In this 21st century, every day we are dealing with the electronic circuits and devices in some or the other forms because gadgets, home appliances, computers, transport systems, cell phones, cameras, TV, etc. all have electronic components and devices. Today’s world of electronics has made deep inroads in several areas, such as healthcare, medical diagnosis, automobiles, industries, electronics projects etc. and convinced everyone that without electronics, it is really impossible to work. Therefore, looking forward to know the past and about the brief history of electronics is necessary to revive our minds and to get inspired by those individuals who sacrificed their lives by engaging themselves in such amazing discoveries and inventions that costs everything for them, but nothing for us, and, in turn, benefitted us immensely since then.

1. Evolution Of Electronic Device:
Diode, Transistor And IC

2. PRESENTED BY:-
Ashif Bin Hossain
UNDER GUIDENCE OF:-
Tanzina Alamgir
Lecterur,Department of CSE,SUB

3. Contents
 Introduction
 Brief History
 Diode (Characteristics, Biased PN Junction, Types, Application)
 Transistors (Uses, Advantages, Disadvantages, Types)
 Integrated Circuit (Classifications, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Application)
 Video (Fabrication of Integrated Circuit)

4. Introduction
WHAT IS DIODE ?
 A diode is a two terminal device which allows current
to pass in one direction only.
WHAT IS TRANSISTOR ?
Transistor is a three terminal device which allows
current to flow from high resistance region to low
resistance region.

5. Introduction(contd.)
WHAT IS INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ?
A complex set of electronic components and
their interconnections that are imprinted onto a
tiny slice of semiconducting material.
Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or
chips.

6. Brief History
1904’S – Vacuum tube (also called Thermionic
Diodes) was invented by John Fleming .
1945’s – Bell labs established a group to develop a
semiconductor (also called Solid-State Diodes)
replacement for vacuum tubes.
1947’s – Transistor invented by American
physicist John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and
William Shockley.
John Fleming
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and
William Shockley

7. Brief History
1952’s – First integrated circuit was proposed
by G.W.A Dummer.
1958’s – First functional integrated circuit was
demonstrated and patented by Jack Kilby.
1959’s – Robert Noyce also patented the
integrated circuit
G.W.A Dummer
Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

8. Diode
diode bridge

9. Diode Characteristics
 Reverse voltage and current
 Peak current and voltage
 Capacitance
 Recovery time
 Sensitivity to temperature

10. The Biased PN Junction Of Diodes
Forward Bias:
 Diode is forward biased when Vapplied > 0
 Diode conducts current strongly
 Effective resistance (impedance) of diode is small
Reverse Bias:
 Diode is reverse biased when Vapplied < 0
 Diode conducts current very weakly (typically < mA)
 Effective resistance (impedance) of diode is very large

11. Types Of Diodes

12. Diode Application
 Protect circuits by limiting the voltage (clipping
and clamping)
 Turn AC into DC (voltage rectifier)
 Voltage multipliers (e.g. double input voltage)
 Non-linear mixing of two voltages (e.g.
amplitude modulation)

13. Transistor
Replica of first transistor

14. Uses Of Transistors
 Transistors can serve as a switches or amplifiers.
 As switches they can be very useful in displays, to turn a
pixel (an LED for example) on or off.
 As amplifier they can be used to amplify a digital or analog
signal.
 More importantly by connecting several transistors, and in
particular CMOS together logic gates can be created
(example: NOT, AND , OR, NAND etc.)

15. Advantages Of Transistors
 Transistors are small in size, needs very little power, run cool and
much more reliable.
Due to their small size, the 2nd generation computers were small,
faster and reliable.
 Very low sensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration.
 Circuits with greater energy efficiency are usually possible.
 Complementary devices available, providing design flexibility.

16. Disadvantages Of Transistors
 They are usually costly and had less memory than ICs.
 Silicon transistors can age and fail.
 High-power, High-frequency operation, such as that used in
over-the-air television broadcasting.
The power transistor cannot be operating satisfactorily above
switching frequency of 15 kHz.

17. Types Of Transistors
Transistor Types
BJT
NPN PNP
FET
Junction FET
Depletion Mode
N-Channel P-Channel
Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
FET
Depletion Mode
N-Channel P-Channel
Enhancement
Mode
N-Channel P-Channel

18. Types Of Transistors
NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor

19. Types Of Transistors
PNP Bipolar Junction Transistor

20. Types Of Transistors
N-Channel JFET

21. Types Of Transistors
P-Channel JFET

22. Types Of Transistors
N-Channel MOSFET

23. Types Of Transistors
P-Channel MOSFET

24. IC (Integrated Circuits)

25. CLASSIFICATION Of IC’s
Analog IC’s
Ex: op-Amps, voltage regulators
Digital IC’s
Ex: Microprocessors, Multiplexers, Decoders
Mixed signal IC’s
Ex: ADC,DAC
Voltage Regulators
Decoders
ADC

26. Types Of IC’s
Name Of IC Generation Year of invention Number of
Transistors
Example
SSI (Small Scale
Integration)
1st generation 1964 1 to 100 Logic gate
(NOT,NOR,NAND)
MSI (Medium Scale
Integration)
2nd generation 1968 10 to 500 Counter, Multiplexer,
Adder etc.
LSI (Large Scale
Integration)
3rd generation 1971 500 to 20,000 RAM, ROM etc.
VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration)
4th generation 1980 20,000 to 1,000,000 Used in ( PC, Graphics
Card, Digital Camera)
ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration)
5th generation 1984 1,000,000 and more Special Purpose
Registers,

27. Types Of IC’s

28. Advantages Of IC
Small size
Low weight
Easy replacement
High speed
High temperature
tolerance

29. Disadvantages Of IC
Lack of flexibility.
High power requirements.
Cannot be repaired.

30. Application Of IC
Computers
Smartphones
Space Program

31. Video (Fabrication Of IC)