The document provides an overview of an environmental impact assessment for a proposed water supply project. It discusses the key components and interactions within the environment. It also outlines the EIA process, which includes collecting baseline environmental and social data, identifying potential impacts, and developing mitigation measures to enhance sustainability. The document then analyzes potential impacts and mitigation strategies specific to borehole water supply projects, pipelines, and reservoirs during construction, operation, and decommissioning. Key impacts addressed include water pollution, soil erosion, impacts on flora and fauna, occupational health and safety, and public nuisance and health risks.
This document presents an environmental impact assessment report prepared by six students for a project referred to as MEL422. It summarizes the key aspects and steps of an environmental impact assessment process, including identifying and predicting environmental effects, considering social and health impacts, and preventing, mitigating and offsetting significant adverse effects. The report then outlines the various stages of an environmental impact assessment, from screening and scoping to impact analysis, mitigation, reporting and environmental management planning. It provides examples and checklists to guide the environmental impact assessment process.
Environmental impact assessment and life cycle assessment and their role in s...Arvind Kumar
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA), which identifies environmental, social, and economic impacts of projects prior to decision making. EIA involves stages like screening, scoping, assessment and evaluation, reporting, review, decision making, monitoring, and auditing. It addresses topics like meteorology, hydrology, site surroundings, occupational health, effluent treatment, and control measures. EIA provides environmental and economic benefits like reduced costs and compliance with laws. The principles of precaution and polluter pays are followed. Strategic EIA applies to entire sectors and ensures inclusion of impacts at early decision making stages with a broader perspective.
Scoping is the most critical step in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process where the key issues, concerns, and required analyses are identified and agreed upon. It involves determining the project's potential impacts, collecting relevant information, and involving stakeholders. The objectives of scoping are to address stakeholders' concerns, clarify the scope of analysis, and establish agreements between parties. The scoping process identifies spatial and temporal boundaries, impact areas, procedures, and requirements like preparing documents, selecting EIARC members, conducting the scoping session, and submitting a post-scoping report.
This was submitted on October 5th 2009 to the Joint Agency Review Team reviewing the Mount Nemo Quarry. I also provided the experts minutes from OMB case PL071044 to illustrate how a certain firm signed off on the fact their own data was insufficient. I have been monitoring the practices of this agency over years in different locations and have found consistencies in testing methods that result in undermined hydrogeological risks.
This document provides an update on the proposed quarry at 415 Brooklyn Road and outlines reasons why it should be rejected. It summarizes the community's efforts over the past 7 months to investigate irregularities in the approval process and highlight concerns about impacts to water sources and the environment. Specifically, it contrasts the findings of hydrogeological reports from an expert retained by the community versus one from the proponent's consultant. The community expert found significant risks to groundwater and springs were not adequately addressed. The document asks the Nova Scotia Environment to conduct an impartial review and environmental assessment, and provides form letters of support that residents can send.
This document provides an overview of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). It discusses the key rules and regulations that govern CEQA, including the statute, guidelines, and case law. It also defines key CEQA terminology and outlines the basic CEQA process, including the initial study, types of environmental documents, noticing requirements, and the public review process. The roles of various parties in the CEQA process are described, along with common issues that arise in CEQA implementation and documentation.
Fundamental Skills for Real Estate Development Professionals II. Con't Projec...Virtual ULI
The document provides an overview of the project entitlement process, outlining key steps like obtaining approvals from local planning departments through zoning, permits, and developing strategic initiatives to engage the community such as emphasizing sustainability and smart growth. It also presents a case study of a successful entitlement process for a large development project that eliminated residential uses in response to community concerns and incorporated public recreation opportunities.
This document presents an environmental impact assessment report prepared by six students for a project referred to as MEL422. It summarizes the key aspects and steps of an environmental impact assessment process, including identifying and predicting environmental effects, considering social and health impacts, and preventing, mitigating and offsetting significant adverse effects. The report then outlines the various stages of an environmental impact assessment, from screening and scoping to impact analysis, mitigation, reporting and environmental management planning. It provides examples and checklists to guide the environmental impact assessment process.
