The electrical impulses from the SA node can be detected through electrodes placed on the skin, usually on the chest, arms, and legs. The ECG provides a graphical representation of the electrical impulses generated by the heart's muscle cells.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and ECG interpretation. It discusses the cardiac conduction system, the components of the ECG waveform and their timing, placement of ECG leads, and common monitor problems. The conduction system generates and transmits electrical signals through the heart to coordinate contractions. Proper placement of ECG leads is important for interpreting the heart's electrical activity from different views. Continuous monitoring also requires selecting the best leads depending on the diagnostic purpose.
(1) An ECG records and displays the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It is used to evaluate cardiac rate, rhythm, and detect any abnormalities. (2) Key aspects of an ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR and QT. Together these provide information on depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers. (3) A standard 12-lead ECG positions 10 electrodes on the limbs and chest to measure electrical activity from multiple angles and identify any damage or disease.
The document discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart and electrocardiography. It describes:
- The sinoatrial node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses that travel through pathways to the atrioventricular node.
- The Purkinje fibers form a network that transmits impulses from the ventricles to contract.
- An electrocardiogram detects the heart's electrical signals using electrodes placed on the skin. It displays waves, segments, and intervals that correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle.
- The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and myocardial infarctions (MIs). It discusses the basics of ECG formation, electrode placement, lead types, normal ECG components and intervals. It describes how to interpret rate, rhythm, axis, waves and intervals. Abnormal findings indicating MIs such as ST elevation and pathological Q waves are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of STEMI and NSTEMI treatment including thrombolytics, angioplasty and medical management.
The ECG is a diagnostic tool that measures electrical currents in the heart during the cardiac cycle using electrodes placed on the body. It provides information about heart rate and rhythm, as well as signs of conditions like myocardial infarction, chamber enlargement, and conduction delays or blocks. Key aspects of the ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR interval. Abnormal rhythms and conduction patterns seen on ECG can help diagnose conditions affecting the heart's electrical system.
Ecg1 DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG,DNB CTS SR)DR NIKUNJ SHEKHADA
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses what an ECG is, the history and development of ECGs, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG including waves, intervals, axes, and patterns in various leads. Key points covered include that an ECG records electrical activity of the heart and can be used for clinical diagnosis, the normal components of an ECG (P, QRS, T waves), common intervals and their meanings (PR, QT), how depolarization spreads through the heart, and what different leads examine. The document is intended as an educational guide on understanding ECGs.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes and provides information on heart rate, rhythm, tissue activation, and damage.
2. Key aspects of the ECG waveform include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
3. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of 3 bipolar limb leads, 3 augmented unipolar limb leads, and 6 precordial leads which provide different views of the heart's electrical activity.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and ECG interpretation. It discusses the cardiac conduction system, the components of the ECG waveform and their timing, placement of ECG leads, and common monitor problems. The conduction system generates and transmits electrical signals through the heart to coordinate contractions. Proper placement of ECG leads is important for interpreting the heart's electrical activity from different views. Continuous monitoring also requires selecting the best leads depending on the diagnostic purpose.
(1) An ECG records and displays the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It is used to evaluate cardiac rate, rhythm, and detect any abnormalities. (2) Key aspects of an ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR and QT. Together these provide information on depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers. (3) A standard 12-lead ECG positions 10 electrodes on the limbs and chest to measure electrical activity from multiple angles and identify any damage or disease.
The document discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart and electrocardiography. It describes:
- The sinoatrial node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses that travel through pathways to the atrioventricular node.
- The Purkinje fibers form a network that transmits impulses from the ventricles to contract.
- An electrocardiogram detects the heart's electrical signals using electrodes placed on the skin. It displays waves, segments, and intervals that correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle.
- The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and myocardial infarctions (MIs). It discusses the basics of ECG formation, electrode placement, lead types, normal ECG components and intervals. It describes how to interpret rate, rhythm, axis, waves and intervals. Abnormal findings indicating MIs such as ST elevation and pathological Q waves are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of STEMI and NSTEMI treatment including thrombolytics, angioplasty and medical management.
The ECG is a diagnostic tool that measures electrical currents in the heart during the cardiac cycle using electrodes placed on the body. It provides information about heart rate and rhythm, as well as signs of conditions like myocardial infarction, chamber enlargement, and conduction delays or blocks. Key aspects of the ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR interval. Abnormal rhythms and conduction patterns seen on ECG can help diagnose conditions affecting the heart's electrical system.
