This study focused on the relationship between resource
capacity and performance of local community organizations in Bureti Sub County. Organizational capacity has gained interest especially as it relates to performance of community organizations.Community organizations provide avenues for its members to improve their lives through their participation, however the potential contributions of these organizations to community development has been limited by low organizational capacity among these organizations to effectively deliver services and meet their objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of resources and skills on performance of local community organizations. The general systems theoryguided this study. The study sample was drawn from local community based organizations registered in Bureti Sub County; stratified sampling was used to select community organizations from which 100 members from the sampled organizations were randomly selected and 5 technical
officers. Data was collected through interview method with both open and close ended questions. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively,quantitative analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were interpreted and discussed in line with the study objectives. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide in-depth explanations. This current study found a significant and positive relationship between resource capacity and performance of community organizations, but found no strong relationship between skills capacity and performance. These findings suggest that improved resource capacity would lead to better performance of local organizations. Recommendations to practitioners and policy makers are that efforts should be directed at improving the overall organizational capacity of community organizations in order to raise their performance and the benefits to the members and the community. This study is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on the relationship between organizational capacity and performance of community organizations.
Annotated tool kit of resources for public health professionals, nonprofits, foundations, and others interested in learning about and using community organizing tools and strategies for their work in equity and social change
Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Ar...ijtsrd
Women’s Empowerment is a holistic and sustainable goal for development of a society. They are the resources of family, society, community and nation. They are the greatest asset of an economy. Urbanization processes are not properly guided their roles in this society. Transformation of gender roles in urban contexts will require wider community involvement as well as administration. They are disadvantaged in income poverty, asset poverty, time and power. This paper is properly focused on features of empowerment of women in this society, their educational status, employment opportunities, social and economic status, as well as future strategies. Suchana Banerjee | Ayan Kumar Maity "Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Area – A Case Study of Memari Municipality, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38263.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38263/basic-features-and-strategies-of-women’s-empowerment-of-a-developing-urban-area-– -a-case-study-of-memari-municipality-purba-bardhaman-west-bengal-india/suchana-banerjee
SURVEY REPORT ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUTH AND YOUNG PROFE...Lawi Njeremani
INTRODUCTION
Most people respond to three levels of motivation: Self-serving drive, Relational drive and Belief drive (Thomas W. McKee, Why People Volunteer, 2003).
Why are we focusing on “Motivation”, “Aspirations” and Interests”? The prevailing wisdom is that unless organizations pay attention to issues of volunteer management, they will not do a good job of recruiting, satisfying, and retaining volunteers (Mark A. Hager & Jeffrey L. Brudney, Volunteer
Management Practices and Retention of Volunteers, June 2004)
According to the 2000 World Values Survey, one quarter of young people volunteer with religious or secular organizations.
From a 2007 Report, UNESCO indicated that of the total population of 37Million Kenyans, 60% were youth under the age of 30 years Most recently, from the Census result of 2009 by the Ministry of Planning, 64% of the Kenya population is under 24yrs. The Kenyan National Youth Policy, (2002) defines a Kenyan youth as one aged between 15 – 30 years.
According to the 2010 Deloitte Volunteer IMPACT Survey, more than eight in 10 companies believe that volunteerism can help nonprofits accomplish long-term social goals. “For years, we have championed the belief that volunteerism can accomplish significant social goals...”— Barry Salzberg,
chief executive officer, Deloitte LLP
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...Premier Publishers
This study, analyzes the challenges of decentralized agricultural extension system in Eritrea from political and organizational perspectives in relation to the major issues of responsiveness, accountability, efficiency, effectiveness, extension system coordination and capacity of service providers. The data for this study was taken from a study conducted in June 2017 in the Ministry of Agriculture. The study used both survey and case study methodologies. The study seeks to answer the following research question: what political and organizational factors have an effect on the delivery of extension services in a decentralized system? In this study, it is found that institutional, technical and managerial capacities have a great effect on the delivery of decentralized extension services. In Eritrea, there are capacity gaps among local government working units to deliver effective and efficient extension services that ensure participation of stakeholders and accountability of service providers. Agricultural extension has not yet developed enough capability to mobilize all stakeholders- research, farmer, input agency, private sector, NGO, finance institutions and professional body to sustain efficient and effective practice. Local institutions taking on responsibility for agricultural extension services require investment in institution building-staff development, facilities and management systems because decentralization cannot be created or accelerated by policy decisions alone.
Annotated tool kit of resources for public health professionals, nonprofits, foundations, and others interested in learning about and using community organizing tools and strategies for their work in equity and social change
Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Ar...ijtsrd
Women’s Empowerment is a holistic and sustainable goal for development of a society. They are the resources of family, society, community and nation. They are the greatest asset of an economy. Urbanization processes are not properly guided their roles in this society. Transformation of gender roles in urban contexts will require wider community involvement as well as administration. They are disadvantaged in income poverty, asset poverty, time and power. This paper is properly focused on features of empowerment of women in this society, their educational status, employment opportunities, social and economic status, as well as future strategies. Suchana Banerjee | Ayan Kumar Maity "Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Area – A Case Study of Memari Municipality, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38263.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38263/basic-features-and-strategies-of-women’s-empowerment-of-a-developing-urban-area-– -a-case-study-of-memari-municipality-purba-bardhaman-west-bengal-india/suchana-banerjee
SURVEY REPORT ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUTH AND YOUNG PROFE...Lawi Njeremani
INTRODUCTION
Most people respond to three levels of motivation: Self-serving drive, Relational drive and Belief drive (Thomas W. McKee, Why People Volunteer, 2003).
Why are we focusing on “Motivation”, “Aspirations” and Interests”? The prevailing wisdom is that unless organizations pay attention to issues of volunteer management, they will not do a good job of recruiting, satisfying, and retaining volunteers (Mark A. Hager & Jeffrey L. Brudney, Volunteer
Management Practices and Retention of Volunteers, June 2004)
According to the 2000 World Values Survey, one quarter of young people volunteer with religious or secular organizations.
From a 2007 Report, UNESCO indicated that of the total population of 37Million Kenyans, 60% were youth under the age of 30 years Most recently, from the Census result of 2009 by the Ministry of Planning, 64% of the Kenya population is under 24yrs. The Kenyan National Youth Policy, (2002) defines a Kenyan youth as one aged between 15 – 30 years.
According to the 2010 Deloitte Volunteer IMPACT Survey, more than eight in 10 companies believe that volunteerism can help nonprofits accomplish long-term social goals. “For years, we have championed the belief that volunteerism can accomplish significant social goals...”— Barry Salzberg,
chief executive officer, Deloitte LLP
An Overview of the Challenges of Decentralized Agricultural Extension Practic...Premier Publishers
This study, analyzes the challenges of decentralized agricultural extension system in Eritrea from political and organizational perspectives in relation to the major issues of responsiveness, accountability, efficiency, effectiveness, extension system coordination and capacity of service providers. The data for this study was taken from a study conducted in June 2017 in the Ministry of Agriculture. The study used both survey and case study methodologies. The study seeks to answer the following research question: what political and organizational factors have an effect on the delivery of extension services in a decentralized system? In this study, it is found that institutional, technical and managerial capacities have a great effect on the delivery of decentralized extension services. In Eritrea, there are capacity gaps among local government working units to deliver effective and efficient extension services that ensure participation of stakeholders and accountability of service providers. Agricultural extension has not yet developed enough capability to mobilize all stakeholders- research, farmer, input agency, private sector, NGO, finance institutions and professional body to sustain efficient and effective practice. Local institutions taking on responsibility for agricultural extension services require investment in institution building-staff development, facilities and management systems because decentralization cannot be created or accelerated by policy decisions alone.
Under what conditions can information and communications technologies (ICTs) enhance the well-being of poor communities? The paper designs an alternative evaluation framework (AEF) that applies Sen’s capability approach to the study of ICTs in order to place people’s well-being, rather than technology at the center of the study. The AEF develops an impact chain that examines the mechanisms by which access to, and meaningful use of, ICTs can enhance peoples “informational capabilities” and can lead to improvements in people’s human and social capabilities. This approach thus uses peoples’ human capabilities, rather than measures of access or usage, as its principal evaluative space. Based on empirical evidence from rural communities’ uses of ICTs in Bolivia, the study concludes that enhancing people’s informational capabilities is the most critical factor determining the impact of ICTs on their well-being. The findings indicate that improved informational capabilities, like literacy, do enhance the human capabilities of the poor and marginalized to make strategic life choices to achieve the lifestyle they value. Evaluating the impact of ICTs in terms of capabilities thus reveals that there is no direct relationship between improved access to, and use of, ICTs and enhanced well-being; ICTs lead to improvements in people’s lives only when informational capabilities are transformed into expanded human and social capabilities in the economic, political, social, organizational and cultural dimensions of their lives.
Ideg publication this week newsletter june 2016IDEGGhana
IDEG This Week will feature one major topical is-sue which could be considered as central to the current political discourse. This underlies the IDEG mandate, and should nourish whatever debate and discussions the article on the topical issue could generate.