Environmental impact assessment and life cycle assessment and their role in s...Arvind Kumar
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA), which identifies environmental, social, and economic impacts of projects prior to decision making. EIA involves stages like screening, scoping, assessment and evaluation, reporting, review, decision making, monitoring, and auditing. It addresses topics like meteorology, hydrology, site surroundings, occupational health, effluent treatment, and control measures. EIA provides environmental and economic benefits like reduced costs and compliance with laws. The principles of precaution and polluter pays are followed. Strategic EIA applies to entire sectors and ensures inclusion of impacts at early decision making stages with a broader perspective.
Scoping is the most critical step in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process where the key issues, concerns, and required analyses are identified and agreed upon. It involves determining the project's potential impacts, collecting relevant information, and involving stakeholders. The objectives of scoping are to address stakeholders' concerns, clarify the scope of analysis, and establish agreements between parties. The scoping process identifies spatial and temporal boundaries, impact areas, procedures, and requirements like preparing documents, selecting EIARC members, conducting the scoping session, and submitting a post-scoping report.
This was submitted on October 5th 2009 to the Joint Agency Review Team reviewing the Mount Nemo Quarry. I also provided the experts minutes from OMB case PL071044 to illustrate how a certain firm signed off on the fact their own data was insufficient. I have been monitoring the practices of this agency over years in different locations and have found consistencies in testing methods that result in undermined hydrogeological risks.
This document provides an update on the proposed quarry at 415 Brooklyn Road and outlines reasons why it should be rejected. It summarizes the community's efforts over the past 7 months to investigate irregularities in the approval process and highlight concerns about impacts to water sources and the environment. Specifically, it contrasts the findings of hydrogeological reports from an expert retained by the community versus one from the proponent's consultant. The community expert found significant risks to groundwater and springs were not adequately addressed. The document asks the Nova Scotia Environment to conduct an impartial review and environmental assessment, and provides form letters of support that residents can send.
This document provides an overview of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). It discusses the key rules and regulations that govern CEQA, including the statute, guidelines, and case law. It also defines key CEQA terminology and outlines the basic CEQA process, including the initial study, types of environmental documents, noticing requirements, and the public review process. The roles of various parties in the CEQA process are described, along with common issues that arise in CEQA implementation and documentation.
Fundamental Skills for Real Estate Development Professionals II. Con't Projec...Virtual ULI
The document provides an overview of the project entitlement process, outlining key steps like obtaining approvals from local planning departments through zoning, permits, and developing strategic initiatives to engage the community such as emphasizing sustainability and smart growth. It also presents a case study of a successful entitlement process for a large development project that eliminated residential uses in response to community concerns and incorporated public recreation opportunities.
Changing the nature of nature in policy and decision making ruralfringe
This document outlines challenges in current nature policy and decision-making. It argues that nature is often seen as a constraint rather than an asset, and economic models do not adequately value ecosystem services. Evidence used in policymaking focuses too narrowly, and nature is associated only with iconic places and species. The speaker advocates revaluing nature by integrating it into development and assessing impacts using tools like ecosystem services analysis. This can help move nature from being a disconnected afterthought to an integrated asset that maximizes benefits for both environment and humans. Key is measuring nature's intrinsic value, overcoming silos, and recognizing growth and nature can work together rather than opposition.
This document summarizes an environmental impact assessment case study of a fertilizer plant project in Saskatchewan, Canada. It describes the project details, including location, utilities, waste disposal, and rationale. It then assesses some limitations of the case study, noting that impacted study area boundaries were unclear, alternatives to the proposed project and chemical fertilizer use were not properly evaluated, and cumulative impacts and sustainability were not addressed. The document concludes that the environmental impact statement had a narrow project focus and did not fully consider policy alternatives or long-term sustainability.
This document discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development. It defines sustainability as exploiting resources in a way that allows for their full regeneration, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It also discusses ecological footprints, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), sustainability indicators, and weaknesses of EIAs. EIAs are used to assess potential environmental impacts of major projects and determine how to limit effects to acceptable levels. However, they have weaknesses such as difficulty in comparing standards and determining study boundaries.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It discusses what an EIA is, the key steps in the EIA process like screening, scoping, baseline data collection and impact prediction, and tools used like modeling and alternatives analysis. It also outlines aspects like mitigation measures, monitoring, auditing and public consultation. Examples are provided of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and how it differs from project-based EIA in considering longer-term and cumulative impacts of policies and plans.