Ecg1 DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG,DNB CTS SR)DR NIKUNJ SHEKHADA
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses what an ECG is, the history and development of ECGs, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG including waves, intervals, axes, and patterns in various leads. Key points covered include that an ECG records electrical activity of the heart and can be used for clinical diagnosis, the normal components of an ECG (P, QRS, T waves), common intervals and their meanings (PR, QT), how depolarization spreads through the heart, and what different leads examine. The document is intended as an educational guide on understanding ECGs.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes and provides information on heart rate, rhythm, tissue activation, and damage.
2. Key aspects of the ECG waveform include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
3. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of 3 bipolar limb leads, 3 augmented unipolar limb leads, and 6 precordial leads which provide different views of the heart's electrical activity.
This document reviews STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) recognition and treatment. It defines a STEMI as elevated ST segments on an ECG due to blocked coronary arteries. Imposters like left bundle branch block can mimic STEMIs. The anatomy, ECG interpretation rules, and signs of STEMI versus no STEMI are described. Treatment includes aspirin, nitroglycerin, oxygen, and morphine or dilaudid for pain management in the pre-hospital setting. Recognizing true STEMIs amid imposters like left bundle branch block is a critical skill for emergency responders.
The document provides an outline for a lecture on basic electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses the history of ECGs, outlines the standardization of ECGs, and explains the reasons for performing ECGs. It also describes the 12-lead ECG system and proper electrode placement. Key aspects of ECG waves and rhythms are defined. Ten assessment points for ECGs are identified. Finally, the document categorizes cardiac rhythms according to the required intervention hierarchy.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including their history, utility, technical aspects, waveform genesis, intervals and segments. An ECG records the heart's electrical activity via electrodes on the body surface. It has evolved since its invention in the late 19th century and remains a fundamental cardiac diagnostic tool, providing information on conditions like arrhythmias and ischemia. Proper interpretation requires considering the clinical context along with various waveform features and intervals seen on the ECG.
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography including:
- The objectives of interpreting an EKG
- General principles such as depolarization, repolarization and the cardiac conduction system
- Definitions of key aspects of an EKG such as waves, intervals, leads and normal values
- How to estimate heart rate from an EKG
- Examples of normal sinus rhythm and common rhythm disturbances
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the basics of ECG recording and waves, types of ECG leads, vector analysis, and interpretation of normal and abnormal tracings. The objectives are to explain how ECG is recorded, discuss normal waves and intervals, describe the relationship to heart electrical axis, and differentiate normal and abnormal ECGs. Key points covered include the normal P, QRS, and T waves; types of bipolar and unipolar leads; cardiac electrical axis; and manifestations of conditions like hypertrophy, conduction blocks, and arrhythmias on ECG.
Electrocardiography involves recording the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG machine produces a graph called an electrocardiogram. ECGs can be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, chamber hypertrophy, and other cardiac conditions. The document discusses the history of ECG machines, basic heart anatomy, ECG calibration, waveforms, and how to interpret rate and rhythm.
definition of conductive system of heart brief explanation of components of conductive system
ECG interpretations major waves of ECG ,intervals of ECG ,
segments of ECG brief explanation
The document summarizes the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. It describes:
1) The cardiac cycle involves electrical, pressure, and volume changes between heartbeats including systole when the myocardium contracts and diastole when it relaxes.
2) There are four mechanical events in a cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity and can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm or conduction.
M.sc part. 1 seme 2 . This is topic are biochemistry
ECG are electro cardio graph this full from of ECG
And this topic related a heart function in human body
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1. It defines an ECG as recording the electrical activity of the heart over time.
2. It describes the normal conduction pathway in the heart and the components of the ECG waveform.
3. It explains how a 12-lead ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure voltage differences.
4. Various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias are evaluated such as sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular complexes.
ECG interpretation: Echocardiography and Cardiac Catherization.pptxprincessezepeace
The document provides an overview of three cardiac diagnostic tests:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) which records heart electrical activity and can detect issues like ischemia. Key components of the ECG like the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are explained.
2) Echocardiography which uses ultrasound to image heart structures and function. Doppler echocardiography evaluates blood flow. Stress echocardiography combines the test with exercise or drugs.
3) Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and perform angiograms by injecting contrast dye to image arteries. It is used to assess coronary artery disease.
This document discusses the analysis of a 12-lead EKG. It begins by describing the components that should be assessed, including rhythm, rate, axis, and grouped lead analysis. Specific abnormalities are then discussed in detail such as ST segment changes, bundle branch blocks, Q waves, and more. The overall goal is to systematically analyze all aspects of the 12-lead EKG to evaluate for any cardiac abnormalities.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes the basic anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart.
