Unemployment experiences, perceptions of the economy, attributions of responsibility, and their electoral consequences were examined. Unemployment was studied not just as a discrete individual characteristic, but also as it relates to social networks and regional/national contexts. Unemployment negatively impacted perceptions of individual and national economic situations. Responsibility for economic problems was attributed based on defensive/contextual factors and partisanship. Unemployment experiences and negative economic perceptions led to lower government approval and influenced voting behavior.
Vortrag im Rahmen der 67th Annual National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association in Chicago, April 2-5, 2009
Panel 21-21 “Models of Campaign Cognition”
Digital-Wahlkampf im Sekundentakt – Facebook Nutzung in Echtzeit #AFBMCAllFacebook.de
Vortrag von Maria Riecke auf der AllFacebook Marketing Conference 2015 in Berlin.
Mehr Informationen:
http://conference.allfacebook.de/session/politics-gov-digital-wahlkampf-im-sekundentakt-facebook-nutzung-in-echtzeit/
Vortrag im Rahmen der 67th Annual National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association in Chicago, April 2-5, 2009
Panel 21-21 “Models of Campaign Cognition”
Digital-Wahlkampf im Sekundentakt – Facebook Nutzung in Echtzeit #AFBMCAllFacebook.de
Vortrag von Maria Riecke auf der AllFacebook Marketing Conference 2015 in Berlin.
Mehr Informationen:
http://conference.allfacebook.de/session/politics-gov-digital-wahlkampf-im-sekundentakt-facebook-nutzung-in-echtzeit/
Irrelevant at Best: Celebrity Endorsements and Voter Mobilization in the Run-...Thorsten Faas
Celebrity Endorsements are a standard feature of modern election campaigns. Mostly used to boost turnout, we test to what extent such endorsed campaigns are effective. Our experimental findings indicate that they are irrelevant at best.
Recent European Elections were plagued by a notoriously low turnout, throughout Europe, but especially in Germany. In 2004, only 43 per cent of eligible voters actually turned out to vote there – the lowest turnout ever reported in a nationwide German election. A strategy to boost turnout in the 2009 European election (employed – among others – by the European Parliament) was the endorsement of turnout by celebrities. Some scattered findings from the U.S. suggest that such endorsed GOTV-campaigns have the potential to mobilize voters, but the designs usually employed is far from optimal and hence, the issue of the effectiveness of such campaigns (and their underlying mechanisms) is far from settled. Making use of design combining an experimental element with a three-wave panel design (based on an online access panel), we put the effectiveness of endorsed GOTV-campaign to a rigorous test (employing a total of eight experimental conditions) – and we find, that they are irrelevant at best. In one case (based on a “polarizing” celebrity), we even find some detrimental effects on turnout. Hence, GOTV-campaigns endorsed by celebrities are by no means a perfect solution to boost turnout.
Von Obama lernen heißt siegen lernen? Web 2.0 und klassische Massenmedien im ...Sympra GmbH (GPRA)
Prof. Dr. Frank Brettschneider von der Universität Hohenheim analysiert Barack Obamas Wahlkampfstrategie und vor allem die Frage, ob Teile davon auf Deutschland übertragbar sind. Was waren die Erfolgsfaktoren? Wie stellen sich Kandidaten erfolgreich dem Dialog im Social Web, überzeugen dort Multiplikatoren? Warum bleiben traditionelle Medien wichtig, wie spielen sie mit den neuen, dialogorientierten Kanälen zusammen?
Am 8. April 2008 fand in den Räumlichkeiten des Kosaido International Golfclubs in Düsseldorf die zweite Veranstaltung zum Thema modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung (MDSD) statt. Unter dem Titel "MDSD - Chance und Herausforderung für IT-Organisationen" lag der Schwerpunkt der Vorträge dieses Mal auf den Organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen, in denen MDSD erfolgreich betreiben.