The document presents information on environment impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the biophysical, social, and other effects of development proposals prior to major decisions. The document outlines the history and aims of EIAs, including modifying designs, ensuring efficient resource use, and avoiding irreversible environmental damage. It also describes the main steps in the EIA process, from screening and scoping to review and monitoring. Finally, the document discusses both positive and negative potential impacts of projects, such as job creation but also effects on health, infrastructure, and the environment.
This document summarizes a seminar on climate-smart rural development approaches between China and IFAD. It discusses the impacts of climate change on poverty, including increased risks from drought, flooding, and reduced agricultural productivity. It then describes China's Loess Plateau watershed management project as a case study. The project used participatory watershed planning, incentives for farmers, and policies to ban overgrazing and planting on steep slopes. It achieved improved vegetation cover, reduced soil erosion, and increased incomes. Key lessons included the need for participatory and coordinated approaches across sectors and administrative levels with long-term planning, investment mechanisms, and monitoring and evaluation.
Submission made during the public process regarding the Nelson Quarry Project. Risks to natural features, endangered species, economy and ecology as well as geological risks of the project. (Project was successfully cancelled)
This document provides an overview of the environmental planning services offered by Dewberry, including stream restoration and stabilization, stormwater management, permitting assistance, environmental policy compliance, public outreach, land use analysis, wetland and habitat services, and working with agencies to develop environmentally friendly regulations. Dewberry takes an interdisciplinary approach to environmental planning and works collaboratively with design engineers, regulators, and the public to develop projects that mitigate environmental impacts and are approved.
The document discusses regulatory processes and jurisdiction related to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. It provides an overview of the types of permits required for discharging dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S., including individual permits, nationwide permits, and regional general permits. Emergency situations that qualify for authorization under Regional General Permit 63 are also defined. Case studies and examples from California help illustrate jurisdictional determinations and different approaches to project planning and design.
WAAPP-Nigeria Environmental and Social Screening presentationwaapp-nigeria
This document provides an introduction to environmental and social screening under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP). It discusses what screening is, its purpose, and the screening procedure. Screening involves evaluating project components against environmental variables to determine if an environmental assessment is needed and what level of review. It can determine if a project is Category A, B, or C. Category A projects have significant adverse impacts, Category B have less adverse but site-specific impacts, and Category C may require an environmental impact study. The document provides an example of a screening form that evaluates environmental and social factors like protected areas, waste generation, and public consultation to classify a project.
Changing the nature of nature in policy and decision making ruralfringe
This document outlines challenges in current nature policy and decision-making. It argues that nature is often seen as a constraint rather than an asset, and economic models do not adequately value ecosystem services. Evidence used in policymaking focuses too narrowly, and nature is associated only with iconic places and species. The speaker advocates revaluing nature by integrating it into development and assessing impacts using tools like ecosystem services analysis. This can help move nature from being a disconnected afterthought to an integrated asset that maximizes benefits for both environment and humans. Key is measuring nature's intrinsic value, overcoming silos, and recognizing growth and nature can work together rather than opposition.
This document summarizes an environmental impact assessment case study of a fertilizer plant project in Saskatchewan, Canada. It describes the project details, including location, utilities, waste disposal, and rationale. It then assesses some limitations of the case study, noting that impacted study area boundaries were unclear, alternatives to the proposed project and chemical fertilizer use were not properly evaluated, and cumulative impacts and sustainability were not addressed. The document concludes that the environmental impact statement had a narrow project focus and did not fully consider policy alternatives or long-term sustainability.
This document discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development. It defines sustainability as exploiting resources in a way that allows for their full regeneration, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It also discusses ecological footprints, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), sustainability indicators, and weaknesses of EIAs. EIAs are used to assess potential environmental impacts of major projects and determine how to limit effects to acceptable levels. However, they have weaknesses such as difficulty in comparing standards and determining study boundaries.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It discusses what an EIA is, the key steps in the EIA process like screening, scoping, baseline data collection and impact prediction, and tools used like modeling and alternatives analysis. It also outlines aspects like mitigation measures, monitoring, auditing and public consultation. Examples are provided of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and how it differs from project-based EIA in considering longer-term and cumulative impacts of policies and plans.
