this time that Eliot began to write criticism, partly in an effort to explain his own
methods.
In 1925, he went to work for the publishing house Faber & Faber. Despite the distraction of his wife's
increasingly serious bouts of mental illness, Eliot was from this time until his death the preeminent
literary figure in the English-speaking world; indeed, he was so monumental that younger poets often
went out of their way to avoid his looming shadow, painstakingly avoiding all similarities of style.
Eliot became interested in religion in the later 1920s and eventually converted to Anglicanism. His
poetry from this point onward shows a greater religious bent, although it never becomes dogmatic the
way his sometimes controversial cultural criticism does. With the poem Ash Wednesday(1930)a new
phase began in the poet’s development: though the old attitude remains ,he finds hope in religious
belief and in the stabilizing influence of the Christian religion. This poem is more lyrical in spirit, and the
style is relaxed and musical with its repetition and assonance. Four Quartets, his last major poetic
work, combines a Christian sensibility with a profound uncertainty resulting from the war's devastation
of Europe.
Eliot finally decided to separate from his wife, who was committed to a mental asylum, where she died
nine years later in 1947. Her death, however, created a terrible sense of guilt within the soul of the
poet and unhappiness led him to write in a letter of his: “I have always known hell- it is in my bones”.
T.S. Eliot had by this time become internationally acclaimed, and in 1948 he was awarded the Order of
Merit and the Nobel prize for literature.
Eliot died in 1965 in London.
THE CONCEPT OF HISTORY
The past appears in the references to and quotations from many literary works belonging to different
traditions and cultures, and religious texts and also languages. And if this last fact emphasized the
character’s inability to communicate because they cannot understand what is being said to them, it also
makes his verse difficult to read. But it is also true that the quotations and allusions have great evocative
power, and add a further dimension to the poem. Poetry does not have to be understood to convey its
message; it can be enjoyed without a full understanding of it, in the same way as a music, or art, does not
to be translated into words. This use of quotations reflects the concept Eliot had of tradition and history,
that is, the repetition of the same events, and of “classicism”, that is, the ability to see the past as a
concrete premise for the present and “the poetic culture” as a “living unity” of all the poems written in
different periods. Thus present and past exist simultaneously in The Waste Land, just as they do in the
mind, and the continuous shifts of time and space are caused by the free associations of ideas and
thoughts, as in Ulysses by James Joyce.
THE MYTICAL METHOD
In his evaluation of Western culture, Eliot went back to its origins, when legends were symptoms of
spiritual attitudes which he regarded as extremely important. In modern society, however, old myths are
present, but they have lost their deep meaning and have been betrayed, and it is especially through these
mythical allusions that the contrast between present and past appears. Eliot contrast the present
meaningless of life with allusions to Arthurian legend and the Quest for the Holy Grail. There are
references also to the May festivities celebrating the rebirth of nature, and the Celtic myth, linked to the
paradigm of fertility. Eliot found myth the framework for his own fragments.
STYLE
3. The style of The waste Land is fragmentary because of the mixture of different poetic styles, such as blank
verse, the ode, the quatrain, the heroic couplet, and free verse, thus reproducing the chaos of present
civilisation. The most effective analogies can be found in some “cubist images” or in some apparently
unconnected cinematic shots used to express a certain emotional state: the meaning is not in the single
fragment but in the whole. Instead of using simple, clear statements, Eliot requires the active participation
of the reader/public, who experiences the same world as that of the speaker/poet by employing the
technique of implication or by using quotations from different languages such as Latin, Italian, Sanskrit or
French.
NEW TECNIQUES
Metaphor and symbol replace direct statement; to this end, Eliot adopted the technique of the “objective
correlative”, that is the attempt at communicating philosophical reflections and feelings by means of a
simile, a description or a monologue by character in order to provide a vision of the world or a feeling of
the lyrical “I”. Poetry had to be objective, impersonal. Images are the “objective correlative” of the
emotions they aim to suggest; the language stimulates the imagination; exterior objects suggest feelings: “a
set of objects, a situation, a chain of events” will represent a particular emotion, and when they are given
to the reader the emotion is evoked. The phrase “objective correlative”(used also by Eugenio Montale),
was coined by Eliot himself, and became very fashionable. Today its validity is argued.From French
Symbolist poet Jules Laforgue, Eliot derived the technique of juxtaposition: squalid elements are
juxtaposed with poetic ones, trivial elements with sublime ones. Another device widely used by Eliot is the
repetition of words, images, and phrases from pages to page: they all give impression of completion
increasing the musicality of the poem.