In this paper we deal with the relationship between external donors and village organizations (VOs) in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. We utilize a large dataset of village organizations in rural areas of Senegal and Burkina Faso. We argue that the kind of relationship established with northern donors may have effects on the governance mechanisms of the village organization. We investigate to what extent differences in the foundation of the VO and of the partnership with the external donor can partially explain outcomes and membership structures of the VO itself. Our results go in the direction of possible diverging effects of a donor intervention in the village organization, according to the degree of proactivity and initiative that the VO
displays.
Authors: Cecilia Navarra, University of Namur, CRED, Rempart de la Vierge, 8, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Elena Vallino, University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics, Lungo Dora Siena 100/A, 10153 Torino, Italy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GIS for Equity & Social Justice Best PracticesGreg Babinski
Where a person was born, or lives is a key success factor for individuals and families to thrive throughout their lives. Analysis of the equity and social justice (ESJ) impact of public agency policies, projects, and programs is an emerging practice of many government agencies. A geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool to analyze social justice issues and help government agencies apply an equity lens to every aspect of their overall administration of public resources.
Throughout history, and even in democracies, government agency policies and resource allocations have been unduly influenced by special interests, wealth, power, and privilege. Even in an environment where equal resources are allocated to each segment of society, many unserved and underserved segments of society are so disadvantaged that ‘equal’ resources do not provide ‘equitable’ opportunity to thrive throughout their lives. Race in the United States privileges whiteness to the detriment of people of color. A key concept of social justice is that any person born into society, no matter where they were born or live, will have an equitable opportunity to achieve successful life outcomes and to thrive.
Location based demographic data is a key indicator of disadvantaged segments of a community when viewed with an ESJ lens. Geographic analysis and geospatial technology are key tools throughout the equity and social justice process lifecycle. Geographic information science and technology can benefit interdisciplinary teams pursuing ESJ approaches. GIS can be used by GIS Users, GIS Toolmakers, GIS Scientists, and ESJ practitioners from other disciplines.
The GIS aspect of the ESJ lifecycle includes exploratory issue analysis, community feedback, pro-equity programs analysis, management monitoring and stakeholder awareness, program performance metrics, and effectiveness analysis. GIS analysis can produce actionable information to help decision makers decide equitable investments, upstream where the need is greatest.
The purpose of this article is to outline how GIS is effective for ESJ practices. Geospatial topics covered include spatial data management, data sources, geospatial analysis, cartography, data visualization, and management dashboards. This resource is best suited for GIS Users, GIS Toolmakers, GIS Scientists, and ESJ practitioners from other disciplines.
Decentralization and Decentralized Cooperation in Cameroon: The Futile and Co...AJHSSR Journal
The Cameroon political economy was pressured by home and foreign realities to adopt a
constitution in 1996 that provided ample space for the blossoming of new ideas in governance like
decentralization and decentralized cooperation. Though the application of all the potent elements of this
constitution remained in abeyance, decentralization provided an escape valve for those who found the hyper
centralization suffocating. It was deal which sought to drift away from the Jacobin French system of power
sharing and control wherein all powers and decisions rest in the center and for the most part in the hands of one
man. Theoretically, decentralization was introduced as a ploy to take power closer to the people and ensure
popular participation in decision making thereby ensure prompt control and evaluation of locally orientated
projects. After functioning for some time, decentralization for the case of Cameroon gave birth to decentralized
cooperation. In fact decentralized cooperation is considered by some authors as the “daughter” of
decentralization. Decentralized cooperation that is in function in Cameroon since 2011 has seemingly not been
very effective. As appealing as this project appeared its implementation suffered from conflicting groups of
personal and collective interests all of them hinged to corruption and insincerity on the part of the governing.
Even with the introduction of the decentralized cooperation‟s in 2011 that could help enhance the project, there
were still contradiction that made the implementation to remain for the most part a dream project. From palpable
evidences drawn from primary and secondary sources, this paper attempt a portrait of how the initiatives that
were deployed in getting decentralization to work became conflicting and therefore futile. It sums up the
governmental/indigenous responsibilities to the failure of this project. From its narrative it opines that
decentralization as governance approach seemed to have been hired in Cameroon to serve international policy
design that addressing crucial home realities.
Women's empowerment in agriculture lessons from qualitative researchCGIAR
This presentation was given by Ruth Meinzen-Dick (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
http://www.nfg.org/demdev_participatorybudgeting_webinar
This Neighborhood Funders Group webinar will examine democratic and participatory models where community stakeholders help decide how public and philanthropic resources should be allocated. We will explore different ways participatory resource sharing can deepen democracy, form stronger communities, and build trust. Our discussion will also examine equitable and effective ways funders and community partners can collaborate.
Speakers:
- Josh Lerner, PhD | Executive Director, Participatory Budgeting Project
- Tyler Nickerson | Director of Investments and State Strategy, The Solutions Project
httpisw.sagepub.comInternational Social Work http.docxaryan532920
http://isw.sagepub.com/
International Social Work
http://isw.sagepub.com/content/52/3/327
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0020872808102067
2009 52: 327International Social Work
Martin Javier Zurita Paucar
Rodas, Juan Manuel Raunelli Sander, Juan Gabriel Adanaque Zapata and
Nancy Claiborne, Junqing Liu, Henry Vandenburgh, Jan Hagen, Armando Mera
interorganizational relationships
Northern Peruvian non-governmental organizations : Patterns of
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
International Association of Schools of Social Work
International Council of Social Welfare
International Federation of Social Workers
can be found at:International Social WorkAdditional services and information for
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What is This?
- Apr 14, 2009Version of Record >>
at ARIZONA STATE UNIV on January 1, 2013isw.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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http://isw.sagepub.com/
International Social Work 52(3): 327–341
i s w
Sage Publications: Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC
DOI: 10.1177/0020872808102067
Key words interorganizational relationships non-governmental organizations
organizational environment Peru
Northern Peruvian non-governmental
organizations
Patterns of interorganizational relationships
Nancy Claiborne, Junqing Liu, Henry Vandenburgh, Jan
Hagen, Armando Mera Rodas, Juan Manuel Raunelli
Sander, Juan Gabriel Adanaque Zapata and Martin
Javier Zurita Paucar
The purpose of this exploratory study is to understand relationship
patterns among selected northern Peruvian non-governmental organi-
zations (NGOs), other regional NGOs, the national government and
international NGOs. The findings of this pilot study are expected to
locate Peruvian NGOs within patterns laid down by globalization; cri-
tique ways in which NGOs are utilized to promote false stability, and
enhance NGO functioning and capacity building; identify areas for
NGO staff development and training; directly contribute to social work
organizational practice development and further collaborative research
initiatives. ...
Under what conditions can information and communications technologies (ICTs) enhance the well-being of poor communities? The paper designs an alternative evaluation framework (AEF) that applies Sen’s capability approach to the study of ICTs in order to place people’s well-being, rather than technology at the center of the study. The AEF develops an impact chain that examines the mechanisms by which access to, and meaningful use of, ICTs can enhance peoples “informational capabilities” and can lead to improvements in people’s human and social capabilities. This approach thus uses peoples’ human capabilities, rather than measures of access or usage, as its principal evaluative space. Based on empirical evidence from rural communities’ uses of ICTs in Bolivia, the study concludes that enhancing people’s informational capabilities is the most critical factor determining the impact of ICTs on their well-being. The findings indicate that improved informational capabilities, like literacy, do enhance the human capabilities of the poor and marginalized to make strategic life choices to achieve the lifestyle they value. Evaluating the impact of ICTs in terms of capabilities thus reveals that there is no direct relationship between improved access to, and use of, ICTs and enhanced well-being; ICTs lead to improvements in people’s lives only when informational capabilities are transformed into expanded human and social capabilities in the economic, political, social, organizational and cultural dimensions of their lives.
Ideg publication this week newsletter june 2016IDEGGhana
IDEG This Week will feature one major topical is-sue which could be considered as central to the current political discourse. This underlies the IDEG mandate, and should nourish whatever debate and discussions the article on the topical issue could generate.
In this paper we deal with the relationship between external donors and village organizations (VOs) in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. We utilize a large dataset of village organizations in rural areas of Senegal and Burkina Faso. We argue that the kind of relationship established with northern donors may have effects on the governance mechanisms of the village organization. We investigate to what extent differences in the foundation of the VO and of the partnership with the external donor can partially explain outcomes and membership structures of the VO itself. Our results go in the direction of possible diverging effects of a donor intervention in the village organization, according to the degree of proactivity and initiative that the VO
displays.
Authors: Cecilia Navarra, University of Namur, CRED, Rempart de la Vierge, 8, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Elena Vallino, University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics, Lungo Dora Siena 100/A, 10153 Torino, Italy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GIS for Equity & Social Justice Best PracticesGreg Babinski
Where a person was born, or lives is a key success factor for individuals and families to thrive throughout their lives. Analysis of the equity and social justice (ESJ) impact of public agency policies, projects, and programs is an emerging practice of many government agencies. A geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool to analyze social justice issues and help government agencies apply an equity lens to every aspect of their overall administration of public resources.
