This presentation is for students IoBM Course EEM-407 Green Technology,MBA programme in Energy and Environment.However, average lay person interested in the subject may also benefit.Technology and economics of EVs is elaborated.Electrical storage Batteries are included.

1. Electric Vehicles
Syed Akhtar Ali
Visiting Professor of Energy
EEM407 Green Technology
Institute of Business Management
Karachi
akhtarali1949@gmail.com

2. BATTERIES

3. Lithium Ion Battery
• The three primary functional components of a lithium-ion
battery are the positive and negative electrodes and
electrolyte. Generally, the negative electrode of a
conventional lithium-ion cell is made from carbon. The
positive electrode is a metal oxide, and the electrolyte is
a lithium salt in an organicsolvent. The electrochemical
roles of the electrodes reverse between anode and
cathode, depending on the direction of current flow
through the cell.
• The most commercially popular negative electrode
is graphite. The positive electrode is generally one of three
materials: a layered oxide (such as lithium cobalt oxide),
a polyanion (such as lithium iron phosphate) or
a spinel (such as lithium manganese oxide)

4. Li-Ion Electrolytes
• The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic
carbonates such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl
carbonate containing complexes of lithium
ions.[39] These non-aqueous electrolytes generally
use non-coordinating anion salts such as;
• lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6),
• lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF6),
• lithium perchlorate (LiClO4),
• lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and
• lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3).

6. Safety
• Safety is one of the most important aspects when
choosing a battery for the EV. A single incident
blown out of proportion by the media could turn
the public against such a vehicle. Similar concerns
occurred 100 years ago when steam engines
exploded and gasoline tanks caught fire. The
main concern is a thermal runaway of the battery.
Carefully designed safety circuits with robust
enclosures should virtually eliminate this, but the
possibility of a serious accident exists. A battery
must also be safe when exposed to misuse and
advancing age.

7. Life Span
• Life Span reflects cycle count and longevity. Most
EV batteries are guaranteed for 8–10 years or
160,000 km (100,000 miles). Capacity loss
through aging is a challenge, especially in hot
climates. Auto manufacturers lack information as
to how batteries age under different user
conditions and climates. To compensate for
capacity loss, EV manufacturers increase the size
of the batteries to allow for some degradation
within the guaranteed service life.

8. Performance
• Performance reflects the condition of the
battery when driving the EV in blistering
summer heat and freezing temperatures.
Unlike an IC engine that works over a large
temperature range, batteries are sensitive to
cold and heat and require some climate
control. In vehicles powered solely by a
battery, the energy to moderate the battery
temperature, as well as heat and cool the
cabin, comes from the battery.

9. Specific energy
• Specific energy demonstrates how much energy a battery
can hold in weight, which reflects the driving range. It is
sobering to realize that in terms of output per weight, a
battery generates only one percent the energy of fossil fuel.
One liter of gasoline (1kg) produces roughly 12kW of
energy, whereas a 1kg battery delivers about 120 watts. We
must keep in mind that the electric motor is better than 90
percent efficient while the IC engine comes in at only about
30 percent. In spite of this difference, the energy storage
capability of a battery will need to double and quadruple
before it can compete head-to-head with the IC engine.
•
Specific power demonstrates acceleration, and most EV
batteries respond well. An electric motor with the same
horsepower has a better torque ratio than an IC engine.

10. Cost
• Cost presents a major drawback. There is no
assurance that the battery’s target price of
$250–400 per kWh,(current cost 600
USD/kWh) which BCG predicts, can be met.
The mandated protection circuits for safety,
battery managements for status, climate
control for longevity and the 8–10-year
warranty add to this challenge. The price of
the battery alone amounts to the value of a
vehicle with IC engine, essentially doubling
the price of the EV.

11. Egg shell as capacitors

12. NEW ALL SOLID SULPHUR base SOLID
BATTERY vs Li-Ion Battery
• an all-solid lithium-sulfur battery with
approximately four times the energy density
of conventional lithium-ion technologies that
power today’s electronics.
• The new ionically-conductive cathode enabled
the ORNL battery to maintain a capacity of
1200 milliamp-hours (mAh) per gram after
300 charge-discharge cycles at 60 degrees
Celsius. For comparison, a traditional lithium-
ion battery cathode has an average capacity
between 140-170 mAh/g.