2) It explains what an ECG is and how it works by measuring the electrical signals produced by heart muscle depolarization and repolarization using electrodes placed on the body.
3) It details the 12-lead ECG system including the 10 wires attached to limbs and chest to measure electrical signals from different angles represented by 12 leads.
An ECG is a graph of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured through skin electrodes. It involves placing electrodes on the limbs and chest to detect the weak electrical currents produced by the heart. The ECG tracing shows waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. It is used to diagnose cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, ischemia, and other heart conditions. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity in multiple planes. Proper placement of electrodes and interpretation of intervals, complexes, and other ECG features can reveal important cardiac information.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It begins with objectives and introduces ECG as a representation of the heart's electrical activity over time. Key aspects covered include the conduction system, normal ECG components like the P wave and QRS complex, ECG lead placement, and how to interpret ECGs by assessing rate, rhythm, intervals, and arrhythmias. Common arrhythmias like sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and various types of heart block are defined. The document aims to equip readers with the basics of ECG interpretation and recognition.
ECG complete lecture notes along with interpretationDrSUVANATH
The document discusses the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which records the electrical activity of the heart. It describes the cardiac cycle, including the electrical and mechanical events that occur with each heartbeat. Specifically, it discusses the phases of atrial systole and ventricular systole, as well as the mechanical events of ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. It also explains how electrical changes in heart tissue cause mechanical changes like muscle contraction.
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time and is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. It detects three main waves - the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Abnormalities in conduction through the AV node can cause first-, second-, or third-degree heart block visible on the ECG. Higher degrees of block impair conduction more severely and require treatment such as pacemaker implantation.
ECG complete lecture presentation, ECG waveform and leads placementDrSUVANATH
The document discusses the cardiac cycle and electrocardiography (ECG). It describes:
1. The cardiac cycle has four phases - ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
2. An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities. It uses limb and precordial leads in a 12-lead system.
3. Key aspects of the ECG that are evaluated include rate, rhythm, intervals, waves, and ST segment changes which can indicate issues like myocardial ischemia.
This document provides information on cardiac physiology and electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the action potential in cardiac muscle, the specialized conductive system of the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. It also describes the normal components of an ECG including the P wave, QRS complex and T wave. The document outlines the standard 12-lead ECG and provides details on how to correctly report ECG findings.
Essential elements of the management plan
Glycemic control,
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT),
Diabetes self-management education,
Physical activity, and
Psychosocial assessment and care
The target A1C goal is
6.5% or less
<7% for most nonpregnant adults and
<7.5% for pediatric patient
Post marketing studies of drug effects must then generally include at least 10,000 exposed persons in a cohort study, or enroll diseased patients from a population of equivalent size for a case–control study. A study of this size would be 95% certain of observing at least one case of any adverse effect that occurs with an incidence of 3 per 10 000 or greater (see Chapter 3). However, studies this large are expensive and difficult to perform. Yet, these studies often need to be conducted quickly, to address acute and serious regulatory, commercial, and/or public health crises. For all of these reasons, the past two decades have seen a growing use of computerized databases containing medical care data, so called “automated databases,” as potential data sources for pharmacoepidemiology studies.
This document reviews STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) recognition and treatment. It defines a STEMI as elevated ST segments on an ECG due to blocked coronary arteries. Imposters like left bundle branch block can mimic STEMIs. The anatomy, ECG interpretation rules, and signs of STEMI versus no STEMI are described. Treatment includes aspirin, nitroglycerin, oxygen, and morphine or dilaudid for pain management in the pre-hospital setting. Recognizing true STEMIs amid imposters like left bundle branch block is a critical skill for emergency responders.
The document provides an outline for a lecture on basic electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses the history of ECGs, outlines the standardization of ECGs, and explains the reasons for performing ECGs. It also describes the 12-lead ECG system and proper electrode placement. Key aspects of ECG waves and rhythms are defined. Ten assessment points for ECGs are identified. Finally, the document categorizes cardiac rhythms according to the required intervention hierarchy.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including their history, utility, technical aspects, waveform genesis, intervals and segments. An ECG records the heart's electrical activity via electrodes on the body surface. It has evolved since its invention in the late 19th century and remains a fundamental cardiac diagnostic tool, providing information on conditions like arrhythmias and ischemia. Proper interpretation requires considering the clinical context along with various waveform features and intervals seen on the ECG.
