Abstract— Paclobutrazol is triazoles derivatives [(2 RS, 3RS)-1-(4-Chloropheny)-4, 4-dimethyl-2- (1, 2, 4 triazole-1-yl)] Pentane - 3 - ethanol. It is taken up of xylem and translocated acropetally to sub apical meristem. Paclobutrazol is metabolized in plant in 10-15 days but persists in soil generally for more than one year Pactbutrazol was applied on a basic trunk drench (1.0 g/m, 0.5 g/m tree canopy diameter) in 21-22 year old mango tree Paclobutrazol treatment induced early ripening, reduced fruit sized when applied continuously for more than one year. However that quality was better in terms of higher TSS, total sugar, and β-carotene and Ascorbic aid.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
Changes in Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yields as Affected by ...IJEAB
The study was conducted at Abakaliki to determine the changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yields as affected by animal wastes application in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatment replicated five times. The treatments were poultry droppings at 5 tha-1 (PD), cow dung at 5 tha-1 (CD), mixture of PD + CD at 5 tha-1 and control (C) – non application of amendment. Bulk density, total porosity, moisture content, aggregate stability and mean weight diameter were determine in the laboratory using appropriate procedure while plant height, leaf area index and grain yield were also, measured in the field using recommended methods. The results showed positive changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yield in the two cropping seasons with the application of animal wastes. Also, improvement in soil physical properties and maize yields were higher in the second cropping season when compared to the first cropping season. Poultry dropping is recommended for farmers to use as fertilizer in maize production because plots treated with poultry droppings recorded the highest maize grain yield in the two cropping season than other treatments.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
Changes in Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yields as Affected by ...IJEAB
The study was conducted at Abakaliki to determine the changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yields as affected by animal wastes application in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatment replicated five times. The treatments were poultry droppings at 5 tha-1 (PD), cow dung at 5 tha-1 (CD), mixture of PD + CD at 5 tha-1 and control (C) – non application of amendment. Bulk density, total porosity, moisture content, aggregate stability and mean weight diameter were determine in the laboratory using appropriate procedure while plant height, leaf area index and grain yield were also, measured in the field using recommended methods. The results showed positive changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yield in the two cropping seasons with the application of animal wastes. Also, improvement in soil physical properties and maize yields were higher in the second cropping season when compared to the first cropping season. Poultry dropping is recommended for farmers to use as fertilizer in maize production because plots treated with poultry droppings recorded the highest maize grain yield in the two cropping season than other treatments.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
The Study of Straw Organics Products and JajarLegowo Utilization toward Rice ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
CK Dotaniya= Role of Biofertilizers in Integrated Nutrient ManagementC. Dotaniya
The concept of INM is the continuous improvement of soil productivity on long term basis through suitable use of fertilizers and organic manures including green manure, biofertilizers and their scientific management for optimum growth, yield and quality of different crops and cropping system in specific agro-ecological situations.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
Presented at: Conference of Association of Applied Biologists on Positive Plant-Microbial Interactions
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Direct and Indirect Contributions of Yield Attributes to the Kernel Yield of ...IJRES Journal
Field trial was conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Samaru in the northern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria to assess the reaction of 36 groundnut genotypes to Alectra vogelii (Benth). The research field was naturally infested with Alectra. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The path coefficient analysis of the yield attributes showed that number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest percentage yield contribution of 41.46% to kernel yield. This was followed by 100 kernel weight which contributed 13.80%. The highest combined contribution of 6.23% came from 100 kernel weight and haulm yield. The residual contribution was 23, 24%.
An organic amendment is any material of plant or animal origin that can be added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical and biological properties.