13. Li-Ion Battery Cost
• The above prices for Thundersky and Sky Energy
LiFePo4 batteries are averaged to $416 per kWh. This
average price times 24 kWh gives a total battery cost of
$9,984. The BMS cost is based on only a few prices at
$1,600. The charger is likewise estimated at $1,400.
The total 24kWh pack comes to $12,984. The average
cost per kWh is $541.$541 per kWh compares
favorably with recent Motor Trend estimates that
lithium-ion batteries presently cost around
$600/kWh. A 24 kWh pack was chosen so as to
compare costs with the Nissan Leaf. Current estimates
put the cost of the 24 kWh Nissan Leaf pack at
$15,600. That averages to $650 per kWh.

14. AAA Cell AA Cell C Cell D Cell 9 Volt
Capacity(alkaline
) 1,100mAh 2,500mAh 7,000mAh 14,000mAh 600mAh
Energy (single
cell) 1.4Wh 3Wh 9Wh 18Wh 4.2Wh
Cost per
cell(US$) $1.25 $1.00 $1.60 $1.60 $3.10
Cost per
kWh(US$) $890 $330 $180 $90 $730
Primary Batteries

15. Lead Acid NiCd NiMH Li-ion
Capacity 2,000mAh 600mAh 1,000mAh 1,200mA
h
Battery voltage 12V 7.2V 7.2V 7.2V
Energy per cycle 24Wh 4.5Wh 7.5Wh 8.6Wh
Number of cycles 250 1,000* 500 500
Battery cost (est.) $50 $50 $70 $100
Cost per
kWh ($US) $8.50 $11.00 $18.50 $24.00
Secondary Batteries

16. Lead Acid NiCd NiMH Li-ion
Capacity 2,000mAh 600mAh 1,000mAh 1,200m
Ah
Battery
voltage 12V 7.2V 7.2V 7.2V
Energy per
cycle 24Wh 4.5Wh 7.5Wh 8.6Wh
Number of
cycles 250 1,000* 500 500
Battery
cost (est.) $50 $50 $70 $100
Cost per
kWh ($US) $8.50 $11.00 $18.50 $24.00
Table 2: Energy and cost comparison using
rechargeable batteries.

17. Function Boeing 747
jumbo jet
Ocean
linerQueen
Marry
SUV
or large car Bicycle On foot
Weight(loade
d)
369 tons 81,000 tons 2.5 tons 100kg (220lb) 80kg
(176 lb)
Cruising
speed
900km/h
(560 mph)
52km/h
(32mph)
100km/h
(62mph)
20km/h
(12.5mph)
5km/h
(3.1mph)
Maximum
power
77,000kW
(100,000hp)
120,000kW
(160,000hp)
200kW
(275hp)
2,000W
(2.7hp)
2,000W
(2.7hp)
Power at
cruising
65,000kW
(87,000hp)
90,000 kW
(120,000hp)
130 kW
(174hp)
80 W
(0.1hp)
280 W
(0.38 hp)
Passenger 450 3000 4 1 1
Power per
passenger 140kW 40kW 50kW 80W 280W
Energy per
passenger
580
kilojoules*
2,800
kilojoules*
1,800
kilojoules*
14.4
kilojoules*
200
kilojoules*

18. ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles

20. NISSAN LEAF

22. EV-Scope
• Transport uses about 60-70% of world oil, or
around 20 billion barrels per year. Electric
vehicles, especially when powered by
renewable energy can offset energy declines
and keep our air cleaner.

23. EV Market
• Some 83 million cars and light trucks were
sold globally in 2013, with 1,776,543 of those
being hybrid, plugin hybrid, or battery electric
powered. 2013 US car and light truck sales hit
about 15.4 million units. Total U.S. plugin sales
reached close to 96,000 units, with 495,000
hybrid electric cars sold. Nissan has sold some
110,000 Leafs, Ford sold 88,000 EV units in
2013, and May of 2014 saw 1,686 Chevy Volts
and 3,114 Nissan Leafs sold.

24. EV-Characteristics
• EV Motors Electric motors can be DC (direct-battery) or
AC (alternating-household) current. EVs used to be
mostly DC, but modern cars and truck manufacturers
are lately finding more power and efficiency from AC
motors. Electric motors are basic relative to ICE motors
and require no oil changes or tune-up. Electric motors
run much cooler, and require much less maintenance
than gas burners. Additionally, they turn 90%-95% of
their energy to moving the vehicle. The ICE uses 30% to
move the car, and 70% to waste heat, at best. The
electric motor is most powerful right off the line where
the ICE needs to rev up to get its peak power. This is
why EVs make great drag cars and bikes.