Throughout history, and even in democracies, government agency policies and resource allocations have been unduly influenced by special interests, wealth, power, and privilege. Even in an environment where equal resources are allocated to each segment of society, many unserved and underserved segments of society are so disadvantaged that ‘equal’ resources do not provide ‘equitable’ opportunity to thrive throughout their lives. Race in the United States privileges whiteness to the detriment of people of color. A key concept of social justice is that any person born into society, no matter where they were born or live, will have an equitable opportunity to achieve successful life outcomes and to thrive.
Location based demographic data is a key indicator of disadvantaged segments of a community when viewed with an ESJ lens. Geographic analysis and geospatial technology are key tools throughout the equity and social justice process lifecycle. Geographic information science and technology can benefit interdisciplinary teams pursuing ESJ approaches. GIS can be used by GIS Users, GIS Toolmakers, GIS Scientists, and ESJ practitioners from other disciplines.
The GIS aspect of the ESJ lifecycle includes exploratory issue analysis, community feedback, pro-equity programs analysis, management monitoring and stakeholder awareness, program performance metrics, and effectiveness analysis. GIS analysis can produce actionable information to help decision makers decide equitable investments, upstream where the need is greatest.
The purpose of this article is to outline how GIS is effective for ESJ practices. Geospatial topics covered include spatial data management, data sources, geospatial analysis, cartography, data visualization, and management dashboards. This resource is best suited for GIS Users, GIS Toolmakers, GIS Scientists, and ESJ practitioners from other disciplines.
Decentralization and Decentralized Cooperation in Cameroon: The Futile and Co...AJHSSR Journal
The Cameroon political economy was pressured by home and foreign realities to adopt a
constitution in 1996 that provided ample space for the blossoming of new ideas in governance like
decentralization and decentralized cooperation. Though the application of all the potent elements of this
constitution remained in abeyance, decentralization provided an escape valve for those who found the hyper
centralization suffocating. It was deal which sought to drift away from the Jacobin French system of power
sharing and control wherein all powers and decisions rest in the center and for the most part in the hands of one
man. Theoretically, decentralization was introduced as a ploy to take power closer to the people and ensure
popular participation in decision making thereby ensure prompt control and evaluation of locally orientated
projects. After functioning for some time, decentralization for the case of Cameroon gave birth to decentralized
cooperation. In fact decentralized cooperation is considered by some authors as the “daughter” of
decentralization. Decentralized cooperation that is in function in Cameroon since 2011 has seemingly not been
very effective. As appealing as this project appeared its implementation suffered from conflicting groups of
personal and collective interests all of them hinged to corruption and insincerity on the part of the governing.
Even with the introduction of the decentralized cooperation‟s in 2011 that could help enhance the project, there
were still contradiction that made the implementation to remain for the most part a dream project. From palpable
evidences drawn from primary and secondary sources, this paper attempt a portrait of how the initiatives that
were deployed in getting decentralization to work became conflicting and therefore futile. It sums up the
governmental/indigenous responsibilities to the failure of this project. From its narrative it opines that
decentralization as governance approach seemed to have been hired in Cameroon to serve international policy
design that addressing crucial home realities.
Women's empowerment in agriculture lessons from qualitative researchCGIAR
This presentation was given by Ruth Meinzen-Dick (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
http://www.nfg.org/demdev_participatorybudgeting_webinar
This Neighborhood Funders Group webinar will examine democratic and participatory models where community stakeholders help decide how public and philanthropic resources should be allocated. We will explore different ways participatory resource sharing can deepen democracy, form stronger communities, and build trust. Our discussion will also examine equitable and effective ways funders and community partners can collaborate.
Speakers:
- Josh Lerner, PhD | Executive Director, Participatory Budgeting Project
- Tyler Nickerson | Director of Investments and State Strategy, The Solutions Project
httpisw.sagepub.comInternational Social Work http.docxaryan532920
http://isw.sagepub.com/
International Social Work
http://isw.sagepub.com/content/52/3/327
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0020872808102067
2009 52: 327International Social Work
Martin Javier Zurita Paucar
Rodas, Juan Manuel Raunelli Sander, Juan Gabriel Adanaque Zapata and
Nancy Claiborne, Junqing Liu, Henry Vandenburgh, Jan Hagen, Armando Mera
interorganizational relationships
Northern Peruvian non-governmental organizations : Patterns of
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
International Association of Schools of Social Work
International Council of Social Welfare
International Federation of Social Workers
can be found at:International Social WorkAdditional services and information for
http://isw.sagepub.com/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts:
http://isw.sagepub.com/subscriptionsSubscriptions:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.navReprints:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navPermissions:
http://isw.sagepub.com/content/52/3/327.refs.htmlCitations:
at ARIZONA STATE UNIV on January 1, 2013isw.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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http://isw.sagepub.com/content/52/3/327
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What is This?
- Apr 14, 2009Version of Record >>
at ARIZONA STATE UNIV on January 1, 2013isw.sagepub.comDownloaded from
http://isw.sagepub.com/content/52/3/327.full.pdf
http://online.sagepub.com/site/sphelp/vorhelp.xhtml
http://isw.sagepub.com/
International Social Work 52(3): 327–341
i s w
Sage Publications: Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC
DOI: 10.1177/0020872808102067
Key words interorganizational relationships non-governmental organizations
organizational environment Peru
Northern Peruvian non-governmental
organizations
Patterns of interorganizational relationships
Nancy Claiborne, Junqing Liu, Henry Vandenburgh, Jan
Hagen, Armando Mera Rodas, Juan Manuel Raunelli
Sander, Juan Gabriel Adanaque Zapata and Martin
Javier Zurita Paucar
The purpose of this exploratory study is to understand relationship
patterns among selected northern Peruvian non-governmental organi-
zations (NGOs), other regional NGOs, the national government and
international NGOs. The findings of this pilot study are expected to
locate Peruvian NGOs within patterns laid down by globalization; cri-
tique ways in which NGOs are utilized to promote false stability, and
enhance NGO functioning and capacity building; identify areas for
NGO staff development and training; directly contribute to social work
organizational practice development and further collaborative research
initiatives. ...
Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
find out the leader’s perceptions about the impact of their leadership on employees performance and
development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
Organisational capacity of non profit organisations in the Russian FederationSalford Business School
http://blogs.salford.ac.uk/business-school/non-profit-organisations/ Final Report:
Organisational Capacity of Non Profit Organisations in the Russian Federation
Written by:
Sergej Ljubownikow
Nottingham Business School
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, NG1 4BU
Jo Crotty
Salford Business School
University of Salford
Manchester
This research was funded by the British Academy for Humanities and Social Sciences grant SG111936
Summary
This research investigated non-profit organisations (NPOs), engaged in the area of health and health care in the Russian Federation. The aim of the research was to explore whether and how such organisations provide services to their clients and the extent to which these groups are a substitute for services normally provided by the State. The research studying twelve Russian non-profit organisations in the health sector found that such organisations require the development of several organisational capabilities in order to effectively deliver sustainable services alongside the Russian State.
Specifically the research project highlighted that health NPOs in Russia need to: i.) develop their skills and capabilities to engage with volunteers; ii.) be more proactive in planning for organisational leadership transitions; iii.) develop their advocacy skills in order to be more active in influencing the State’s service provision activities; and, iv.) be more active in exploring the diversification of both income streams and activity focus. However the research also found that NPOs with clients with HIV/AIDS engage in commendable and innovative ways to deliver their services drawing on both global best practices and on the most up-to-date research in their respective field. The HIV/AIDS area was also the best organised in terms of intra-organisational collaborations. The research also found that all of the participating NPOs where very proficient at navigating a very difficult official environment.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Towards ProgramsSustainability: Assessment of Institutional Determinants for ...IEREK Press
This paper brings to the fore an assessment of institutional determinants for effective community participation in development programs for the case of Tanzania. It is highly acknowledged in various scholarly literature that there is a strong link between community participation and development programs. In fact, literature shows that community-based development programs that have allowed community membersto be fully involved in various programs have been successful when compared to those where community members are seen as spectators.However, in order for community members to take part in the programs, there are several determining factors, ranging from socio-economic, socio-cultural to institutional based factors.This study therefore sought to assess institutional determinants with the aim of identifying the major institutional determinants capable of influencing effective community participation in development programs. The study used four programs that were categorized as Locally Funded, Government Funded, Donor Funded and Joint Funded development programs.A combined sample size of 316 participants from all the four programs was employed. Collected data were analyzed through the within-case analysis and the comparative analysis approaches. Results of the study revealed thatprogram benefits, objectives and leadership were the major institutional determinants for promoting effective community participation in development programs. when compared to methods used in the other three examined programs. Hence, the study concluded byemphasizing on the need to ensure these institutional based factors (program benefits, objectives and leadership) should always be given due attention in any development program.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Communication Process and Mission on Project Implementation in Coun...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.
Catalyzing Equitable Development: An Initiative to Institutionalize a Gender...Dr Lendy Spires
The Catalyzing Equitable Development (CED) Program responded to two questions that are key to gender equality and effective development. First, can organizations effectively integrate gender in their programs and operations? And second, to the extent they can, does gender integration enhance development outcomes?