The document presents information on environment impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the biophysical, social, and other effects of development proposals prior to major decisions. The document outlines the history and aims of EIAs, including modifying designs, ensuring efficient resource use, and avoiding irreversible environmental damage. It also describes the main steps in the EIA process, from screening and scoping to review and monitoring. Finally, the document discusses both positive and negative potential impacts of projects, such as job creation but also effects on health, infrastructure, and the environment.
This document summarizes a seminar on climate-smart rural development approaches between China and IFAD. It discusses the impacts of climate change on poverty, including increased risks from drought, flooding, and reduced agricultural productivity. It then describes China's Loess Plateau watershed management project as a case study. The project used participatory watershed planning, incentives for farmers, and policies to ban overgrazing and planting on steep slopes. It achieved improved vegetation cover, reduced soil erosion, and increased incomes. Key lessons included the need for participatory and coordinated approaches across sectors and administrative levels with long-term planning, investment mechanisms, and monitoring and evaluation.
Submission made during the public process regarding the Nelson Quarry Project. Risks to natural features, endangered species, economy and ecology as well as geological risks of the project. (Project was successfully cancelled)
This document provides an overview of the environmental planning services offered by Dewberry, including stream restoration and stabilization, stormwater management, permitting assistance, environmental policy compliance, public outreach, land use analysis, wetland and habitat services, and working with agencies to develop environmentally friendly regulations. Dewberry takes an interdisciplinary approach to environmental planning and works collaboratively with design engineers, regulators, and the public to develop projects that mitigate environmental impacts and are approved.
The document discusses regulatory processes and jurisdiction related to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. It provides an overview of the types of permits required for discharging dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S., including individual permits, nationwide permits, and regional general permits. Emergency situations that qualify for authorization under Regional General Permit 63 are also defined. Case studies and examples from California help illustrate jurisdictional determinations and different approaches to project planning and design.
WAAPP-Nigeria Environmental and Social Screening presentationwaapp-nigeria
This document provides an introduction to environmental and social screening under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP). It discusses what screening is, its purpose, and the screening procedure. Screening involves evaluating project components against environmental variables to determine if an environmental assessment is needed and what level of review. It can determine if a project is Category A, B, or C. Category A projects have significant adverse impacts, Category B have less adverse but site-specific impacts, and Category C may require an environmental impact study. The document provides an example of a screening form that evaluates environmental and social factors like protected areas, waste generation, and public consultation to classify a project.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. INTRODUCTION
•ENVIRONMENT :A natural endowment
into which man is born and receives
nourishment and sustenance
•Major Environmental Components
•Physical: Air, Water, and Land
•Biological: Plants and Animals
including Man
•Sociocultural: All Human interactions
•Economic: All Financial Dealings
among people
3. INTRODUCTION cont’d - SUSTAINABILITY
•All Components of the Environment are
interrelated and coexist in harmony
•Exhibit and maintain a Natural
Equilibrium
•Ensure whatever is taken up is Naturally
Returned & Compensated
•Ensuring Conservation for Future
Generation – Hence Sustainability.
4. • All Organisms generate Activities
• Activities cause multifarious modifications
of the environment
• During their Nutrition, Recreation,
Reproduction and Development
• These Activities and their Modifications do
not stress the natural Equilibrium in the
Environment
5. •Of late Man’s Activities have
• Increased in complexity
• Become too complex for the Natural
Equilibrium of the Environment
• Stressed the Harmony in the Environment
• Become Exploitative on the Environment
• Gone Beyond the Capacity of the
Environment to Cope With and hence
EXCEEDED THE CARRYING CAPACITY of the
Environment and
• Caused Aggravated Degradation to the
CARRYING CAPACITY
6. •Development Projects are the main Human
Activities causing Aggravated Degradations of
the Environment.