25. Configuration
Motor: 55 kW
Transmission: Auto (1 speed)
Motor: 55 kW
Transmission: Auto (1 speed)
Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price
(MSRP)
Not available Not available
EPA Fuel Economy
Miles per Gallon of Gasoline Equivalent
(MPGe)
1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 kWh
ELECTRICITY
107
Combined
122
City
93
Hwy
ELECTRICITY
107
Combined
122
City
93
Hwy
kWh/100 mi
32
Combined
28
City
36
Hwy
32
Combined
28
City
36
Hwy
Fuel Economics
Cost to Drive 25 Miles $0.96 $0.96
Miles on a Charge 68 miles 68 miles
Time to Charge Battery† 6 hrs @ 240 V 6 hrs @ 240 V

26. Leaf
kWh/mi
Alternativ
e MPG
$/Gallon $/kWh
Discount
Rate
Miles/yr
0.34 31 4 0.12 8% 12,500

28. NISSAN LEAF
• Powertrain
• 80 kW (110 hp), 280 N·m (210 ft·lb)synchronous motor[1]
• Single speed constant ratio (7.94:1)[2]
• 24 kW·h lithium ion battery
• 2011/12 models
117 km (73 mi) EPA
175 km (109 mi) NEDC
2013 model
121 km (75 mi) EPA[3]
200 km (120 mi) NEDC[4]
• 3.3 kW and optional 6.6 kW 240 V AC[5] on SAE J1772-2009
inlet, max 44 kW 480 V DC on CHAdeMOinlet,[6] adapters
for domestic AC sockets (110-240 V)

29. Summary of the Nissan's results using EPA L4 test cycle
operating the Leaf under different real-world scenarios[55][56]
Driving
conditio
n
Speed Temperature
Total Drive
Duration
Range Air
conditio
ner
mph km/h °F °C mi km
Cruising
(ideal
conditio
n)
38 61 68 20 3 hr 38 min 138 222Off
City
traffic
24 39 77 25 4 hr 23 min 105 169Off
Highway 55 89 95 35 1 hr 16 min 70 110In use
Winter,
stop-
and-go
traffic
15 24 14 −10 4 hr 08 min 62 100
Heater
on
Heavy
stop-
and-go
traffic
6 10 86 30 7 hr 50 min 47 76In use
EPA five
-cycle
tests[47]
n.a. 73 117Varying

31. Consumer Reports (CR) comparison of the Leaf and Volt versus the most fuel efficient gasoline-powered
automobiles
available in the U.S. market in 2011 that CR tested.[68] All prices are in US$.
Vehicle
Model
year
Operating
mode
(powertrai
n)
Price
as tested
CR
overall
fuel
economy
Cost per
mile
Cost for trip miles
30 mi
(48 km)
50 mi
(80 km)
70 mi
(110 km)
150 mi
(240 km)
Nissan
Leaf
2011 All-electric $35,430
106 MPG-
e
(3.16 mi/k
Wh)
$0.035 $1.04 $1.74 $2.44 —
Chevrolet
Volt
2011
EV mode
(35 mi
range)
$43,700
99 MPG-e
(2.93 mi/k
Wh)
$0.038 $1.13 — — —
Gasoline
only
(>35 mi)
32 mpg $0.125 — $3.19 $5.69 $15.69
Toyota
Prius
2011
Gasoline-
electrichyb
ri
$26,750 44 mpg $0.086 $2.59 $4.32 $6.05 $12.95
Toyota
Corolla
2011
Gasoline
only
$18,404 32 mpg $0.119 $3.56 $5.94 $8.31 $17.81
Notes: All estimated costs per mile are out-of-pocket and do not include maintenance, depreciation or other costs.
Costs for plug-in electric vehicles are based on the U.S. national average electricity rate of 11 cents per kWh and
regular gasoline price of $3.80 per gallon.

32. Electric Power Research Institute comparison of
the Nissan Leaf versus average conventional and hybrid cars.
Vehicle
Operating
mode
(powertrain)
Total ownership cost
US Average California
Nissan Leaf
SV
All-electric $37,288 $35,596
Chevrolet
Volt
Plug-in
hybrid
$44,176 $40,800
Average
Conventiona
l
Gasoline $44,949 $46,561
Average
Hybrid
Gasoline-
electric
hybrid
$44,325 $45,416
Notes: Costs are based on a gasoline price of $3.64 per gallon, an electricity rate of $0.12/kWh, and
a vehicle lifetime of 150,000 miles.
The average conventional car was constructed by averaging of Honda Civic EX, Chevrolet
Cruze LTZ, Ford Focus Titanium, andVolkswagen Passat.
The average hybrid car was constructed from Ford Fusion Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota
Camry Hybrid XLE, and Toyota Prius IV.