The CED program demonstrated that the answer to both of these questions is a strong “yes.” InterAction’s Commission on the Advancement of Women (CAW) implemented this program from January 2003-September 2006. The aim of the program was to institutionalize a gender perspective in the work of development and humanitarian assistance PVOs and NGOs as a necessary means to improve living conditions for poor communities in Africa and Asia. The program focused on building the capacity of PVOs and NGOs through training and technical assistance in Inter-Action’s Gender Audit Organizational Self Assessment and Action Planning methodology.
These organizations are major contributors to global development, collectively implementing about 40% of US government funded development assistance as well as administering over $7 billion annually in assistance from private sources and in-kind contributions. The program targeted the very way PVOs and NGOs do their work and enhanced the effectiveness of their field programs by reducing gender inequalities and promoting women’s and girls’ full participation throughout their operations.
However, the program did not stop at capacity building, but assessed the impact of capacity building at the field level. A unique feature of the program was a study on the impact of gender mainstreaming in four African countries, one of the few such impact studies that has been carried out globally by donors, governments, or the United Nations. In addition, the program documented innovative practices in gender integration from the Asia-Pacific region and drew out lessons learned to guide other planners and practitioners. Major accomplishments of the program are: 287 individuals and approximately 173 organizations (or country offices) participated in eight Gender Audit Courses and seven Gender Audit Workshops in the US and overseas. The Courses were offered in the U.S., Ghana, Kenya, and the Philippines. The workshops were offered in New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
Factors Influencing Implementation of Strategic Plans in Non-Governmental Org...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study sought to determine the factors influencing implementation of strategic plans in Non-Governmental Organizations in Trans-Nzoia County. The specific objectives of the study were to; to investigate the influence of organizational leadership on strategic plans implementation in NGOs in Trans-Nzoia County; to establish the influence of organizational structure adopted by NGOs in Trans-Nzoia County on strategic plans implementation; to determine the effect of resource allocation on implementation of strategic plans in NGOs in Trans-Nzoia County. The researcher used descriptive research design to determine factors influencing implementation of strategic plans in NGOs in Trans-Nzoia County. The target population was 80 employees of 8 registered NGOs operating in Trans-Nzoia County. Top level managers, middle level managers and lower level employees were the respondents. Out of the 80 respondents 77 filled and returned the questionnaires. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. The data collected was analysed using simple descriptive statistics including percentages, and frequencies. On regression results, R squared was 0.755 hence there was variation of 75.5% on strategy implementation due to organizational leadership, organizational structure, and resource allocation at 95% confidence interval. The study established that organizational leadership, resource allocation and organizational structure significantly influence implementation of strategic plans in NGOs in Trans-Nzoia County. P-Values were organizational leadership, 0.000, resource allocation, 0.001 and organizational structure, 0.027. All these p-values were less than 0.05 hence significant. The study found that there was no adequate flow of information and communication; pet projects by top managers receive more resources; employees were not involved in decision making and employees were not given feedback. Due to the above finds the recommendations are: adjustment of organizational structures to allow free flow of information and communication; resource allocation to be geared towards the organization’s vision; and leadership to adopt leadership styles and practices that encourage employee participation. Also, the leadership should appraise employees regularly with an aim of giving feedback so as to improve their performance.
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Impact of Workforce Diversity on Employees’ Performance in Nigeria Public Ser...YogeshIJTSRD
This study investigated the influence of workforce diversity on employees’ performance in Nigeria’s public service using Rivers State civil service as a case study. Good service delivery cannot be achieved where the personnel manager does not value the diversity that exists in the organization since it is the employees’ similarities and differences put together that lead to organizational effectiveness. To achieve the aims of this study, the following research questions were raised does workforce diversity exist in Rivers State Civil Service What are the various forms of diversity that exist in Rivers state civil service To what extent does diversity influence employees’ job performance Oral and previous works on the subject matter were used to answers questions. Methodologically, this study adopted the descriptive design and relied heavily on primary and secondary data, which guaranteed face and content validity while the analysis was anchored on Equity Theory. Conclusively, the study revealed that there can only be quality job performance and better service delivery in Rivers State Civil Service through a personnel manager who practices respect for human dignity, fairness and equity to avoid employees’ resentment. Ihuah, Glory Chinanu "Impact of Workforce Diversity on Employees’ Performance in Nigeria Public Service: A Study of Rivers State Civil Service, 2010- 2017" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41222.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/political-science/41222/impact-of-workforce-diversity-on-employees’-performance-in-nigeria-public-service-a-study-of-rivers-state-civil-service-2010-2017/ihuah-glory-chinanu
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
The ways in which drama is used today may differ in a number of respects from the ways it has been used in the past. This study was designed to investigate the influence of instructional drama on the development of ECDE learners in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by Piaget’s Cognitive development theory and utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design.
An assessment-of-the-gender-in-general-and-trousers-for-women-in-particularoircjournals
The Bible is the standard for Christianity yet the scriptures do not seem to give a normative direction in matters of dressing in general and women’s attire in particular. The main objective of this paper was to examine the Biblical teaching on dressing in general, and for women in particular. The literature review was carried out using themes drawn from the objective. The study was guided by the liberal feminism theory. This theory was used to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Church.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
This rapid assessment examines the literature on social protection to determine the gender considerations made in social protection research and the gendered areas of future research in the field. This review was conducted between May and August 2018. Electronic databases were searched to identify records that were published in English between the period of 2008 and 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were empirical and had both the search terms ‘social’ and ‘protection’ or their various combinations, appearing in the titles of the articles. Grey literature, reports and other non-academic writings were excluded as only empirical studies were eligible. Twelve studies were reviewed and synthesised. The results of this study show that social protection research makes gender considerations and most of the social protection interventions were protective, preventive or promotive measures. Future studies should therefore explore transformative social protection with respect to gender equality and partly because gendered social protection is poorly developed. This rapid review also affirms that despite criticisms, social protection continues to be valuable in addressing poverty and inequalities. However, against this backdrop it is worth noting that social protection is not a panacea and its gender considerations are necessary only to the extent that they do not exacerbate inequalities.
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The fourth schedule of the Kenyan constitution (2010) places Pre-Primary education and child care facilities under the County government. To effectively execute this role, County governments in Kenya need to put in place appropriate policy frame-work to govern this programme of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of media resources policy that affect management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and the systems theory guided this study. The study targeted 573 head-teachers, 1146 ECDE teachers and 5 ECDE officials in the county. Random sampling was used to select 521 respondents of whom, 172 were head teachers, 344 were ECDE teachers and all the 5 ECDE officials were purposely sampled. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and observation checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings presented using frequency tables. The study found that infrastructure in the ECDE centers are of low quality and needs concerted efforts between the County Government and the National Government to improve the learning facilities as well as the physical facilities in the ECDE centers. The study established that there was a significant relationship between utilization of infrastructure, teaching and learning resources policy and the management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County ( 푥2=768.807, df=81 and sig=0.000). There should also be deliberate efforts to ensure that all ECDE centers have facilities which can be used by children with special needs or disabilities. The learning compound should be made secure for the leaners and the teachers by constructing fences around the facilities. The county government in collaboration with the national government should avail more physical infrastructure, operationalize the school feeding program in all ECDE centers.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Stakeholder analysis is component in a project design and implementation central to achievement of the goals and objectives for which projects are carried out. This study aimed at establishing the effect of stakeholder analysis on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory. The study population comprised of 19338 individuals who included employees of the county working within the road sector, personnel within various road construction agencies, contractors and community beneficiaries of the project. Stratified random sampling was then used to group individuals into two homogenous groups, one working directly with the project and the other of beneficiaries. Proportionate random sampling technique was then employed to sample 103 respondents in the first group who included Managers (4), County government employees (29), KURA (6), KenHA (6), KERRA (13) and Contractors (45). Simple random sampling was adopted to select 377 respondents from the community. Data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires for personnel working directly with the project. On the other hand research assistants facilitated focused group discussions to get views from the community stakeholders. Both descriptive and inferential statistics informed the data analysis and presentation. Descriptive statistics included; percentages, means, standard and deviation. Inferential statistics was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple ordinal regression equation analysis. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) software helped in data analysis. The study found out that stakeholder analysis had significant effect on performance of road construction projects (β3=0.203, P <0.05) on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet. The study recommends county Government should develop blueprints to guide road contractors in road project activities. Hence establish a favourable environment for implementations of road projects.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Building information-modeling-and-construction-projects-performance-the-effec...oircjournals
In most of the construction projects, there is always an element of running into delays in project completion time, costs overruns from variations and associated time overruns, lack of satisfying client requirements, clashes on site during construction – just to mention a few. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being used to solve most of these challenges that pose such risks to a project. The study looked the effect of scheduling on performance of project constructions in Uasin Gishu County. The study targeted a population of 197 respondents who constitute of Technical staff and Non - technical staff. The study used census research design. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. In order to ascertain reliability of the research instruments, the researcher piloted the instruments by distributing 30 questionnaires to respondents from Uasin Gishu County Government selected randomly from the various sections, which were not be part of the county to be sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Inferential statistics used was correlation and linear regression. The study found out that there was a significant and positive effect of project scheduling on construction projects performance Uasin Gishu County Government (β=0.198; p<0.05). The study concluded that proper project scheduling leads to an increased project performance risk management plays an important role in project management because without it project managers cannot define their objectives for future and project monitoring plays a vital role in project manager’s decision making processes since it helps project managers and their teams to foresee potential risks and obstacles that if left unaddressed could derail the project. The study recommends that the County Government should continue with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated to projects from interception until closure.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
There has been growing concerns about the fact that African media has failed to commit itself to ensuring that the gender question becomes a standard of measure for press freedom and access to information on the continent. The use of the female body as a mere decoration or as an attention-getting device diminishes women's self-esteem and ignores other aspects of women's personality, their human potential and contributions to economic empowerment for development. Women are underrepresented in political, social and economic reporting; this results in limiting the freedom of expression caused by self-censorship by a male dominated industry. It is a cause of concern on the portrayal of women in household-related roles, mostly in advertisements for household products, particularly because of the repetitiousness of the housewife image. The media does not fully recognize the dynamism that women display in the economic, cultural and social lives of their communities through their associations and informal networks channeled into creating new models of participation and leadership. This paper therefore explores the need for positive women access and use of the media for economic empowerment in Africa; it examines the challenges facing the portrayal of women in the media and makes recommendations on how increase women's representation in decision-making structures in media houses and develop structures and frameworks for gender mainstreaming based on laws and policies for sustained economic empowerment of women. This paper explores secondary data from text books, and journals to conclude that, without meaningful commitment in the form of policy changes and the provision of resources to address women conditions and involvement in the media representation; Africa cannot hope to see a breakthrough in its development and renewal. It recommends that, greater awareness and supportive environment needs to be enhanced by the media for women to be more self-reflective and have a greater awareness of their own weaknesses, challenges, strengths and opportunities. Women should be exposed to more in-depth training and development to gain not only knowledge and skills but also wisdom in order to be authentic leaders with integrity. Also, there should be is an urgent need to increase the knowledge and ability of mass media professionals to create more awareness on gender issues.