•Hence Policy and Physical Measures to Protect
the Environment against Continued Degradation
•Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one
of Such Policy Interventions
•It Undertakes Project Evaluation of
Environmental Costs and Benefits at Planning
Stage in favour of environmentally Sustainable
Alternatives, to enhance Project Environmental
Sustainability
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7. •EIA is A Legal Requirement of the
Nigerian Development Process
•Compliance is Mandatory
•European Union (EU) Directives also
make EIA a Mandatory Requirement
8. ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
•EIA is a Valuable Tool of Environmental
Governance which is the participatory
involvement of the public and private sector
partnerships in actions that will promote
sustainability of both the environment and
development.
10. OVERVIEW OF EIA PROCESS
•Environmental Assessment involves collecting
information (Data) and evaluating them.
• Similarly, Environmental management planning,
presents all the relevant information for use in
project planning and decision making
11. EIA STUDY APPROACH FOR A TYPICAL SMALL
TOWNS WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
1. Detailed checklist of information about the Project,
Environment and its Social characteristic Indicators
including but not limited to
• Type of Activity
• What will be done
• Who will do what and at what location (GPS co-ordinates will be
helpful here)
• Against what objectives
• Expected outcomes
• Likely date of Commencement of work on the project
• Likely date of completion of work
• Technical details and Specifications of the Project including
Technical drawings of the project will be sought during the field
investigation.
12. 2. Detailed checklist of the characteristics of the Local
Environment include
• Area of project site (ha)
• Existing land use pattern of the area/site of project
• Any property loss to the project?
• Any plans for construction, earth movement at construction and
changes in land cover
• Mode of acquisition of project or sub project site
3. Initial Environmental Information
• Closeness to critical natural habitat
• Any activity close to a forest Reserve?
• What is the land currently being used for
• Any likelihood of Proposed project having impact on ecosystem
services, plants and animal populations or natural habitat?
• Any likely inhibition of access to resources in traditional areas
such as medicinal plants and other plants of economic value for
livelihood (communal assets)
13. • Any likelihood of impacting surface or groundwater body
• Will there be soil impact
• Any cultural heritage/sacred sites in project area
4. Initial Social and Land Information
• Any litigation or complaints of Environmental nature
directed against the sponsors of the project?
• Will land be required for the project
• What is the status of the land holding (customary, lease,
community land etc)
• Any outstanding land dispute?
• Has there been proper consultation with stake holders
• Is there a grievance process identified for project affected
persons (PAPs) and is this easily accessible to these PAPs?
• Will there be changes to livelihoods?
• Identify the issues associated with community benefits from
the project
• Is any restoration or compensation required with the PAPs
15. 1. Project Information: Name and Contact Details:
Project Name Location: (region/district/village)
If other, explain:
Name of reviewer: Date of screening:
Subproject Details: Attach location map (longitude – latitude coordinates (GPS reading) is available
Type of activity; What will be done, who will do it, what are the objectives and outcomes
Estimated Cost
Proposed Date of Commencement of work
Expected completion of work
Technical Drawing/Specifications Reviewed Yes/No – refer to Application Portfolio
2. Physical Data Comments
Subproject Site area in ha
Extension of or changes to existing land use
Any existing property to transfer to subproject
Any plans for construction, movement of earth, changes in land cover
3. Preliminary Environmental Information Yes/No Comments
Is there adjacent/nearby critical natural habitat?
Is there activity close to Forest Reserve?
What is the land current being used for? (e.g. agriculture, gardening etc.
Will the proposed activities have any impact on any ecosystem services, biodiversity issues or natural
habitats?
16. • Will there be restrictions or loss of access to using natural resources in any traditional areas including medicinal plants or those of
economic value for livelihoods?
• Will there be water resource impact?
• Will there be soil impact?
• Any cultural heritage/sacred sites in project area?
• 4. Preliminary Social and Land Information
• Yes/No
• Comments
• Has there been litigation or complaints of any environmental nature directed against the proponent or subproject?
• Will the subproject require the acquisition of land?
• What is the status of the land holding (customary, lease, community lands, etc.)?
• Are there outstanding land disputes?