CRITICAL NOTES.
T.S.Eliot is considered one of the greatest exponents of Modernism. The publication of The Waste Land in
1922 was a literary event, because it voiced the spiritual and moral confusion of a period which found its
appropriate definition in the title of a work by the poet W.H.Auden, The Age of Anxiety.
An American birth and a cosmopolitan by vocation and by education, Eliot possessed a wide and deep
knowledge of the masterpieces of world literature. He acknowledge a special debt to Dante, whom he
considered a model for his own poetry. What he admired in the Italian poet was the capacity to express a
wide emotional experience –based not on individualism but on the entire cultural reality of his time – and
at the same time the restraint, the perfect balance between the personal and the impersonal. Like Eliot,
Dante had witnessed the disintegration of an age, the fall of the Empire, and he voiced the hope for
salvation.
Eliot was keenly aware of the emotional and spiritual sterility of his time, and when family financial
difficulties accumulated he was on the edge of nervous collapse. He found a way out in religion, and in
1927 this descendant of Puritan forbears became Anglo-Catholic. So while his early works are in the mood
of disillusionment and convey irony and disgust for a trivial, sordid, empty world, Ash Wednesday marks the
passage to a series of works which show growing concern with the supernatural and religion. If Dante was
to him the Poet per excellence, Eliot also acknowledged other influences: the Metaphysical poets, notably
John Donne, for the blend of emotion and though, immediacy and technical control( Eliot deplored the
division between though and feeling – the “dissociation of sensibility”-which, in his opinion, impoverished
English poetry from the 17th century onwards); the Symbolists, and Charles Baudelaire in particular with his
division of the sordid aspects of the modern metropolis and his capacity to place side by side the squalid
and the visionary, the images, for the concision in language and the freedom in versification. Ezra Pound
played a very important role for Eliot: he constantly helped and encouraged him, revised The waste Land
before publication, and advised Eliot to tighten his poem removing several explanatory and descriptive
parts.
4. The Waste Land, dedicated to Ezra Pound, “il miglior fabbro”, is a typical example of modernist art, and
such as very difficult to define. It is not a narrative poem, nor dramatic, nor lyric. The main difficulty for the
reader is to work out a meaning: there seems to be no beginning and no end; thoughts appear unfinished,;
there are abrupt shifts; the characters are not clearly defined and the events cannot be located at a
particular place; the past merges with the present, while fragmentation and juxtaposition challenge a
logical evolution. The impression one receives is that of “a hap of broken images”, that the poet puts
together using a criterion similar to the cinema technique of montage. Gradually, the reader is impressed
by certain themes and motifs.
For example, the theme of The Waste Land do no talk to one another: they recite monologues; sexual
relationships are either a manifestation of lust and violence, or mechanical and boring. Eliot’s Puritan
ancestry is evident in the association of sin with sexuality; the most recurrent symbols are sterility are
presented through cruel or unfilled sexual episodes. The barren land which must be restores to fertility, i.e.
saved, is the human heart, full of selfishness and lust; the search for the Grail is the search for truth.