34. EV vs Gasoline Supply chain compared
Gasoline /Diesel
• Gasoline Transport :25-30%
• ICE :25-30%
Electric Vehicle
• Generation :30-60%
• Transmission :90%
• Electric motor;90%
• Electric Battery: ?

36. Battery ηc/d ηgen ηgrid ηrecovery ηprocessing ηww
Li-ion 0.86 0.60 0.92 0.97 0.97 0.45
Pb-Acid 0.50 - 0.91 0.60 0.92 0.97 0.97
0.26 -
0.48
NiMH 0.66 0.60 0.92 0.97 0.97 0.34
Table 2: Well-to-wheel battery efficiencies
as given by Eqn. (1). The charge-discharge
efficiency ηc/d is from Table 1.

37. Daihatsu Charade
Converted 1993
In continuous use for 17 years. (Hasn't
been to a service station yet!)
Motor: X91-4001
System: 120 Volt
Batteries: Lithium
Top speed: 130 km/h
Range: 80 - 100 km

40. References
• http://www.evolveelectrics.com/ADC%20Mot
ors.html

41. ELECTRIC BUSES

43. Electric Tram-China
• Chinese city of Guangzhou has now developed trams which will run
on supercapacitor batteries without the need for overhead cables.A
supercapacitor does not rely on chemical changes which means
there is virtually no limit to the number of times it can be recharged
and discharged but it can store only a relatively small amount of
power, making it unsuitable for cars.
• The Guangzhou trams will need 10 to 30 seconds to recharge at
each stop after which they will be able to run for almost three miles
before needing a top-up.
• Mobile power-supply vehicles will be on standby in case of
problems with the ground-level power supply at the stops.
• The trams are being built by CSR Zhuzhou with electrical equipment
developed by Siemens. Each tram can carry up to 386 passengers.
• The tram’s floor will be just a foot above ground level throughout,
providing level access from low platforms in streets.

44. Chattanooga, Tennessee
• Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-
fare electric buses, which have been in operation since
1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and
covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres
(1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced
Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for
the1996 Atlanta Olympics.[7][8]
• Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong
Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi
Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New
York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-
powered school bus, an all electric version of the Blue
Bird TC/2000.[9] A similar bus was operated in Napa
Valley, California for 14 months ending in April,
2004.[10]

45. 2008 Beijing Olympics
• The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50
electric buses, which have a range of 130 km
(81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They
use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about
1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The
buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of
Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co.
Ltd.[11] The batteries are replaced with fully
charged ones at the recharging station to
allow 24 hour operation of the buses.[12]

46. First electric commercial bus
• Seoul Metropolitan Government runs the
world's first commercial all-electric bus
service. The bus was developed byHyundai
Heavy Industries and Hankuk Fiber which
make a lightweight body from carbon
composite material. Provided with Li-on
battery and regenerative braking, the bus may
run to 52 miles (84 km) in a single 30 minutes
charge. The maximum speed is 62 miles per
hour (100 km/h).[19]

47. Big Bike Company Limited,
• in Gloucestershire, England, is now offering fully
electric pick up trucks for sale. Powered by an
impressive bank of batteries, these small utility
vehicles are able to deliver a payload of
approximately 500 kg, and have a range of up to
80 miles (130 km). Using a 3 wheel configuration,
the rolling and aerodynamic drag is reduced. As a
tricycle it can also be driven on a motorcycle
licence. They are marketed on the internet, and
can be viewed on a temporary web site at
www.electrux.net.

48. Semi-trailer trucks
• The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air
Quality Management District have demonstrated
a short-range heavy-duty all electric truck
capable of hauling a fully loaded 40-foot (12 m)
cargo container. The current design is capable of
pulling a 60,000 lb (27 t) cargo container at
speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h) and has a range
of between 30 and 60 miles (48 and 97 km). It
uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile (1.2 kW·h/km;
4.5 MJ/km), compared to 5 miles per US gallon
(47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg-imp) for
the hostler semi tractors it replaces.[21]

49. BYD Bus Specs
• Electric power consumption: less than 100kWh/60mins[16]
• Acceleration: 0–50 km/h in 20s[16]
• Top speed: 96 km/h[16]
• Normal charge: 6h for full charge[17][18]
• Fast charge: 3h for full charge[17][18]
• Or overnight charging: 60 kW Max.power to fully charge
the bus within 5h[17]
• Range: 155 miles (249 km)[17][18] (186 miles (299 km)
according to some reports[18])
• Length*Width*Height: 12,000mm*2,550mm*3,200mm[19]
• Standard seats: 31+1 (31 for passengers and 1 for driver)[19]
• Weight: 18,000 kg[19]
• Clearance between one-step entry and ground: 360mm[19]