• Has there been proper consultation with stakeholders
• Is there a grievance process identified for PAPs and is this easily accessible to these groups/individuals?
• Will there be any changes to livelihoods?
• What are the main issues associated with community benefits?
• Will any restoration or compensation be required with affected person?
17. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
• Identify and Categorize the Probable impacts of the Project
using the following guide
Concerns About the Project Site Sensitivity
Low Medium High
Natural Habitats No natural habitats present of any kind No Critical natural habitats; other
natural habitats occur
Critical natural habitats present; within
declared protected areas
Water Quality and Water
Resource Availability and Use
Water flow exceed any existing Demand;
low intensity of Water Use; Potential
water use conflicts expected to be low;
no potential water quality issues.
Medium intensity of water Use;
Multiple water Users; Water Quality
issues are important
Intensive Water Use; Multiple Water Users;
Potential for Conflicts is high; Water Quality
issues are important
Natural Hazards Vulnerability,
floods, soil stability/Erosion
Flat Terrain, No Potential
stability/erosion problems; no known
flood risks
Medium slopes; some erosion
potentials, medium risks from floods
Mountainous terrain, steep slopes; unstable
soils; high erosion potential; floods risks
Land and Land Use tenure No Conflicts, disagreements around use
of land; tenant farmer rights and location
of admitted farms and farmers
transparent.
Process of land regularization and
rights to natural resources being
worked out with clear
communication and grievance
process in place.
Land Conflicts historically unresolved,
admitted farmers being evacuated; tenant
farmers loosing rights and no transparency
or grievance redress available
18. LIKELY SIGNIFICNFICANT IMPACTS OF
BOREHOLE PROJECTS
• At Construction Phase Siting of Borehole
• Loss of Biodiversity (Plants and Animals – Flora and Fauna)
• Aggravate Soil Erosion
• Water Pollution
• Land Use Conflicts
• Solid wastes generation
• Socio-Economic issues
• Public safety
• Construction Phase - Borehole Drilling and Pump
Installation
• Air Pollution Significant?
• Water Quality and Pollution Significant?
• Noise Pollution Significant?
• Soil Erosion
19. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF BOREHOLE PROJECTS – Cont’d
• Borehole Drilling and Pump Installation – Cont’d
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Raw Materials Usage
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Public health and Safety
• Nuisance and Disturbance of Community Life
• Borehole Operation and Maintenance Phase
• Land take/Severance
• Water Pollution
• Risk of Nitrate Pollution from Livestock Droppings
• Public Nuisance and Health Risks
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Raw Materials Usage
• Poor Resource Conservation Practices
20. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF BOREHOLE PROJECTS – Cont’d
• Borehole Decommissioning Phase
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Solid Waste Disposal
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Public Health and Safety
21. LIKELY SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF PIPELINES AND
RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION
• Pipe Laying and Reservoir Construction Phase
• Loss of Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
• Land Use and Right of Way (RoW)
• Soil Erosion and Contamination
• Water Pollution
• Solid Waste
• Air Pollution Significant ?
• Socio-Economic
• Raw Material Usage
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Public Health and Safety
• Nuisance and Disturbance of Community Life
22. Operation and Maintenance Phase for Pipelines and Reservoirs
• Land take
• Water Pollution
• Public Nuisance and Health Risks
• Occupational Health and Safety
Decommissioning Phase of Pipelines and Reservoirs
• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Solid Waste Disposal
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Public Health and Safety
23. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR MODERATE TO
MAJOR ADVERSE IMPACTS OF COMMUNITY
BOREHOLE WATER SUPPLY
• Construction Phase of Borehole Water Supply
• Water Quality and Pollution
• Temporarily store sanitary wastes in containers & dispose off at waste dumps
• No solid wastes, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows
• If works is adjacent to water courses, install temporary sediment barrier on slopes to
prevent silt from entering the water course
• Use Cuttings from drilling operations for backfilling unsuccessful holes & avoid use of
foreign materials
• Soil Erosion
• Use appropriate erosion-protection measures, especially on slopes & stream beddings
• Avoid Drilling and other works in aggressive weather conditions (rains & Strong winds
• Public Health Problems
• Provide Adequate Sanitary facilities for use by workers & discourage open defecation
24. Sub-project: Borehole water supply (construction phase).5
Type of impact Description of mitigation measures
Public health
problems
Adequate sanitary facilities should be available for workers and open range defecation should not
be countenanced.