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography including:
- The objectives of interpreting an EKG
- General principles such as depolarization, repolarization and the cardiac conduction system
- Definitions of key aspects of an EKG such as waves, intervals, leads and normal values
- How to estimate heart rate from an EKG
- Examples of normal sinus rhythm and common rhythm disturbances
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the basics of ECG recording and waves, types of ECG leads, vector analysis, and interpretation of normal and abnormal tracings. The objectives are to explain how ECG is recorded, discuss normal waves and intervals, describe the relationship to heart electrical axis, and differentiate normal and abnormal ECGs. Key points covered include the normal P, QRS, and T waves; types of bipolar and unipolar leads; cardiac electrical axis; and manifestations of conditions like hypertrophy, conduction blocks, and arrhythmias on ECG.
Electrocardiography involves recording the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG machine produces a graph called an electrocardiogram. ECGs can be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, chamber hypertrophy, and other cardiac conditions. The document discusses the history of ECG machines, basic heart anatomy, ECG calibration, waveforms, and how to interpret rate and rhythm.
definition of conductive system of heart brief explanation of components of conductive system
ECG interpretations major waves of ECG ,intervals of ECG ,
segments of ECG brief explanation
The document summarizes the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. It describes:
1) The cardiac cycle involves electrical, pressure, and volume changes between heartbeats including systole when the myocardium contracts and diastole when it relaxes.
2) There are four mechanical events in a cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity and can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm or conduction.
M.sc part. 1 seme 2 . This is topic are biochemistry
ECG are electro cardio graph this full from of ECG
And this topic related a heart function in human body
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1. It defines an ECG as recording the electrical activity of the heart over time.
2. It describes the normal conduction pathway in the heart and the components of the ECG waveform.
3. It explains how a 12-lead ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure voltage differences.
4. Various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias are evaluated such as sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular complexes.
ECG interpretation: Echocardiography and Cardiac Catherization.pptxprincessezepeace
The document provides an overview of three cardiac diagnostic tests:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) which records heart electrical activity and can detect issues like ischemia. Key components of the ECG like the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are explained.
2) Echocardiography which uses ultrasound to image heart structures and function. Doppler echocardiography evaluates blood flow. Stress echocardiography combines the test with exercise or drugs.
3) Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and perform angiograms by injecting contrast dye to image arteries. It is used to assess coronary artery disease.
This document discusses the analysis of a 12-lead EKG. It begins by describing the components that should be assessed, including rhythm, rate, axis, and grouped lead analysis. Specific abnormalities are then discussed in detail such as ST segment changes, bundle branch blocks, Q waves, and more. The overall goal is to systematically analyze all aspects of the 12-lead EKG to evaluate for any cardiac abnormalities.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes the basic anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart.
2) It explains what an ECG is and how it works by measuring the electrical signals produced by heart muscle depolarization and repolarization using electrodes placed on the body.
3) It details the 12-lead ECG system including the 10 wires attached to limbs and chest to measure electrical signals from different angles represented by 12 leads.
An ECG is a graph of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured through skin electrodes. It involves placing electrodes on the limbs and chest to detect the weak electrical currents produced by the heart. The ECG tracing shows waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. It is used to diagnose cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, ischemia, and other heart conditions. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity in multiple planes. Proper placement of electrodes and interpretation of intervals, complexes, and other ECG features can reveal important cardiac information.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It begins with objectives and introduces ECG as a representation of the heart's electrical activity over time. Key aspects covered include the conduction system, normal ECG components like the P wave and QRS complex, ECG lead placement, and how to interpret ECGs by assessing rate, rhythm, intervals, and arrhythmias. Common arrhythmias like sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and various types of heart block are defined. The document aims to equip readers with the basics of ECG interpretation and recognition.
ECG complete lecture notes along with interpretationDrSUVANATH
The document discusses the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which records the electrical activity of the heart. It describes the cardiac cycle, including the electrical and mechanical events that occur with each heartbeat. Specifically, it discusses the phases of atrial systole and ventricular systole, as well as the mechanical events of ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. It also explains how electrical changes in heart tissue cause mechanical changes like muscle contraction.
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time and is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. It detects three main waves - the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Abnormalities in conduction through the AV node can cause first-, second-, or third-degree heart block visible on the ECG. Higher degrees of block impair conduction more severely and require treatment such as pacemaker implantation.