Weitere Vorträge, die wir auch gern in Ihrem Unternehmen halten, finden Sie unter: https://www.iks-gmbh.com/impulsvortraege
Fragestellungen: Nehmen die Bürger die Wirtschaftslage ihres Bundeslandes separat wahr? Was sind die Folgen davon für die Zufriedenheit mit der Bundes- und Landesregierung?
Es steht außer Frage: Wir bewegen uns in einer digitalen Wirtschaft, die Teil einer digitalen Welt ist. Eine Welt, in der wir unentwegt texten, unseren Status auf Facebook aktualisieren und Fotos bei Instagram posten. Falls Sie bisher noch nicht auf den Social-Media-Zug aufgesprungen sind, dann ist es allerhöchste Zeit.
Das Vertrauen der Deutschen in die hiesige Finanzbranche ist auch fast zehn Jahre nach der Finanzkrise noch stark angeschlagen, das zeigen die Ergebnisse des Edelman Trust Barometers 2016.
Die Konsumenten in Deutschland wünschen sich, dass ihnen von Marken mehr Wertschätzung entgegengebracht wird. Das ist das zentrale Ergebnis der zweiten Auflage der Markenstudie brandshare der PR-Agentur Edelman. Für die Studie wurden 15.000 Menschen in zwölf Ländern, darunter 1.010 in Deutschland, zu ihrer Beziehung zu Marken befragt. Neun von zehn Konsumenten wünschen sich eine wertschätzende Beziehung mit Marken – nur einer von zehn findet, dass er sich in einer solchen befindet. Laut der Studie erwarten 80 Prozent, dass ihnen Marken genau zuhören – nur 13 Prozent finden, dass Marken das aktuell tun. 58 Prozent findet es wichtig, dass Marken eine Mission haben und danach handeln – nur jeder Fünfte sieht das aktuell als gegeben an. Werden Konsumentenbedürfnisse erfüllt, belohnen Kunden Marken durch eine höhere Kaufbereitschaft oder Weiterempfehlungen.
Edelman Trust Barometer 2016: Vertrauen in LebensmittelwirtschaftEdelman.ergo GmbH
Die Lebensmittelbranche ist nach der Technologieindustrie der Wirtschaftsbereich mit dem zweithöchsten Vertrauen in Deutschland. Das geht aus einer Sonderauswertung der globalen Vertrauensstudie Edelman Trust Barometer 2016 mit Fokus auf die Lebensmittelwirtschaft hervor.
Die Deutschen haben Angst vor Innovationen - Edelman Trust Barometer 2015 Erg...Edelman.ergo GmbH
Selbstfahrende Autos, virtuelle Währungen, 3D-Drucker und Drohnen – wir leben in einer Welt der Innovationen mit immer schnelleren Produktzyklen. Was für den einen die ersehnte Erleichterung im Alltag ist, bereitet dem anderen Sorgen. In Deutschland ist die Angst vor allzu rasanten Veränderungen besonders deutlich ausgeprägt. Das ist eines der zentralen Ergebnisse des Edelman Trust Barometers 2015, der größten globalen Umfrage zum Thema Vertrauen in und Glaubwürdigkeit von Regierungen, Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs), Wirtschaft und Medien.
In diesem Workshop geht es darum StartUp's mit den vielen Tools im Bereich Social-Media-Marketing vertraut zu machen. Mit beleuchtet wird auch die Strategie, die für eine professionelle Web-Präsentation unumgänglich ist.
Vielfach ist man der Meinung ein Facebook-Auftritt und/ oder eine Webseite genügen für eine erfolgreiche Internet-Präsenz! Weit gefehlt! Es gibt mehr!
Inhalte:
- Welche Sozialen Netzwerke gibt es und welche Bedeutung haben diese?
- Wodurch unterscheiden sich Facebook, Google+ und alle anderen?
- Sind 1.000 Likes wirklich das Maß aller Dinge?
- Blogs oder klassische Webseite – was ist besser?
- Helfen Medienplattformen wie YouTube im Marketing-Mix?
- Was tun um gefunden zu werden?
- Welche nützlichen Tools erleichtern die tägliche Arbeit im Internet?
- Wie kann ich meine Online-Präsenz kontrollieren (Monitoring)?