Contractors should use local labour as much as possible and where available. Imported workers
should be provided with proper housing, including sanitary facilities.
Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention.
All land depressions and disturbed areas at work sites should be filled to avoid water ponding which
could breed mosquitoes.
Safety of the public WCAs will inform local communities early of the construction programme.
Contractors will provide security barriers to ward off inquisitive persons and animals from work
sites.
Visual intrusion Adequate organisation and maintenance of construction sites through good housekeeping.
Restoration of construction sites directly upon completion of works.
Disturbance and
interruption of
commercial and
social activities
WCAs to inform the affected communities early of the construction programme.
Limit any temporary interference with private property (e.g. farms) in creating access for drilling rigs
Relocation (even temporarily) to be avoided as much as possible.
Where private land or other property is affected, or where there is loss of income as a result of
project activities, agree on compensation measures with affected persons prior to start of
construction. Compensation will occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy
Framework.
Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths should be minimized.
Land take Avoidance, as much as possible, the need for resettlement by considering other siting options
Where resettlement is unavoidable, develop and implement appropriate plans in accordance with
the Resettlement Policy Framework developed for the Project.
Occupational health
and safety
The Contractor should protect his workers by ensuring the use of protective equipment
Wastewater
management
Ensure satisfactory provisions for disposal of wastewater at both the water point and from
households. All boreholes and standpipes will have concrete well pads with drainage channels to carry
wastewater into soakaways at 7m from the borehole or standpipe. Soakaways must be functional and
in areas of high water table, alternative means should be found e.g. horizontal filtering systems to
25. Nuisances and public
health risks .5
Ensure correct operation and maintenance of the hand pumps, including regular inspection and
maintenance. Such measures as defined in the operation and maintenance manual for the Caretakers.
Minimisation of pump repair response time through the provision of adequate equipment, development of
emergency response procedures and adequate training of Caretakers and Area Mechanics.
Community involvement in fault detection through awareness creation and a simple mechanism for
reporting and recording of complaints.
Regularly monitor groundwater quality for contamination (both natural and anthropogenic).
Livestock watering points should be located downstream of water points
Timely implementation of repair and replacement works on pumps and other related parts of the system.
Avoid siting of boreholes in and around sanitary facilities, such as latrines and drainage systems, and areas of
increased pollution risks (e.g. waste dumps, cemeteries). All water points must be located upstream of sanitary
and other polluting facilities (>30m away)
Practice safe water handling to avoid contamination especially water stored for household use
Decommissioning Phase of Borehole water Supply
Type of Impact Description of Mitigation
Depletion of
groundwater resources
Active collaboration with the WASH Departments and NESREA and NIGER DELTA River Basin in watershed
management programmes with the involvement of communities of the fragile ecosystems of the Niger Delta
Project to install groundwater monitoring systems
Water pollution Backfilling of holes with inert materials.
No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows.
Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes
to prevent silt from entering the watercourse.
Safety of the public Adequate security barriers at work sites to ward off inquisitive persons and animals.
Local communities informed of the construction programme through WCAs.
Disturbance and
interruption of
commercial and social
activities
Affected communities informed of the programme through WCAs.
Limit any temporary interference with private property (e.g. farms).
Relocation (even temporarily) should be avoided as much as possible. Where such is unavoidable, however,
relocation should occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework.
Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges should be minimized.
Occupational health
and safety
The Contractor should protect workers through the use of personal protection equipment and education.
Basic rules with regard to protection of public health, including most importantly hygiene and disease (HIV)
prevention.
26. MITIGATING IMPACTS FROM PIPELINES AND RESERVOIRS IN
CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PHASES
Sub-project: Pipelines and Reservoirs (and surface water intake, if required)- Construction
Type of impact Description of mitigation measures
Water pollution Temporary storage of sanitary and cleaning wastes in containers. Disposal should occur at waste dumps.
No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows.