ECG complete lecture presentation, ECG waveform and leads placementDrSUVANATH
The document discusses the cardiac cycle and electrocardiography (ECG). It describes:
1. The cardiac cycle has four phases - ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
2. An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities. It uses limb and precordial leads in a 12-lead system.
3. Key aspects of the ECG that are evaluated include rate, rhythm, intervals, waves, and ST segment changes which can indicate issues like myocardial ischemia.
This document provides information on cardiac physiology and electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the action potential in cardiac muscle, the specialized conductive system of the heart including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. It also describes the normal components of an ECG including the P wave, QRS complex and T wave. The document outlines the standard 12-lead ECG and provides details on how to correctly report ECG findings.
Essential elements of the management plan
Glycemic control,
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT),
Diabetes self-management education,
Physical activity, and
Psychosocial assessment and care
The target A1C goal is
6.5% or less
<7% for most nonpregnant adults and
<7.5% for pediatric patient
Post marketing studies of drug effects must then generally include at least 10,000 exposed persons in a cohort study, or enroll diseased patients from a population of equivalent size for a case–control study. A study of this size would be 95% certain of observing at least one case of any adverse effect that occurs with an incidence of 3 per 10 000 or greater (see Chapter 3). However, studies this large are expensive and difficult to perform. Yet, these studies often need to be conducted quickly, to address acute and serious regulatory, commercial, and/or public health crises. For all of these reasons, the past two decades have seen a growing use of computerized databases containing medical care data, so called “automated databases,” as potential data sources for pharmacoepidemiology studies.
Osteoporosis therapy contains bisphosphonares and anabolic agents. Lifestyle measures should be corrected. Initiating therapy with bisphosphonates due to efficacy, favorable cost, and long-term safety is considered.
This disease is a long-term and gradually worsening condition that causes bones to become thinner, weaker, and more likely to break. Over time, the structure of the bones breaks down and their overall strength decreases, making them more fragile and prone to fractures. The FRAX® tool has been developed to evaluate fracture risk of patients. It is based on individual patient models that integrate the risks associated with clinical risk factors as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck.
Viral conjunctivitis is acquired by direct contact with fingers, towels, washcloths, contaminated ophthalmic instruments, contaminated swimming pools, other infected eye, infected person, or other viral infection elsewhere in the body. The most common viruses are adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, enterovirus. Except for herpes, most viral infections are self-limited.Topical corticosteroids are not recommended for the treatment of HSV, as they may exacerbate the condition
Bacterial conjunctivitis is inflammation of the bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva arising from a broad group of bacterial pathogens. It is also known as "pink eye".
The lymphatic system helps fight infection, remove waste, maintain fluid balance, and absorb fats. It consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow. Lymphatic vessels begin as capillaries that absorb fluid and transport it through larger vessels and lymph nodes. The spleen filters blood and stores blood cells. Disorders of the lymphatic system include lymphedema, lymphangitis, and lymphadenopathy.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type, where fluid drainage is impaired but the drainage angle remains open. Elevated intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve over time. Main treatments are eye drop medications that lower pressure by increasing outflow or decreasing fluid production, including prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Combination therapy is often used if single drugs do not adequately lower pressure and prevent further vision loss.
The hematopoietic system, also known as the blood-forming system, is a complex network of organs, tissues, and cells responsible for the production and circulation of blood cells throughout the body. The primary function of the hematopoietic system is to maintain a constant supply of healthy blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Vinod Kumar M ugada
Assoc ia te Professor
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Vignan Institute of Pharmaceuti cal
T echnology
2. Autorhythmic fibers
• An inherent and rhythmical electrical activity is the
reason for the heart’s lifelong beat.
• Autorhythmic fibers repeatedly generate action
potentials that trigger heart contractions.
• SA node cells do not have a stable resting potential.
Rather, they repeatedly depolarize to threshold
spontaneously.
• The spontaneous depolarization is a pacemaker
potential.
• Spontaneous depolarization in SA node cells is the
self-generated, gradual increase in the electrical
potential across the cell membrane without any
external stimulus.
3. Why the SA node do not have stable resting
potential
• This unique characteristic is due to the presence of specific ion channels
and the spontaneous depolarization property of the SA node cells.
• SA node cells exhibit a gradual depolarization phase known as the
pacemaker potential (also called the diastolic depolarization).
• This phase is characterized by a slow, steady increase in membrane
potential toward the threshold potential, at which point an action potential
is triggered.
• When the threshold potential is reached, L-type calcium channels open,
triggering an action potential. After the action potential, the membrane
potential returns to its initial level, and the pacemaker potential phase
begins again.