- Welche Dienste gibt es im Bereich Cloud-Computing?
- Wie kann das erlernte umgesetzt werden? (Praxisübungen)
Irrelevant at Best: Celebrity Endorsements and Voter Mobilization in the Run-...Thorsten Faas
Celebrity Endorsements are a standard feature of modern election campaigns. Mostly used to boost turnout, we test to what extent such endorsed campaigns are effective. Our experimental findings indicate that they are irrelevant at best.
Recent European Elections were plagued by a notoriously low turnout, throughout Europe, but especially in Germany. In 2004, only 43 per cent of eligible voters actually turned out to vote there – the lowest turnout ever reported in a nationwide German election. A strategy to boost turnout in the 2009 European election (employed – among others – by the European Parliament) was the endorsement of turnout by celebrities. Some scattered findings from the U.S. suggest that such endorsed GOTV-campaigns have the potential to mobilize voters, but the designs usually employed is far from optimal and hence, the issue of the effectiveness of such campaigns (and their underlying mechanisms) is far from settled. Making use of design combining an experimental element with a three-wave panel design (based on an online access panel), we put the effectiveness of endorsed GOTV-campaign to a rigorous test (employing a total of eight experimental conditions) – and we find, that they are irrelevant at best. In one case (based on a “polarizing” celebrity), we even find some detrimental effects on turnout. Hence, GOTV-campaigns endorsed by celebrities are by no means a perfect solution to boost turnout.
Von Obama lernen heißt siegen lernen? Web 2.0 und klassische Massenmedien im ...Sympra GmbH (GPRA)
Prof. Dr. Frank Brettschneider von der Universität Hohenheim analysiert Barack Obamas Wahlkampfstrategie und vor allem die Frage, ob Teile davon auf Deutschland übertragbar sind. Was waren die Erfolgsfaktoren? Wie stellen sich Kandidaten erfolgreich dem Dialog im Social Web, überzeugen dort Multiplikatoren? Warum bleiben traditionelle Medien wichtig, wie spielen sie mit den neuen, dialogorientierten Kanälen zusammen?
Am 8. April 2008 fand in den Räumlichkeiten des Kosaido International Golfclubs in Düsseldorf die zweite Veranstaltung zum Thema modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung (MDSD) statt. Unter dem Titel "MDSD - Chance und Herausforderung für IT-Organisationen" lag der Schwerpunkt der Vorträge dieses Mal auf den Organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen, in denen MDSD erfolgreich betreiben.
Weitere Vorträge, die wir auch gern in Ihrem Unternehmen halten, finden Sie unter: https://www.iks-gmbh.com/impulsvortraege
Fragestellungen: Nehmen die Bürger die Wirtschaftslage ihres Bundeslandes separat wahr? Was sind die Folgen davon für die Zufriedenheit mit der Bundes- und Landesregierung?
Es steht außer Frage: Wir bewegen uns in einer digitalen Wirtschaft, die Teil einer digitalen Welt ist. Eine Welt, in der wir unentwegt texten, unseren Status auf Facebook aktualisieren und Fotos bei Instagram posten. Falls Sie bisher noch nicht auf den Social-Media-Zug aufgesprungen sind, dann ist es allerhöchste Zeit.
Das Vertrauen der Deutschen in die hiesige Finanzbranche ist auch fast zehn Jahre nach der Finanzkrise noch stark angeschlagen, das zeigen die Ergebnisse des Edelman Trust Barometers 2016.
Die Konsumenten in Deutschland wünschen sich, dass ihnen von Marken mehr Wertschätzung entgegengebracht wird. Das ist das zentrale Ergebnis der zweiten Auflage der Markenstudie brandshare der PR-Agentur Edelman. Für die Studie wurden 15.000 Menschen in zwölf Ländern, darunter 1.010 in Deutschland, zu ihrer Beziehung zu Marken befragt. Neun von zehn Konsumenten wünschen sich eine wertschätzende Beziehung mit Marken – nur einer von zehn findet, dass er sich in einer solchen befindet. Laut der Studie erwarten 80 Prozent, dass ihnen Marken genau zuhören – nur 13 Prozent finden, dass Marken das aktuell tun. 58 Prozent findet es wichtig, dass Marken eine Mission haben und danach handeln – nur jeder Fünfte sieht das aktuell als gegeben an. Werden Konsumentenbedürfnisse erfüllt, belohnen Kunden Marken durch eine höhere Kaufbereitschaft oder Weiterempfehlungen.