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EFFECTS OF RESOURCE CAPACITY ON
PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS IN BURETI SUB COUNTY.
1 Grace Jelagat Kipkech, 2Prof. Wokabi Mwangi (PhD), Dr. Eric Kiprono Bor, (PhD)
2
Department of Peace, Security and Social Studies, Egerton University
1
Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study focused on the relationship between
resource capacity and performance of local community
organizations in Bureti Sub County. Organizational
capacity has gained interest especially as it relates to
performance of community organizations. Community
organizations provide avenues for its members to
improve their lives through their participation,
however the potential contributions of these
organizations to community development has been
limited by low organizational capacity among these
organizations to effectively deliver services and meet
their objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of resources and skills on performance of local
community organizations. The general systems theory guided this study. The study sample was drawn from local
community based organizations registered in Bureti Sub County; stratified sampling was used to select community
organizations from which 100 members from the sampled organizations were randomly selected and 5 technical
officers. Data was collected through interview method with both open and close ended questions. Data was
analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, quantitative analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were interpreted and discussed in line
with the study objectives. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide in-depth explanations. This
current study found a significant and positive relationship between resource capacity and performance of
community organizations, but found no strong relationship between skills capacity and performance. These
findings suggest that improved resource capacity would lead to better performance of local organizations.
Recommendations to practitioners and policy makers are that efforts should be directed at improving the overall
organizational capacity of community organizations in order to raise their performance and the benefits to the
members and the community. This study is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on the relationship
between organizational capacity and performance of community organizations.
1.0 Background to the Study
Community based organizations have been accepted
worldwide as channels for community development
and there has been significant growth in the number
of these organizations especially in the developing
world. These organizations are engaged in various
development activities and there is increased interest
in their capacity to effectively meet their mandate
and drive community development. This is stressed
by De Vita and Fleming (2001) pointing out that
there has been a general interest among practitioners
and scholars to link indicators of capacity to overall
performance of community organizations. Further
there is the need to measure performance of
organizations beyond project performance, to focus
on the overall functioning of an organization. This
study assessed the relationship between
organizational capacity and performance among
local community organizations in Bureti Sub
County. Community Organizations are associations
formed by of people or households resident in a local
territory with the goal of achieving certain identified
needs or issues of concern (Awortwi, 2012). While
Lusthaus et al., (2002) stated that an organization is
made up of people working together toward a shared
goal.
Organizational capacity is the ability of an
organization to perform and meet its objectives.
Which Ingraham (2003 referred to as ‘the resources
and conditions necessary to achieve effectiveness’.
According to Eisinger (2002) capacity is measured
by a set of organizational attributes that enable an
organization to fulfil its mission; this therefore
makes it a crucial aspect of any organization.
Organizational capacity in the field of community
ARTICLE INFO
Received 30th July, 2018
Received in Revised Form 15th August, 2018
Accepted 25th August, 2018
Published online 28th August, 2018
Keywords: Resource Capacity, organizational
performance, Local Community, Bureti Sub
County, Kenya
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development has progressively gained interest;
during the 1950s and 1960s the approaches were the
technical assistance and development cooperation;
resources and skills transferred from the west to
developing countries. This shifted to acquisition of
knowledge and skills to meeting development needs
(Horton, 2003). Evaluation studies done in the 1990s
however indicated many performances related
weakness of the approaches adopted by many
development agencies. This led to the introduction
of approaches that support locally owned
development strategies which strengthen partner
capacities and increase beneficiary participation
(Schmidt, 2006; Chaskin, 2001). The increased
awareness and understanding of the importance of
grassroots organizations and need to integrate them
in development activities, led to adoption of
community based perspectives that emphasize the
bottom-up approaches to development. According
to Brown and Kalegaonkar (1999) the new thinking
focuses attention on building capacities for civil
society organizations to enable expansion of their
development impacts.
According to UNDP (2007) decentralization
strategies now favoured in developing countries are
linked to the bottom-up dynamics where local
actors’ capacity and resources are mobilized for
collective action to achieve public good. This has led
to governments increasingly taking community
organizations as partners in service delivery
especially in social services and community
development (Horton, 2003). Further MDGs aimed
at poverty eradication necessitates the incorporation
of community based programs that alleviates
extreme poverty and improves lives of community
members (Helling et al., 2005). According to World
Bank (2008) the private sector, NGOs and CBOs are
now increasingly asserting their importance as
alternative economic vehicles that will spur
development in Africa as they contribute 24% to the
gross national income of Africa’s economy (as cited
in Mwaura & Ngugi, 2014).
There has been a remarkable growth in the number
of community based organizations engaged in
various activities aimed at reducing poverty and
improving lives. According to the World
Bank/Republic of Kenya Report (1996), there were
an estimated 300,000 CBOs in rural Kenya. In
Kenya the bottom-up approaches and according to
RoK (2010) devolution entrenched in the new
constitution have brought new governance
structures which require participation of citizens at
community level which is easily achieved through
CBOs (Njuguna-Kinyua et al., 2014).
Assessment of CBOs capacity in Kenya indicated
low capacity across CBOs making them unable to
run development programs (Odindo, 2009; Wafula
and Ndirangu, 2009). Further according to Leakey et
al. (2007), organizational capacity is often an
overlooked determinant of effective service
delivery. In Kericho County there is an estimated
6000 community organizations registered as
indicated in the Kericho County Development
Profile (Republic of Kenya, 2013). However there
has been limited documentation on the
organizational capacity of these organizations and
the effects on their performance. Yet they are
expected to contribute towards community
development. This therefore justifies the purpose of
this current study.
Statement of the Problem
Community organizations are formed by members
of community who come together to collectively
address issues or problems of common concern.
These organizations are considered channels for
community development and organizational
capacity is crucial for their effective performance.
However, despite their role in community
development, these organizations face challenges of
low organizational capacity in terms of skills and
resources, which affect their performance in service
delivery. Further there have been few studies
documenting the organizational capacity of local
community organizations and the influence on
performance.
Objective of the Study
To explore the effect of resource capacity on
performance of local community organizations in
Bureti Sub county.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical Framework
The General Systems Theory
The General Systems Theory by Ludwig von
Bertalanffy (1962) has its basis from the biological
organism view (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1987). The
principles of the systems theory; are synergy,
interdependence, interconnectedness, and organism
view of a system. This perspective looks at
organizations as made up of several interconnected
subsystems that work together and interrelate for the
common good of the whole; each sub system
influencing other parts and the whole system. The
theory models complex interrelationships between
subsystems and the overall system dependence on
the functions of the subsystems. Katz and Kahn
(1978) argued that the study of organizations should
take the system level as its conceptual starting point,
but the actual measures be constructed from
observations and reports of individual behaviours
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and attitudes (as cited in Mwaura & Ngugi, 2014).
This theory views an organization as a social system
consisting of individuals who cooperate within a
formal framework, drawing resources, people and
finances to produce products.