Maintenance, fuelling and cleaning of vehicles and equipment within communities should be avoided, as much as possible.
Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes to prevent silt from entering
the watercourse.
Solid waste generation Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material. Excess soil should be disposed off appropriately. Topsoil should be
removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches.
Soil erosion Application of appropriate erosion-protection measures, in particular where it concerns works on slopes and in stream beddings.
Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds).
Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches, to enable natural revegetation.
Impacts on flora and fauna The Contractor should limit the destruction of flora to the working area.
Clearing and cutting of trees should only occur with the appropriate authority’s consent, NESREA, FME
Public health problems from
construction camps and sites, and
imported labour
Adequate sanitary facilities should be provided at construction sites and in camps and offices.
The use of local labour for unskilled work should be promoted.
Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention..
Good housekeeping practices followed to avoid water ponding and breeding of insect vectors.
Safety of the public Adequate barriers to ward off inquisitive persons and animals (especially excavation works), in particular during the night, with clear
marking of the safety border on the works perimeter.
Informing the local communities early of the construction programme through WCA Executive officers.
Visual amenities Adequate organisation and maintenance of construction sites through good housekeeping.
Restoration of construction sites directly upon completion of works.
Sub- project: Reservoirs and Pipelines (Operation and Maintenance)
Type of impact Description of mitigation measures
Nuisances and public health risks Ensure correct operation and maintenance of the installed pipelines, including regular inspection and maintenance.
Community involvement in leak detection through awareness creation and the opening of a complaint desk with WCA Executive officers.
Ensure that sufficient pressure levels are maintained in pipelines at all times.
Regularly monitor water quality at various points in the network for contamination.
Regular disinfection of lines to maintain safe supply
Timely implementation of repair and replacement works on pipelines, pumps, water intakes, and other related parts of the system.
Allow any house-connections only to be made by WCA member plumber. The work of these plumbers should be monitored by WCAs.
Avoid water pipeline alignments in and around sanitary facilities, such as sewerage and drainage systems, and areas of increased pollution
risks (e.g. waste dump, graveyards).
Make provisions for increased wastewater production in the planning and management of wastewater disposal facilities.
27. Sub- project: Reservoir and Pipelines (Decommissioning Phase)
Type of impact Description of mitigation measures
Water pollution Temporarily store sanitary and cleaning wastes in containers. Dispose at waste dumps.
No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into water flows.
Maintenance, fuelling and cleaning of vehicles and equipment within communities should be avoided, as much as possible.
Where works take place adjacent to a watercourse, temporary sediment barriers should be installed on slopes to prevent silt
from entering the watercourse.
Solid waste generation Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material. Excess soil should be disposed off at sites approved
by the district. Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches.
Soil erosion Apply appropriate erosion-protection measures on slopes and on stream beddings.
Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds).
Topsoil should be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated after refilling of trenches, to enable natural
revegetation.
Sub- project: Reservoirs and Pipelines (Operation and Maintenance Phase)
Type of impact Description of mitigation measures
Public health problems
from construction
camps and sites and
from imported labour
Adequate sanitary facilities should be provided at construction sites and in camps and offices.
The use of local labour for unskilled work should be promoted
Labourers should obey basic rules of public health, especially hygiene and disease (HIV) prevention.
Good housekeeping practices followed to avoid water ponding and breeding of insect vectors
Disturbance and
interruption of
commercial and social
activities
Informing the affected communities early of the construction programme through local WCAs .
Relocation (even temporarily) should be avoided as much as possible. Where such is unavoidable, however, relocation
should occur in accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework
Where private land or other property is affected, or where there is loss of income as a result of project activities, agree
on compensation measures with affected population prior to start of construction. Compensation will occur in
accordance with the defined Resettlement Policy Framework.
Information to neighbourhood of any (partial) blockage of roads, even if for temporary loading/unloading activities.
Where access roads are blocked, temporary access ways should be established.
Excavation works should not be executed under aggressive weather conditions (rains, strong winds).
Interference with the access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges should be minimized.
Occupational health
and safety
The contractor should follow health and safety measures in accordance with local regulations relating to personal
protection, lifting heavy materials etc.