Hybrid Cars Presentation

1. Hybrid CarsHybrid Cars

2. What is a hybrid?What is a hybrid?
• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) includeHybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include
both a combustion engine as well as anboth a combustion engine as well as an
electric motor.electric motor.
• If we had better batteries, we would notIf we had better batteries, we would not
need hybrids at all.need hybrids at all.
• Hybrids can be implemented in manyHybrids can be implemented in many
kinds of vehicles.kinds of vehicles.

3. Global-Warming: Still An Issue.Global-Warming: Still An Issue.
• Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.
• Will cut down emissions of global-warmingWill cut down emissions of global-warming
pollutants by a third to a half.pollutants by a third to a half.
• Later models may cut these emissionsLater models may cut these emissions
down by even more.down by even more.

4. Why hybrids?Why hybrids?
• Regenerative braking actually makes city drivingRegenerative braking actually makes city driving
more economical than on the highway.more economical than on the highway.
• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
• Emissions are greatly decreased.Emissions are greatly decreased.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
• New materials can be implemented.New materials can be implemented.

5. EPA at workEPA at work
• Federal guidelines for emissions:Federal guidelines for emissions:
– Tier 1 took effect in 1997Tier 1 took effect in 1997
– Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.
• National LEV (NLEV): builds on theNational LEV (NLEV): builds on the
California Emissions Standards until Tier 2California Emissions Standards until Tier 2
is implemented.is implemented.
• LEV II: California Emissions Standards.LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

6. ULEV/SULEVULEV/SULEV
• Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.
• CARB: California Air Resources Board.CARB: California Air Resources Board.
• COCO22 reductions not called for. Only HC,reductions not called for. Only HC,
CO, NOCO, NOxx..
• Cars can be certified Low EmissionsCars can be certified Low Emissions
Vehicles but at the same time have highVehicles but at the same time have high
fuel consumption.fuel consumption.

7. ReductionsReductions

8. Tax IncentivesTax Incentives
• ‘‘The IRS has determined that purchasersThe IRS has determined that purchasers
of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civicof a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic
Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for aHybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a
"Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of"Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of
$2,000. The current incentive is scheduled$2,000. The current incentive is scheduled
to phase out in 2004-06. ‘to phase out in 2004-06. ‘
www.fueleconomy.gov/www.fueleconomy.gov/

9. Some EPA factsSome EPA facts
• Every gallon of gasoline your vehicleEvery gallon of gasoline your vehicle
burns puts 20 pounds of COburns puts 20 pounds of CO22 into theinto the
atmosphere.atmosphere.
• A 5 mpg difference in fuel economyA 5 mpg difference in fuel economy
equates to about 2,800 pounds of COequates to about 2,800 pounds of CO22 aa
year.year.
www.epa.gov/greenvehicles

10. Tons of greenhouse gasTons of greenhouse gas
• NLEV program does not take CONLEV program does not take CO22 intointo
account but let’s see some numbers:account but let’s see some numbers:
– Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.
– Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.
– Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.
– Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.
– Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

11. Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003
• Cost:Cost:
$19,080/$21,280$19,080/$21,280
(MT/CVT)(MT/CVT)
MT: manual transmissionMT: manual transmission
CVT: continuously variable transmissionCVT: continuously variable transmission

12. Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003
IMA: integrated motor assist systemIMA: integrated motor assist system
Horsepower 67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with IMA)
Emissions Rating ULEV/SULEV
Power Output 13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)
Length 155.1 inches
Curb Weight 1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 61/68 or 57/56 mpg
Tank Capacity 10.6 gal.
0 to 60 11.3/11.2 seconds

13. Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003
Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

14. Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003
Horsepower 85@5700 or 93@5700 (with IMA)
Emissions Rating ULEV
Power Output 13.4 hp @ 4000 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride
(Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)
Length 174.8 inches
Curb Weight 2661/2732 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 51/46 or 48/47 mpg
Tank Capacity 13.2 gal.
0 to 60 11 seconds
Civic DX
Auto
$13,010
115@4500
ULEV
174.6 inches
2500 lbs.
29/38 mpg
13.2 gal
8.4 seconds

15. Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003
Cost: $20,480 CVTCost: $20,480 CVT

16. Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003
Horsepower 70@4500 (98 HP combined)
Emissions Rating SULEV
Power Output 44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
Battery 273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V)
Length 169.6 inches
Curb Weight 2765 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 52/45 mpg
Tank Capacity 11.8 gal.
0 to 60 12.7 seconds

17. A note about FordA note about Ford
• I believe Ford is behind in the HybridI believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid
world.world.
• The Hybrid Escape is due at the end ofThe Hybrid Escape is due at the end of
2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to
19/25 mpg.19/25 mpg.
• The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., getsThe Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets
17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.

26. Tepper Fleet ConsumptionTepper Fleet Consumption
• 33.3 t/yr. CO33.3 t/yr. CO22
• Could be reduced to less than half if allCould be reduced to less than half if all
cars were hybrids.cars were hybrids.
www.fueleconomy.gov

27. Cars to comeCars to come
• GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy SuburbanGM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban
2004.2004.
• Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram PickupDaimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup
2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.