Edelman Trust Barometer 2016: Vertrauen in LebensmittelwirtschaftEdelman.ergo GmbH
Die Lebensmittelbranche ist nach der Technologieindustrie der Wirtschaftsbereich mit dem zweithöchsten Vertrauen in Deutschland. Das geht aus einer Sonderauswertung der globalen Vertrauensstudie Edelman Trust Barometer 2016 mit Fokus auf die Lebensmittelwirtschaft hervor.
Die Deutschen haben Angst vor Innovationen - Edelman Trust Barometer 2015 Erg...Edelman.ergo GmbH
Selbstfahrende Autos, virtuelle Währungen, 3D-Drucker und Drohnen – wir leben in einer Welt der Innovationen mit immer schnelleren Produktzyklen. Was für den einen die ersehnte Erleichterung im Alltag ist, bereitet dem anderen Sorgen. In Deutschland ist die Angst vor allzu rasanten Veränderungen besonders deutlich ausgeprägt. Das ist eines der zentralen Ergebnisse des Edelman Trust Barometers 2015, der größten globalen Umfrage zum Thema Vertrauen in und Glaubwürdigkeit von Regierungen, Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs), Wirtschaft und Medien.
In diesem Workshop geht es darum StartUp's mit den vielen Tools im Bereich Social-Media-Marketing vertraut zu machen. Mit beleuchtet wird auch die Strategie, die für eine professionelle Web-Präsentation unumgänglich ist.
Vielfach ist man der Meinung ein Facebook-Auftritt und/ oder eine Webseite genügen für eine erfolgreiche Internet-Präsenz! Weit gefehlt! Es gibt mehr!
Inhalte:
- Welche Sozialen Netzwerke gibt es und welche Bedeutung haben diese?
- Wodurch unterscheiden sich Facebook, Google+ und alle anderen?
- Sind 1.000 Likes wirklich das Maß aller Dinge?
- Blogs oder klassische Webseite – was ist besser?
- Helfen Medienplattformen wie YouTube im Marketing-Mix?
- Was tun um gefunden zu werden?
- Welche nützlichen Tools erleichtern die tägliche Arbeit im Internet?
- Wie kann ich meine Online-Präsenz kontrollieren (Monitoring)?
- Welche Dienste gibt es im Bereich Cloud-Computing?
- Wie kann das erlernte umgesetzt werden? (Praxisübungen)
Sustainability in its shortest definition is the capacity to endure. To endure one does not only need material goods, but also a mental and spiritual resilience and set of skills on how to cope. When the quality and quantity of our material goods and biophysical environment starts to change, when our fellow South Africans are sick and dying prematurely and when our economy does not deliver the needed health and wealth to all of us, our hope for a better future is severely tested. It is the integrity of our hope that could and should be playing a fundamental role in a possible transition towards sustainability.
In this talk ladies and gentleman, the question of South Africa’s sustainability is under scrutiny. I will first show you that from an ecological, from a human well-being, and even from an economic perspective there are several warning lights on the biophysical and material sustainability of this country. I will also show the remarkable optimism we have as South Africans and highlight the importance of hope. Third, and finally I will argue that we as humans have an ethical responsibility in the individual and collective choices we make. It is our attitudes and behaviours that sustain or destroy.
