2. Main goals:
– Give a brief view of Portugal in terms of
women leading positions
– Define a strategic action plan for Portugal
– Define the role of EWMD in Portugal
– Select and allocate resources
3. Main issues covered by the legal framework
• Equality and non discriminatory behaviour
towards female workers in the labour market
– Equal opportunities concerning employment, work
and education
– Equal conditions and earnings for the same job
– Discriminatory behaviour prohibited
4. Main issues covered by the legal framework
• Legal rights – social protection
– Maternity leave for 120 days – 100% earnings
– Maternity leave for 150 days – 80% earnings
– Paternity leave for 5 working days and for the same
period of the mother (incapacity, death or mutual
agreement)
– Family assistance for children under 6 years old
– Right to part-time / flexible work for parents with
children under 12 years old.
5. Trends: Women per 100 Men
%
• Negative trend 108 108
• EU-25: 105,5% 108 108 108 107 107
107 107
in 1997 107 107
107 107 107
106
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Portugal
Source: Population and Social Conditions, 2007, EUROSTAT.
6. Trends: % Employment Rate
• Female 80 75,9 75,8 76,5 77,0 76,5 75,0 74,2
employment rate 73,4
has increased 75
rapidly 70
• EU-25: 56,3% 65 61,3 61,4 61,4 61,7 61,7
58,2 59,4 60,5
60
• Countries with a
rate above 60%: 55
DK, EE, NL, AT, 50
PT, FI, SE and UK 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Men Women
Source: EU Labour Force Survey, 2005, EUROSTAT.
7. Trends: %
Unemployment Rate
• Female 8,7
9
unemployment 7,6
rate has been 8 7,2
6,7
always above the 7 6,3 6,0 5,9
male rate 6 5,2 5,4
4,9 5,0
• EU-25: 9,8% 5 4,1 4,0 4,1
• Countries with a 4 3,2 3,2
rate above 8%: 3
BE, CZ, BG, DE, 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
SK, PT, ES, EL,
FR, IT, LV, LT and Men Women
PL
Source: EU Labour Force Survey, 2005, EUROSTAT.
8. Trends: Average Gross Annual Earnings
• Female earnings 78%
2004
are increasing in
% of male 78%
2003
earnings 78%
2002
• EU-15: 77% in
71%
2003 2001
71%
2000
1.000 6.000 11.000 16.000 €
Men Women
Source: Labour Market, 2007, EUROSTAT.
9. Trends: Share of Women among Tertiary
%
Students
• Increasing share, 100
in 1960-61 was
29,1% and 80
presently is the
60 53,1 56,0 55,9 56,5 57,0 57,0 56,6 56,1
majority
40
• Share of 47,8%
of Ms / PhD 20
students in 1995
0
• EU-25: 54,8% 1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Women
Source: Students, 2007, EUROSTAT.
10. Women in leading positions:
Public Sector – Managers 37,7 %
Private Sector – General Managers 24,4 %
Private Sector – Interm. Managers 32,0 %
Private Sector – Managers Small Ent. 33,0 %
Source: Census, 2001, INE, Portugal in Survey “Women participating on
political and economic decision centres in Portugal, since 1974 until
2004”, Socinova/FSCH-UNL in printing-press.
11. Survey by Socinova (FSCH-UNL) of the 50
largest companies, between 1980 and 2003:
Women as Managers 8,7 %
Women as Board Members 4,9 %
Source: Survey “Women participating on political and economic decision
centres in Portugal, since 1974 until 2004”, Socinova/FSCH-UNL in printing-
press.
12. Researchers opinion:
Whitehead (2002) – leadership is equivalent to
masculinity, therefore the majority of the leaders in
economic organizations are men.
Lipovetsky (1997) – there’s a female minority in the
board of companies. This phenomena of glass ceiling is
universal and among all the sectors.
All the authors agree that, although women have higher
education and qualifications, they have lower hierarchical
positions than their male peers.
Source: Survey “Women participating on political and economic decision centres
in Portugal, since 1974 until 2004”, Socinova/FSCH-UNL in printing-press.
13. Survey by Socinova (FSCH-UNL) of women participating on political
decision centres between 1974 and 2004 (22 governmental teams):
Prime Minister 1 4,3 %
Vice Prime Minister 0 0%
Ministers 24 5,0 %
Secretary of State 62 7,1 %
Chief of Staff 83 17,8 %
Deputy Directors 386 51,1 %
Assistant Directors 148 51,9 %
Source: Survey “Women participating on political and economic decision centres in
Portugal, since 1974 until 2004”, Socinova/FSCH-UNL in printing-press.
14. The phenomena Glass Ceiling also applies
to women in political decision centres.
What can be done to change the present
status quo ?