The systems perspective demonstrates how the
different variables of organizational capacity
interact and determine the outcome or performance
of an organization. Kuhn (1974) elaborates that
systems need to be controlled as failure in one
system leads to failure in other. An organization
according to this view is a social system consisting
of individuals who cooperate within a formal
framework, drawing resources, people and finances
to produce products (as cited in Mwaura and Ngugi,
2014). To illustrate this interrelatedness; technology
use on the one hand is dependent on the staff ability
to utilize the skills and expertise in technology to
achieve the objective and skill development on the
other hand will depend on the availability of
resources for training the staff. The systems theory
is used in this current study to explain organizational
capacity factors as the subsystems of the
organization which includes its structure, resources
(finance, membership and equipment) and skills
(training, experiences, leadership); all working
towards the achievement of an organization’s
objectives. The external environment that an
organization operates in is continually interacting
with it while trying to achieve its objectives and
other needs; therefore, changes in the environment
affect the organization. The external environment is
the intervening variable which includes government
policy directions, donor agencies and the local
community the organization is based.
The major criticisms leveled against this theory are
the tendency of its analogy which makes it abstract
and mechanical; it also does not provide an
explanation for the interpersonal relationships that
exist in organizations and it does not focus on
specific tasks in organizations but on generalization.
However, the systems theory provides a general
analytic framework for examining and
understanding an organization and its operations,
showing that outcomes at the collective
organizational level emerge from actions and
interactions from sub systems or units which make
up the collective whole.
Influence of Resource Availability and Access on
Performance
Resource capacity is important for an organization’s
performance, this includes both the tangible and
intangible resources an organization possesses
which enable it fulfill its objective; this is composed
of the human, financial, and equipment. Horton et
al. (2003) referred to as the critical resources
necessary for organizational goal achievement. Most
local community organizations source of resources
are membership contributions in the form of labour,
material and finance, which is often inadequate to
cover all planned activities, this therefore curtails
performance and service delivery. Membership to an
organization is therefore a resource. Narayan (2002)
and Dreier (1996) pointed out that membership-
based local organizations lacking sufficient
resources may be effective in meeting survival needs
of the members but may be constrained by limited
resources and technical knowledge to do more, this
is despite the huge responsibilities given to these
organizations. Most local organizations the focus of
this current study, with local membership have
resource limitations which could affect their
performance. This study sought to examine resource
capacity and constraints among the local
organizations and the effects on their performance.
Odindo (2009) and Narayan (2002) pointed out that
the performance of CBOs is affected by limited
resources and technical knowledge, as most local
organizations struggle to access basic resources to
implement their programs. This was further
demonstrated by AMREF evaluation survey which
attributed the prevailing high poverty levels among
members of the community who make up the local
community organizations to the inability of the
organizations to sustain the necessary resources
levels to meet their objectives (Wafula & Ndirangu,
2009). Majority of local community organizations
depend heavily on its membership from which it
draws its capacity; the skills, experience and cash or
in kind contributions to run its activities. Local
organizations being membership-based depend on
the strength, commitment and capabilities of its
members as the coming together generates resources
for the organization. However according to Drier
(1996) many grassroots organizations mainly
composed of the poor, lacking sufficient resources
to maintain staff, office equipment and often with
little financial stability; are therefore not able to fund
their operations from the members contributions
only. According to Brown & Kalegaonka (1999),
when constituents of civil society activities are
relatively poor and powerless, opportunities for
expanding the material base are limited. This would
therefore limit the activities and performance of
community organizations.
Richards and Roberts (1999) outlined that ‘social
capital is used to explain how relationships between
individuals can provide access to resources that
benefit both individuals and groups.’ Participation in
these social groupings is important for improving
households’ welfare which leads to assets building
and acquisition. Community members depend on
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these organizations to access resources to address
households needs like school fees for children or
other needs; by obtaining credit from their
organizations or ‘chamas’. These relations further
bring together people who through their association
and interaction in the groups contribute various
resources towards organizational performance. This
is as Shuttle (2006) posited that “social relations
sustained by trust, common values, reciprocity and
solidarity potentially triggers resources”. This
current study explored the availability of these
crucial resources to local organizations and how this
influenced their performance.
According to the Resource Based View of
organizational capacity as the ability of an
organization to obtain resources to fulfill its mission;
organizational capacity is considered as a resource
or input to production. From this perspective, if an
organization does not have the necessary resources
to meet its objectives then it lacks the capacity to
perform effectively (Bryan, 2011). Local
organizations may therefore not perform effectively
as they have limited resources at their disposal. This
supports the objective of the current study to explore
importance of resources in contributing towards
organizational capacity and effective performance
of community organizations.
Local community organizations, the focus of the
current study do not have staff and its human
resource capacity is composed of the membership in
terms of the size, members’ commitment,
motivation and participation in the activities of the
group. The membership of an organization points
out to the strength of its human resource capacity.
Maruta (2010) stated that local organizations being
membership-based are bound by the spirit of
togetherness and shared interest in the success of the
group. This shows that the organizational capacity
of an organization depends heavily on its members,
strength and participation. This was further
supported by Mathews et al., (2009) evaluation of
CBOs performance in agricultural development
which showed that membership size significantly
related to performance. This therefore suggests that
more members in an organization or a strong
membership; enables increased participation in
activities and the membership’s monetary
contributions would be substantial to support group
activities and performance.
Lusthaus et al., (2002) posited that membership to
an organization has privileges and benefits; real and
anticipated which contribute towards organizational
motivation among the members. Further since
organizations are socially constructed, their success
or failure is governed by the members’ interactions.
Members are motivated to remain in the group when
organizational goals are achieved thereby
contributing to organizational survival and
performance. When members benefit from their
group memberships, they are motivated to
contribute towards the sustenance of their groups.
This therefore suggests that regular attendance of
meetings by members potentially generates funds
and ideas for CBOs progress and performance.
Membership to community organization is a form of
social capital for the community as the members’
capacity to engage in a number of activities which
affect them is improved.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is a presentation
illustrating the relationship between the variables of
the study. It’s a diagrammatic presentation showing
the relationship between dependent and independent
variables. It aims to explain relationship between
variables and synthesizes the idea in a systematic
way to provide direction. Performance of
community organization is influenced by
organizational capacity; performance is the
dependent variable while independent variables are
the skills, resources and organizational capacity. The
environment that organizations exist in represents
the intervening variable.
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Independent Variables Intervening Dependent Variable
Figure 2.1. The Conceptual Framework showing the relationship between organizational capacity factors and
performance of community organizations
In this current study resource, resource capacity was
the independent variables, while organizational
performance was the dependent variable. Resource
capacity in this study was conceptualized to
collectively include skills and resources required to
implement activities and meet the objectives by an
organization. The elements of capacity; resources
and skills jointly contribute to organizational
capacity and jointly influence the performance of an
organization. Organizations operate in an
environment which has a bearing on it referred to as
the external environment; and the intervening
variable. The intervening variable includes
government policies which affect operations of
community organizations, donor agencies and the
community or location of the organization. There is
feedback from performance achieved which goes
back to the organizational capacity for further
improvement on capacity. The feedback is also used
as an evaluation and basis for decisions on future
activities or programs and learning by an
organization.
Research Design
This current study adopted the descriptive research
design, as the study sought to examine the influence
of organizational capacity on performance of
community organizations.
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis for this study was community
organizations, registered and operating in Bureti Sub
County; members of the organizations were
interviewed.
Population and Sampling Procedure
The population for study was all the registered
community organizations in the study area between
2008 and 2014 which according to the Bureti Sub
County, Department of Social Services and
Development were 1026 organizations. The
sampling frame was obtained from the registration
registers. To improve the efficiency of a sample
design, any available information on the population
of study including its heterogeneity is considered
(Bryman, 2008). From this it was found that the
population had different types of organizations as
per their registration. The types of organization were
therefore used as basis for stratification.
Stratified sampling was used to select the sample of
organizations for study. This method was
appropriate due to the nature of the population; that
is stratified according to the different types of
organizations.
Sample size
The units of observation were members of the
sampled organizations. The desired sample of 100
was about ten percent (10 %) of the population. The
RESOURCES
CAPACITY
Human
Funds
Equipment
ORGANIZATIONAL
PERFORMANCE
-Activity continuity
-Effectiveness
-Results and benefits
outcomes
-Motivation
EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
Donors, policies,
community
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sample size was achieved by computing the
percentages of the strata. Sampling for the study was
proportionate, calculated under the stratified
proportionate allocation (Iarossi, 2006). Simple
random sampling was then used to select units for
study from each stratum.
Number of strata = 4: A = 429, B = 325, C = 126, D = 146 Desired sample: 100
Table 3.1: Showing Samples Drawn for the Study
Type of organization number/ size per strata percentage sample size
Women groups (A) 429 41.8 42
Welfare organizations (B) 325 31.6 32
Youth groups (C) 126 12.2 12
Community Development Groups (D) 146 14.2 14
n=100
Data Collection Techniques
Primary and secondary data was collected for the
study; primary data was through interviews and
secondary data through literature search in the
internet, academic journals, publications, and review
of documents. This study used a semi-structured
interview schedule with open and closed-ended
questions were used to collect data from
respondents. The choice of interview method was
based on its relative flexibility in asking questions
and ease of making clarifications as opposed to the
questionnaire which is restrictive. The semi-
structured interview was chosen for its advantage of
providing flexibility and relatively uniform
information from the respondents which would
allow comparability of responses.