Shuai HE, Saini YANG, Jiayuan YE
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Similar to Electoral Consequences of Unemployment Experiences (20)
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Electoral Consequences of Unemployment Experiences
1. Electoral Consequences of
Unemployment Experiences
Ithaca, April 6, 2009
Cornell Institute for European Studies
Thorsten Faas
University of Mannheim
Email: Thorsten.Faas@uni-mannheim.de
2. Schlozman/Verba 1979: Injury to Insult
1
General Objective Subjective Politiciza- Policy Level and
Model Condition Strain tion of the preferences direction of
strain and political
programs activity
Specific Unemploy- Sense of Perception Preference Issue voting;
Model ment and/or economic that for economic electoral
low socio- dissatis- government policies activity
economic faction and is respon- designed to
status deprivation sible ease problem
3. I Unemployment Experiences
II Perceptions of Economy
III Attributions of Responsibility
IV Electoral Consequences
4. Unemployment Experiences
3
Unemployment ...
• … as a discrete characteristic • … as a characteristic of
of individuals social/regional units
• … ranging from short-term • … ranging from individuals‘
to long-term experiences household to network to
regional contexts to the
• ... also fear of
national economy
unemployment as a relevant
experience • Concentric circles
5. Unemployment Experiences: Being Unemployed
4
1980
1982
1984
East G. West G.
1986
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent
Unemployed at time of interview
Unemployed anytime during last 10 years
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
6. Unemployment Experiences: Staying Unemployed
5
1980
1982
1984
1986
East G. West G.
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
260 208 156 104 52 0 52 104 156 208 260
Weeks
Completed Length (currently employed)
Completed Length (currently not employed)
Present Length (currently unemloyed)
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+, who
have been unemployed during the last 10 years only
7. Unemployment Experiences: Fear of Unemployment
6
1980
East G. West G.
1991
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2004
2006
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+, who
are currently employed
8. Unemployment Experiences: Household Perspective
7
1983
1984
1985
1986
East G. West G.
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40
Percent
R unmployed (monthly basis)
HH member unemployed (monthly basis)
HH member unemloyed (yearly basis)
Source: German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), German citizens aged 18+ only
9. Unemployment Experiences: Network Perspective
8
1994
1995
1996
1997
East G. West G.
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
75 50 25 0 25 50 75
Percent
Source: Politbarometer, German citizens aged 18+ only
10. Unemployment Experiences
9
• To fully understand the relevance of unemployment from a
political science perspective, but also a political
perspective, one should apply a differentiated view
• Simply focusing on the number of people currently
unemployed is too short-sighted
11. I Unemployment Experiences
II Perceptions of Economy
III Attributions of Responsibility
IV Electoral Consequences
12. Perceptions of the Economy
11
• ÊHow does the electorate internalize the objective economy and
transform it into a subjective economy?” (de Boef/Kellstedt 2004: 633)
– and what is the role of unemployment experiences?
• Concerning such perceptions, one should (in line with the literature)
distinguish ...
– by the time frame used (retrospective, present, prospective)
– by the object that is being evaluated (individual, regional, national
economy)
• Unemployment experiences should have a strong impact on
perceptions of the retrospective development and the present state of
the economy (pertaining to an individual‘s situation, but also the
national situation); fear of unemployment should have an impact on
prospective ones
13. Perceptions of Individuals’ Situation (East G.)
12
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
-1 -.5 0 .5 1
Perceptions of current situation
Unemployed
Not employed
Employed
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
14. Perceptions of Individuals’ Situation (West G.)
13
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
-1 -.5 0 .5 1
Perceptions of current situation
Unemployed
Not employed
Employed
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
15. Perceptions of Prospective Situation (East G.)
14
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2004
2006
-1 -.5 0 .5 1
Perceptions of prospective situation
Not worried
Worried
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
16. Perceptions of Prospective Situation (East G.)
15
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2004
2006
-1 -.5 0 .5 1
Perceptions of prospective situation
Not worried
Worried
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
17. Perceptions of National Economic Situation
16
• In relation to
national
1
1
unemployment
Average Perception of current situation
Inverse of unemployment rate
.75
.5
• Multilevel model
(using the temporal
.5
0
context as level 2)
.25
-.5
• Strong and
significant effect of
-1
0
national employment 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Jahr
rate on perceptions Average Perceptions
of the national Inverse of unemployment rate (right axis)
economy
Source: German General Social Survey (Allbus), German citizens aged 18+ only
18. I Unemployment Experiences
II Perceptions of Economy
III Attributions of Responsibility
IV Electoral Consequences
19. Attributions of Responsibility
18
• Are individuals willing to and capable of linking
perceptions of economic situations to governmental action
• Do they attribute responsibility?