• The lack of a stable resting potential in SA node cells enables them to
generate rhythmic, spontaneous electrical activity, which is essential for
initiating and regulating the heartbeat.
4. Autorhythmic fibers
• There is a delay of action potential reaching from AV
node to Bundle of His due to differences in the cell
structure
• This delay provides time for the atria to empty their
blood into the ventricles.
• This bundle is the only site where action potentials can
conduct from the atria to the ventricles.
• If the action potential is conducted between the atria
and ventricles at other sites, it can lead to a range of
potential issues and abnormal heart rhythms, known as
arrhythmias.
5. What is ECG?
• The electrical impulses from the SA
node can be detected through
electrodes placed on the skin,
usually on the chest, arms, and
legs
• The ECG provides a graphical
representation of the electrical
impulses generated by the heart's
muscle cells
6.
7. What is ECG?
• The 12-lead ECG comprises three standard
limb leads (I, II, and III), three augmented
limb leads (aVR, aVL, and aVF), and six
precordial leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and
V6).
• By comparing these records with one another and
with normal records, it is possible to determine
• if the conducting pathway is abnormal,
• if the heart is enlarged,
• if certain regions of the heart are damaged, and
• the cause of chest pain.
8. Limb Leads- I, II, and III
Lead I: Primarily provides information about the heart's electrical
activity in the left-to-right direction.
Lead II: Particularly useful for assessing the heart's electrical
activity in the superior-to-inferior direction.
Lead-III: Helps evaluate the heart's electrical activity in the
inferior and left direction.
9. Limb Leads- Significance
Detection of myocardial infarction: leads II, III, and aVF
provide crucial information about the inferior wall, while
leads I and aVL focus on the lateral wall.
Identification of arrhythmias: lead II, are commonly
used for rhythm analysis and detecting arrhythmias
such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and various
forms of heart block.
10. Augmented Limb Leads- aVR, aVL, aVF
aVR: Augmented vector right provides an "augmented" view
of the heart's electrical activity from the right side.
aVL: Augmented vector left provides an "augmented" view
of the heart's electrical activity from the left side.
aVF: Augmented vector foot provides an "augmented" view
of the heart's electrical activity from the inferior aspect
(foot).
11. Precordial leads- V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6-
significance
Detection of myocardial infarction: help identify the
presence and location of myocardial infarction (heart
attack) in the anterior and lateral walls of the heart.
Identification of arrhythmias: Precordial leads
provide additional information about the origin and
nature of arrhythmias.
12. Precordial leads- V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6-
significance
Evaluation of ventricular hypertrophy: can help detect
left or right ventricular hypertrophy, which is the
enlargement and thickening of the heart's ventricular walls.
Assessment of conduction abnormalities: can help
identify various conduction abnormalities, such as bundle
branch blocks or hemiblocks, by revealing specific
patterns in the QRS complex.
13. P-wave,
PR interval,
PR segment
• P-wave: Atrial depolarization
• PR interval: Onset of P-wave to onset of
QRS complex. Determine whether the
impulse conduction from the atria to
ventricles is normal.
• PR segment: Line between the end of P-
wave and the onset of the QRS complex.
Reflects the slow impulse conduction
through the AV node.
14. QRS Complex
• Depolarization of the ventricles.
• QRS duration: Time interval between
onset and end of QRS complex.
• Short QRS complex: Rapid
depolarization of ventricles and proper
conduction system.
• Wide QRS complex: Slow ventricular
depolarization and due to dysfunction
in the conduction system.
15. J-point
• J point in an ECG is the point where the
QRS complex meets the ST segment.
• Represents the beginning of
repolarization
• J point helps assess the presence and
magnitude of ST segment deviations,
which can indicate various cardiac
conditions
• ST segment elevation (when the J point
and ST segment are above the baseline)
can be indicative of an acute myocardial
infarction
16. ST Segment
• The ST segment corresponds to the
plateau shape of the action potential.
• The ST segment is of particular
interest in the setting of acute
myocardial ischemia
17. QT interval and QTc
interval
• Reflects total duration of ventricular
depolarization and repolarization.
• Onset of QRS complex to the end of
the T-wave.
• QT duration is inversely related to the
heart rate
• The heart-rate adjusted QT interval is
QTc interval
• A long QTc interval increases the risk
of ventricular arrythmias
18. T-wave
• Reflects ventricular repolarization.
• The T wave is flatter than normal when
the heart muscle is receiving
insufficient oxygen—as, for example,
in coronary artery disease.
• The T wave may be elevated in
hyperkalemia (high blood K+ level).