Pilot the Interview Schedule Questions
In order to assess suitability and clarity of the
interview schedule questions, the tool was piloted
with 5 randomly selected members of community
who were members of community groups from
Boito Location in Konoin, Bomet County. The
choice of location of the pilot was based on its
proximity to the study area as it was a border
location and also the area was part of Bureti before
the administrative sub division was done; therefore
the location had comparatively similar
characteristics with the study area. The pilot was
used to establish clarity of the data collection tool,
whether the interview schedule was reliable and
valid. After the pilot a few changes were made to
improve the instrument based on the responses
received.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results
In this section data was analyzed to address the study
research questions. The results of the study findings
are presented according to the research objectives
Characteristics of Respondents
The general information of the respondents’
background was sought, focus was on the age of
respondents, marital status, education level and the
type, and year of inception of the community
organization engaged in.
Gender of the respondents
The gender of the respondents who were
interviewed is presented to show representation.
Figure 4.1 Gender of the respondents
As shown in Figure 4.1, majority of the respondents
were females representing 55% while the males
were 45%. Majority of the CBOs members
interviewed were female, as opposed to males. This
agrees with the registration records from the
Department of Gender and Social Development
which showed that the number of Women Groups
registered was higher than the other groups. The
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study population was also found to have consisted of
more women groups than the other types of groups.
This showed that many females than males were
engaged in or were members of various community
groups.
Age Categories of Respondents
Majority of the individuals surveyed fell in the age
bracket between 31 years and 40 years, representing
47.4% of the respondents. They were followed by
those in the age bracket of between 41 years and 50
years who represented 28.9%. The younger age
bracket of 18 years to 30 years represented 15.5%
while those at 51 years and above represented 8.2%
as shown below.
Figure 4.1: Age brackets of the Respondents
From the results majority of those surveyed were
aged between 31 to 40 years at 47.4%, this bracket
comprised people in the working age, with family
and community responsibilities, thus mainly
engaging in community organizations activities to
improve their lives and families. The youthful
population of age bracket 18 to 30 years were
minimally engaged at about 15.5%, this is despite
the presence of funds like Youth Fund and UWEZO
which targeted the youth community groups. The
youthful population was not generally engaged in
community organizations.
Education levels of respondents
Respondents were asked to state the highest level of
education attended. As shown in Figure 4.3,
majority of the respondents at 49.5% attended at
least secondary level of education. They were
followed by about 39.2% of the respondents who
had at least primary level of education. The
respondents with tertiary level of education were
only 7.2% while 4.1% were professionals. Majority
of those interviewed interestingly had some basic
literacy or education having attended at least
primary level of education. This indicated a high
level of literacy in the research area, which indicated
the percentage of population with primary as 69.8%
for Kericho County the area of study (RoK, 2013).
Figure 4.3. Education Levels of the Respondents
Types of Organizations
To know the type of organizations, respondents were
asked to state the type of organization they were
engaged in. As shown in Figure 4.4 the findings
indicated that 62% of the organizations were Self
Help, while 28% were welfare and only 10% were
community development groups. Community
development groups’ organizations were the least at
only 10% as they were mainly formed for specific
community projects and mostly externally funded to
undertake specific projects in the community and
which often wound up after project completion.
Most of the organizations in the study area were self-
help which are community groups formed by people
with a felt need who come together toward achieving
a common goal; mainly to improve their lives,
families and by extension the community. This
suggests that most of the organizations were formed
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by members of community driven by needs or
problems.
.
Figure 4.4: Types of Organization
It was further noted that the Department of Social
Services which registers these organizations
classified them into specific categories for
registration: self-help, welfare, youth groups and
community development groups. Supervision of the
groups by the concerned technical departments was
found to be very low, the groups got little advice on
group dynamics, management of group affairs and
activities. Technical officers stated that the
supervision of the community groups and skills
improvement was done mainly during the project
cycle which stopped upon project completion
leaving the groups without any technical support and
supervision.
Year of Establishment
The study sought to know the year of establishment
of the organizations to show the trends in their
growth. The findings in Figure 4.5 show that there
was a steady increase in the number of community
organizations being established over the years.
Majority of the organizations, approximately 62.0%,
were established between 2010 to the time of the
study. About 29% of these organizations were
established between the years 2005 and 2009. Only
9% of the organizations were established between
the years 1998 and 2004. This supports the debate
that the number of CBOs has been on the increase as
they are favoured as drivers of community
development.
Figure 4.5: Year of Establishment of the Organizations
The acceptance of CBOs as drivers of community
development is evident in their gradual increase in
the community. Community groups’ formation has
been embraced and community members are
encouraged to form groups to be eligible for funding
e.g. Youth Fund, WEF and even microfinance
institutions give loans to groups, as the group
provides security or collaterals to secure loans as
opposed to individuals. Interview with the Social
development office revealed that many groups are
formed with high expectations of quick and
immediate benefit in funding; this explains the
upsurge of groups’ registration during the
introduction of WEF, Youth Empowerment Funds
and other such programmes. Majority of such groups
were however reported to die off when not funded
as anticipated.
Formality of CBOs
To determine the level of formality of the
organizations the respondents were asked if their
organizations had a written mission statement. The
responses were as follows:
Table 4.1 Responses on possession of Mission Statements by the organizations and Formality of Organizations
Yes No
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Freq Percent Freq Percent
Does your organization have a formal or written mission
statement that guides its operations? 100 100.0 0 0.0
Is the current state of operations still in line with your mission
statement? 92 92.0 8 8.0
n=100
The responses in Table 4.1 showed that all the
organizations in the study had a mission statement
which was referred to as the ‘constitution’. It came
out that it was a mandatory requirement for
registration by the Department of Social Services for
the groups to have the constitution; this explained its
possession by all the groups interviewed. The
constitution is a form of formalization as it acts as a
binding and guiding document for the group
members. However even though 92% of those
interviewed claimed that their operations were still
in line with their constitution, it came out that most
of what was written in the constitutions was not
strictly adhered to and the constitution was rarely
referred to by the groups in their operations except
on the rules of operations. Further there were some
groups which had deviated in their operations and
activities, from what was initially documented in the
constitution; however this was not openly
acknowledged. This was clearly stated by one
respondent:
‘Now we only do table banking to sustain the group
as we failed to get funding for the group project of
‘posho’ mill and green house….’(Source: Female
respondent, 2016)
Technical officers’ interview further revealed that
although all registered groups were formally
registered with constitutions, most of them did not
follow their mission statements, as some were
formed solely to access funding as a source of quick
money. It was pointed out that such groups would
soon be dormant as they were not formed and driven
by clear missions and goals. This explains the high
number of dormant or dead registered groups.
Findings on the Influence of Resource Capacity
on Performance of Community
Organizations
The first study objective sought to explore the
effects of resource capacity on the performance of
community organizations in Bureti Sub County; and
to answer the research question how resource
capacity influences performance of community
organizations. The study looked at the resources in
terms of; funding, equipment and human; assessing
their capacity and the influence on performance.
Sources of Funding
Respondents were asked to state the main sources of
funding for their organizations and the responses
were as indicated below.
Table 4.2: Sources of Funding for Community Organizations
Frequency Percent (%)
Member's contributions 94 94.0
Government department 3 3.0
Donor agencies 3 3.0
The findings in Figure 4.2 reveal that majority of the local organizations representing about 94% got their funding
from the member’s contributions. Only 3% get their funding from the government departments and another 3%
from donor agencies. From the study it came out that funding of groups’ activities was from members’
contributions which was constraining to the members who more often had low and limited sources of income as
one respondent remarked that: ‘We get very little from casual work and farming and our group contributions are
therefore very little, just enough to ‘sungusha’ among members we cannot do any projects we planned (Source:
Female respondent, 2016).
This clearly demonstrated that the low incomes among the members could limit their ability to contribute
sufficiently to support group activities. This was confirmed by the technical officers that there were no funding
agencies in the study area except for microfinance institutions and a few government funded projects in the past.
This therefore meant that the majority of the organizations depended on funding from members contributions
only.
Table 4.3: Responses on the Adequacy of funding
Frequency Percent (%)
Adequate 26 26.0
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Inadequate 64 64.0
Very inadequate 10 10.0
n = 100
Majority of the respondents said that the funding
level was inadequate for their organization’s
activities; this was claimed by 64% of the
respondents and 26% said the funding was adequate,
while only 10% said the funding was very
inadequate. This showed that the money received in
the groups was only able to meet the basic
sustenance of the group with no hope of
improvement or advancement.
It came out that in the study area there were no
identified donor agencies which could provide
funding to the local groups, except for the
microfinance institutions. Most of the community
groups were however skeptical about getting funds
or loans from the microfinance agencies for fear of
repayment defaulting due to their high interests. The
challenge of funds inadequacy cited by most of the
members of the groups interviewed, indicated that
the performance of the organizations was hindered
as they were unable to perform and meet all their
desired goals. The funding status therefore limits
groups full potentials and by extension members
benefits. These funding limitations evidently forced
most groups to operate at minimal levels of
subsistence.