• institutional as well as psychological contingency
dilemmas
• What are the determinants of attributed responsibility?
20. Determinants of Attributions of Responsibility
19
• ÊDefensive attributions“
• ÊMorselizing“
• ÊContextualization“
• Political sophistication, partisan rationalizations and
cultural predispositions
• Campaigns
21. Data
20
• Rolling Cross-Section Survey covering the final 41 days of
the 2005 German Federal Election campaign (n=3,583)
• Items:
– “What do you think, to what extent is the ruling
government responsible for the development of this
economic situation: to a large extent, to some extent or
not at all?”
– Êthis economic situation“ refers to
• Individual’s own economic situation
• Situation of the national economy
22. Data
21
• ÊDefensive attributions“ Perceived State of
own and national economic
Situation
• ÊMorselizing“
• ÊContextualization“ Interaction term
• Political sophistication, partisan rationalizations and
cultural predispositions Interest in Politics,
Party Identification,
• Campaigns Left-Right-Placement
Time
23. Development of Level of Attributed Responsibility
22
1
Mean Level of Attribution
.5
0
13.8. 20.8. 27.8. 3.9. 10.9. 17.9.
date
Individual's economic situation Nation's economic situation
24. Determinants of Attributed Responsibility for …
23
… Individual Economic Situation … National Economic Situation
Ind. Econ. Ind. Econ.
Nat. Econ. Nat. Econ.
Interest Interest
Left-Right Left-Right
PI: SPD PI: SPD
PI: Union PI: Union
PI: other PI: other
day day
interaction interaction
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
logit coefficients logit coefficients
25. Determinants of Attributed Responsibility for …
24
… Individual Economic Situation
Ind. Econ.
Nat. Econ.
Interest
Left-Right
PI: SPD
PI: Union
PI: other
day
interaction
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
logit coefficients
26. Predicted Probabilities
25
1
.8
probability
.6
.4 .2
0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Individual economic situation
National economic situation ...
... very poor ... good
... poor ... very good
... average
27. I Unemployment Experiences
II Perceptions of Economy
III Attributions of Responsibility
IV Electoral Consequences
28. Consequences of Perceptions of Economic Situations
27
• Kinder/Kiewiet (1979): sociotropic vs. pocketbook voting
• Empirically, sociotropic voting prevails
• Additionally: policy-oriented voting according to which
certain parties “own” specific issues, e.g. left parties “own”
unemployment issue, tend to be supported by people
making unemployment experiences
53. But when including attributions of responsibility …
52
... feelings towards Social Democrats
Nat. Econ. Nat. Econ. Nat. Econ.
Ind. Econ. Ind. Econ. Ind. Econ.
Resp. Nat. Econ. Resp. Nat. Econ. Resp. Nat. Econ.
Resp. Ind. Econ. Resp. Ind. Econ. Resp. Ind. Econ.
Ind. Econ. X Resp. Ind. Econ. X Resp. Ind. Econ. X Resp.
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
unstand. regression coefficients unstand. regression coefficients unstand. regression coefficients
54. Conclusions
53
• Unemployment experiences can take on several forms and should be
studied in a differentiated way
• Unemployment experiences leave their imprint on perceptions of
economic situations on different layers
• Attributions of responsibility:
• Should be studied as dependent variables to understand the
mechanisms that lead to attributions of responsibility
• Should be included in economic-voting models due to their nature
as intervening variables
• Policy-, but also incumbency-oriented effects of unemployment
depending on party and political context
55. Thank you!
54
• Contact:
Thorsten Faas
University of Mannheim
A5, 6
68131 Mannheim
Germany
Thorsten.Faas@uni-mannheim.de
www.thorsten-faas.de