50. BYD Bus contd
• The BYD electric bus or BYD ebus, called K9 in China, is an
all-electric bus model manufactured by BYD powered with
its self-developed Iron-phosphate battery, allegedly
featuring the longest drive range of 250 km (155 miles) on
one single charge under urban road conditions. BYD electric
bus rolled off line on September 30, 2010 in Changsha city
of Hunan province. The K9 has a 12-meter body length and
18-ton weight with one-step low-floor interior for
passengers' comfort, It has been running/tested in China
and many other countries and regions such as Hong
Kong,[2] U.S., Colombia, Chile, Spain, Netherlands and
Denmark.[3][4][5][6][7] More than 200 BYD electric buses, in
public transit service in ShenzhenChina, have accumulated
over 9,216,000 km (or 5,529,600 miles) by the end of
August, 2012.[3] In May, 2013, BYD announced its new
electric bus factory in Lancaster, California. The new factory
will start production in October, 2013.[15]

51. BYD in Israel
• In August 2012, a contract for 700 electric bus delivery
has been completed between BYD and Israeli transit
company Dan Bus. The first buses are expected to be
deployed sometime in 2012, with more buses gradually
joining Dan’s fleet over the next several years.
Eventually, Dan Bus hopes to replace about half of its
current fleet of about 1,300 buses with the new
electric models. Based on the market price of 2.1
million yuan (USD330,000), the contract is estimated to
be worth 1.5 billion yuan (USD236.65 million). The
contract is BYD’s largest order to date from a public
transport operator outside of China[8][11]

52. BYD in California
• Take the 324 kilowatt-hour iron phosphate
battery that powers the eBus. BYD has built
another factory in Lancaster to assemble
battery packs, which can also be used to store
renewable energy from solar panels or wind
turbines. A smaller version of the battery pack
powers the e6 SUV, giving it a range of 186
miles on a charge, compared to 75 miles for
most electric cars currently on the market.

56. BYD Intro
• BYD, the $38 billion Chinese conglomerate
that makes everything from electric cars to
LED lighting to solar panels. (The company is
best known in the United States for the owner
of 10 percent of its shares—a Nebraskan
investor named Warren Buffett.)

57. Electric Bus Breaks EV Mileage Record
• Proterra electric bus has set a new EV record for
distance traveled in one day by logging more than
700 miles in a 24 hour period. Its batteries didn’t
need to store all the energy, though, as the bus
has several charging stations along the route.
Strategically placed charging stations allow the
bus to grab a few kWh of energy at each
passenger stop, and provide near-complete
charging at five to ten minute “layover” stops.
Periodic charging lowers the battery weight and
cost, giving increased range and a shorter
payback period.

58. contd
• In addition to going the distance, these buses
rack up an impressive 27 MPGe (miles per gallon
equivalent), more than five times the fuel
economy of comparable sized diesel or
compressed natural gas (CNG) buses. How good
is that? My four-cylinder, five-passenger SUV gets
about 27 MPG on the highway!
•
Six US cities are currently using Proterra buses,
and two more have recently signed contracts to
purchase them.

60. The Hardware
• Sporting a high-efficiency 150 kW (200 hp)
electric drive motor, the bus is capable of
reaching highway speeds, although for the
record-breaking test, it averaged 29 mph. To
reduce weight, its body is made of a
composite material: balsa wood surrounded
by carbon fiber and infused with resin. This
gives a one inch structure that has the
strength of a 2.5 inch I-beam. High-power
wiring allows for a ten-minute fast-charge.

61. OLEV Tram Korea
• Today the OLEV tram is still zipping around the park on a 2.2-km
loop of roadway, 370 meters of which has transmitting coils
embedded in the asphalt. As the tram rolls along, magnetic sensors
in the road detect its approach and activate the transmitters to
send 62 kilowatts to the receiving coils on the underside of the
tram. Meanwhile, the tram operator keeps an eye on a monitor that
shows how well the tram is aligned with the transmitting coils it
passes over, and thus how efficiently it’s receiving power. (We are
developing a system that will align the vehicle automatically by
measuring the strength of the magnetic field.) The bus still contains
a battery, but it carries 40 percent less energy than it would have to
otherwise. It’s also 6 percent lighter, at 1100 kilograms, and
significantly cheaper, costing $88 500.