It is also possible to discern the motif of pilgrimage and of quest, following the course of the Thames as if
flows through London; the Thames is first associated with the Rhine, the great river of German mythology,
and finally the journey through The Waste Land concludes with powerful allusions to the Ganges, the
sacred river of India, thus uniting Western and Eastern cultures. Like the rest of Eliot’s early works, The
Waste Land presents affinities with other important works of Modernism: the structure which breaks away
with the canons of traditional poetry reminds us of Joyce’s bold experimentation in novel-writing, of
Picasso in painting and Stravinsky in music; the sense of emptiness, corruption, lack of communication,
meaninglessness of life, is a feature common to all modernist writers and artists, from James Joyce to
William Butler Yeats, from Ezra Pound to Guillaume Apollinaire, from Franz Kafka to Joseph Conrad, from
Thomas Mann to Marcel Proust, and so on. An example is provided by the comparison between the
description of the Thames at the beginning of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and in The Fire Sermon. Both
writers stress the commercialization, the degradation of the Thames, which is no more the Thames of the
age of Shakespeare. Like many of his contemporaries, notably Ezra Pound, Eliot saw English poetry of the
turn of the century as over-emotional, lacking vitality and intellectual rigour; he maintained that, to
express the complexities of reality, poetry could not be simple, and he did make his verse difficult: he
seemed to throw loose images and bits of dialogue at the reader, without a linking narrative or logical
sequence. Poetry had to be objective, impersonal. Images are the “objective correlative” of the emotions
they aim to suggest; the language stimulates the imagination; exterior objects suggest feelings: “a set of
objects, a situation, a chain of events” will represent a particular emotion, and when they are given to the
reader the emotion is evoked. The phrase “objective correlative”(used also by Eugenio Montale), was
coined by Eliot himself, and became very fashionable. Today its validity is argued.
The effect of great poetry –and of great art in general – is mysteriously powerful.
The Waste Land escapes any order or unity. It is an amazing anthology of indeterminate states of mind, of
impressions, hallucinations, situations, personalities. All the fragmentary passages seem to belong to one
voice pertaining to a multiple personality beyond the limits of space and time.
In his introductory note on The Waste Land Eliot stated that the title, the plan and large part of the
symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie Weston’s book on the Grail legend From Ritual
Romance.
He also acknowledged the influence of another book, The Golden Bough, by Sir James Frazer(1854-1941),
Which deals with the development of magical, religious and scientific thought and gives vast information
about ancient religions and magical practices.
5. The poem, conceived as a monologue, basically presents a character going to a fortune-teller, receiving a
response, and reading manifestations of this response in various episodes.
The Grail legend, to which Eliot refers, tells about a land which is barren because its king –The Fisher King-
has been wounded by a spear thrust through his things, and sexually maimed. A young and pure knight
goes in quest of the Holy Grail –the cup which had been used to collect the blood from the body of Christ –
and reaches a Chapel where the Grail is kept. Only if this knight asks the meaning of the Grail and of the
lance that sees during a procession will the king be healed, and the land reclaimed fertility.
Miss Weston found close correspondence between the Grail legend and the ancient symbolism of fertility
rites. The Fisher King appears to be mediaeval version of the pre-Christian young men of young gods slain
or drowned in the springtime and then symbolically revived. The fertility of the land was associated with
their youth and strength (there are also the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Thiresias).
Moreover, Miss Weston found resemblance between this ancient fertility ritual and the Christian ritual, in
that the central moment was for both Eucharistic: taking the Food of Life from sacred vessels.
In this prospective Eliot inserted the description of this own waste land.
The Waste Land consist of five parts:
1. The Burial of the Dead. It begins challenging the traditional attitude to seasons: spring is not
welcome, because it awakes memory and desire, while winter brings “forgetful” snow. This part
deals with the opposites of life and death, fertility and sterility, hope and despair, which are the
main concern of the poem.
2. A Game of Chess. Its main theme is the emptiness of modern life, which suggests lack of love,
sterility, deceit. Eliot juxtaposes the present squalor to a past ambiguous splendour.
3. The Fire Sermon. This part develops the theme of lust: love is meaningless. The present alienation
is rendered through the description of a mechanical and squalid sexual encounter.
4. Death By Water. This is the shortest part(10 lines only),and is about the body of a drowned sailor
decomposing in the sea.
5. What the Thunder Said. Here there are all the main themes that have appeared in the previous
sections. After hinting at the death of Christ it presents a journey through the desert to an empty
chapel. The voice of the thunder echoes in the distance.
Thus the whole poem starts with a state of paralysis(sections I, II, III) and proceeds with an allegorical
journey(sections IV, V) towards the expectation of a symbolic rebirth, which is to come. All this fragmentary
parts are run through by one main theme: the contrast between the fertility of a mythical past and the
sterility of the present world, peopled by lost, alienated characters.