Interview of technical officers showed that most
organizations faced funding challenges as they
mainly depended on members’ contributions. The
few groups which accessed funds were limited to
specific community development projects which
upon project completion, were usually unable to
operate, however a few changed their operations and
activities to be able to survive. The level of resource
availability among the organizations was pointed as
high for those groups which got loans from
microfinance institutions, but however many
respondents cited the fear of taking loans. Many of
the groups resource capacity was low especially
those which were initially funded like the NACC
funded groups, when funding ended most groups
operations was affected or stopped. The low or
limited funding led to limitations in group’s
activities and growth, as the groups were unable to
engage in tangible IGAs to maintain their groups or
improve their lives.
Interview of technical officers indicated that
resource capacity among community organization
generally as moderate. It was pointed out that the
majority of the groups depended on members’
contributions only. It was pointed out that most
groups’ funding was generally low and was not
sufficient to meet their objectives and this therefore
limited the organization’s operations and activities.
Further there were no funding agencies in the study
area Kericho except for microfinance institutions.
To further qualify the adequacy of funding among
the groups, respondents were asked to give reasons
for their ratings; their responses were as indicated in
the table 4.4.
The reasons given out on adequacy of funding by the
respondents varied from ratings of very adequate to
very inadequate. The respondents stated satisfaction
in terms of what the funds was able to do for the
group members especially on meeting basic needs
like school fees, soft loans, and household
improvements among others. Those who felt that
funding was inadequate pointed that whatever was
contributed was too little to enable any meaningful
benefits to the group. As the results in Table 4.3
showed, majority of the respondents rated their
group’s funds as inadequate at 64%. This suggests
that most groups’ performance was affected by
funding inadequacy. The low or limited funding led
to limitations in group’s activities and growth, as the
groups were unable to engage in tangible IGAs to
maintain or improve their group performance.
Technical officer’s interview pointed out that
resource levels among the groups ranged generally
from medium to low. The funded groups received
funds during project cycle which ended on
completion leaving the groups to turn to members
for contributions, and this greatly affected their
operations. It was pointed out generally that there
had been no external funding of groups in the recent
past in the study area, even by NACC, Youth Fund
and other agencies which previously had been the
main funding agencies for community groups. Most
surviving groups were therefore entirely dependent
on own internal resources to keep their organizations
going.
Resource capacity in terms of equipment
To determine resource capacity of the CBOs in
terms of equipment, the respondents were asked if
their organizations had the listed equipment.
Table 4.4 Distribution of responses on possession of office equipment by organizations
Yes No
Freq Percent Freq Percent
Does your organization have an office? 11 11.0 89 89.0
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Does your organization have furniture? 12 12.0 88 88.0
Does your organization have a computer? 3 3.0 97 97.0
Does your organization have a phone? 46 46.0 54 54.0
As shown in Table 4.5 majority of the organizations
do not have offices, furniture, computers and
telephones. When it comes to computers, only 3% of
the organizations claim to have them while 97% did
not have. Only 11% of these organizations had
offices while 89% did not. A significant number of
these organizations representing 46% said they had
telephones. However from discussions majority of
the groups used the mobile telephones of the
chairman and other officials of the group. This was
effective and served the groups though some
respondents felt that an organization should have its
telephone separated from the individual officials.
There was acute lack of most office equipment by
most groups; 97% were without computers, which
limit their ability to access vital information on the
internet like funding opportunities. They also missed
out on opportunities for proposal writing toward
funding their operations. Most of the groups when in
need of making correspondences or writing
proposals depended on commercial bureaus at a fee
since they had no computers. Considering financial
constraints faced by most of these local
organizations, proposal writing being the least of
priority, most groups therefore missed out on
accessing available funding opportunities through
proposal writing through the internet.
Among the equipment the study inquired about were
offices and furniture for the groups. The responses
showed that 89% of the groups did not have offices
and furniture at 88%. But a significant number of
them felt they did not need either office or furniture,
pointing out that they met in members’ houses or
schools and felt that was adequate for their
operational needs. It is worth to note that most
organizations being local used resources at their
disposal to achieve their goals. Even though from
the findings there was acute shortage of equipment,
most groups used ingenuity and utilized available
resources at their disposal; meeting at members
homes or schools. It is apparent that most of the local
organizations are informal groups operating at the
simplistic local levels to meet the members’ needs
without a great deal of formalization to require most
of the office equipment.
Interview of technical officers indicated that
resource capacity among community organizations
as generally moderate. This was qualified by
pointing out that majority of the groups depended on
members’ contributions as their only source of
resources. Furthermore, it was pointed that most
groups’ funding was generally low; members’
contributions not being sufficient to meet their
objectives and this therefore limited the
organization’s ability to engage in tangible activities
that could generate incomes.
Finally, resource in terms of human capacity was
assessed in this study in terms of community group
membership strength. The members’ participation
and commitment to the activities of the organization
was considered. The strength of membership was
viewed in terms of the numbers and ability of the
community organizations to retain most if not all its
members and maintain their participation in the
activities of the group. Most of the groups assessed
indicated high membership retention and this was
further supported by the existence of the
organizations and the continued activity level or
performance. This capacity was however indicated
by respondents to be facing challenges from non
compliant members who default to pay their
contributions or loans. Such a situation threatened
the membership and the very existence of the group.
Technical officers further supported this adding that
in addition to loan defaulters, many community
groups faced membership challenges in terms of non
attendance of group meetings, misuse of funds,
unresolved conflicts in the group, poor management
and leadership. Some groups were reported to have
been formed without clear missions among the
members while others have members who do not
reside in the locality therefore affecting their
participation like in attending meetings which is
crucial for the survival of the group. All these factors
threaten the existence and by extension the
performance of community organizations.
From technical officer’s responses on whether
resources influenced performance of community
organizations, there was a general agreement that
capacity had some influence on performance.
Funding was noted to be an important input and
requirement for groups to engage in activities that
generate income to support the group and improve
the welfare of the members and motivate them to
continue with their membership. Funds limitation
was therefore pointed as influencing activity level of
the organizations. Resources in terms of funds
availability among local organizations limits or
facilitates its performance. The respondents pointed
out that resource limitation influenced their
performance. Groups could not satisfactorily
perform and undertake their activities when funds
were unavailable or limited.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the Results
This study asserted that organizational capacity,
resources and skills influence the performance of
local community organizations. From this study the
findings, resource capacity was found to influence
performance; resource capacity in terms of
membership, finance and equipment were found to
have an influence on the performance of local
organizations. The organizations with high resource
capacity in terms of membership experienced high
performance as the members contributed finances
and also participated in the group’s activities thereby
contributing towards performance and continuity of
their group existence. Leadership’s ability to inspire
members’ commitment and maintain their
motivation to remain and support their
organization’s activities was evident.
Organizational capacity was found to be generally
high among the organizations studied and this was
found to influence performance of organizations.
Members’ ratings on their organizations capacities
ranged from moderate to high; with the majority
indicating satisfaction with levels of performance.
The findings generally answered and supported the
hypothesis that organizational capacity factors
positively influenced the performance of local
community organizations.
Conclusions
Theoretical Conclusions
This study was grounded on the general systems
theoretical orientation; the systems approach guided
the study. The findings from this study therefore are
in line with the systems’ perspective and confirm the
interdependence and synergy between units of an
organization for the good of the whole. In support of
the systems theory which was used to explain the
contributions of the members of the community
organizations to performance. This theory posits that
goals are the aim of all action, so individual action
is driven by goals; individual member’s goals and
needs drive the motivation to join and participate in
community organizations.
Empirical Conclusions
The objective of the study sought to explore the
effects of resource capacity of community
organizations on performance. The findings showed
low levels of resources in terms of funds and
equipment which evidently affected performance
negatively. The findings therefore supported the
objective that resources influenced the performance
of local community organizations.
In light of this study findings and observations, it can
be concluded that resource capacity factors like
funds, membership and equipment contributed to the
performance of local community organizations in
Bureti. The findings reported in this study have
reinforced the argument that resource capacity has a
significant influence on the performance of
community organizations. However this study also
indicted that this relationship is premised on some
background variables including; resource
availability and the environment the organization is
operating in. To boost the performance of
community organizations therefore, the overall
organizational capacity of the organizations should
be enhanced.
Recommendations
Recommendations for policy
This study found that resource capacity significantly
influenced performance of local community
organizations. According to this study finding most
organizations cited funding as a challenge, so efforts
should be directed at improving the resource base of
local organizations. Government policies on
community organizations should be focused on
availing funding opportunities or grants to the
grassroots to benefit local organizations which have
been formed and which are out of reach of most
funding agencies. This study recommends that the
Department of Social Services which registers all
community groups and other agencies should offer
professional and accessible services in conflict
resolution and monitoring of these community
groups to strengthen them.
Suggested areas for future research
The current study used only one method of data
collection; interviewing, however inclusion of focus
group discussions could enrich the data collected
and provide a richer and better explanation of the
relationship of the variables. A study could be
conducted with inclusion of FGDs as one of the
methods of data collection.
This current study assessed all types of community
groups engaged in varied activities and this made
comparison of their performance difficult. It is
recommended that a study based on similar
community groups like those involved in
microfinance and other funding agencies like WEF,
UWEZO and SACCO. This would provide a basis
for making comparisons of activities and
performance.
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