The study mainly to find out the effect of activated biomass on the yield of 10 years of Ceylon tall coconut plants at bris soil to develop a fertilizer mixture that supports plant productivity. The activated biomass was derived from coconut fronds and empty fruit bunch which were air-dried and carbonized in a stainless steel fabricated kiln at a temperature between 250oC-350oC for 4 h to develop the activated biomass. Seven treatments including control were selected. Measurements of yield parameters viz., fruit weight, nut weight, husk weight, water volume, fruit perimeter, fruit length, flesh thickness and the number of nuts increased were conducted every 2 months. There are significant differences at (P<0.05) were observed in some yield parameters, percent of nut increased, flesh thickness and fruits parameter were highest at T3. The treatment of T6 shows the highest records of fruits length, water volume, the weight of fruits, and husks weight. T7 recorded the highest reading of stem diameter. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of the level of activated biomass with the different level amount of NPK supply in inducing the nutrient availability and soil microbial.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
The Study of Straw Organics Products and JajarLegowo Utilization toward Rice ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
CK Dotaniya= Role of Biofertilizers in Integrated Nutrient ManagementC. Dotaniya
The concept of INM is the continuous improvement of soil productivity on long term basis through suitable use of fertilizers and organic manures including green manure, biofertilizers and their scientific management for optimum growth, yield and quality of different crops and cropping system in specific agro-ecological situations.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
Presented at: Conference of Association of Applied Biologists on Positive Plant-Microbial Interactions
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
Direct and Indirect Contributions of Yield Attributes to the Kernel Yield of ...IJRES Journal
Field trial was conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Samaru in the northern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria to assess the reaction of 36 groundnut genotypes to Alectra vogelii (Benth). The research field was naturally infested with Alectra. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The path coefficient analysis of the yield attributes showed that number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest percentage yield contribution of 41.46% to kernel yield. This was followed by 100 kernel weight which contributed 13.80%. The highest combined contribution of 6.23% came from 100 kernel weight and haulm yield. The residual contribution was 23, 24%.
An organic amendment is any material of plant or animal origin that can be added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical and biological properties.
The study mainly to find out the effect of activated biomass on the yield of 10 years of Ceylon tall coconut plants at bris soil to develop a fertilizer mixture that supports plant productivity. The activated biomass was derived from coconut fronds and empty fruit bunch which were air-dried and carbonized in a stainless steel fabricated kiln at a temperature between 250oC-350oC for 4 h to develop the activated biomass. Seven treatments including control were selected. Measurements of yield parameters viz., fruit weight, nut weight, husk weight, water volume, fruit perimeter, fruit length, flesh thickness and the number of nuts increased were conducted every 2 months. There are significant differences at (P<0.05) were observed in some yield parameters, percent of nut increased, flesh thickness and fruits parameter were highest at T3. The treatment of T6 shows the highest records of fruits length, water volume, the weight of fruits, and husks weight. T7 recorded the highest reading of stem diameter. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of the level of activated biomass with the different level amount of NPK supply in inducing the nutrient availability and soil microbial.
Effect of application of “Grinophyll” on Growth and Yield of RiceAI Publications
The present investigation entitled “effect of application of “Grinophyll” on growth and yield of rice was carried out during kharif season of the year 2021 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa farm, At-Nare, Tal-Wada, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The three treatments (Control, Grinophyll @ 4ml, and Grinophyll @6ml per 15 liters of water) were replicated twice times on four varieties of rice namely Dandi, Gurjari, Jaya, and GAR-13. The plant population per meter square (34.5), plant height (105.9 cm), number of tillers per plant (13.7), number of panicles per plant (13), number of panicles per square meter (442) and length of panicle (25.8 cm) was recorded maximum with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml /15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR-13”. The highest number of seeds per panicle (203.5), test weight (34.1 g), grain yield (57.45 q/ha) and straw yield (85.08 q/ha) was found with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water.The data clearly revealed that, the yield obtained with treatment Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR 13” was significantly higher than all other treatments and also for growth parameters.
Irregular and alternate bearing in fruits is a major problem faced by fruit growers. This problem causes great economic loss to the growers with poor yield and selling of produce at low price during “on year” due to fruit glut in the market.
Plant height, flowering, yield and quality including alternate bearing can be overcome by various horticultural practices like pruning, thinning of fruits, use of chemicals like Paclobutrazol etc. out of these use of Paclobutrazol is commonly practiced by the horticultural growers.
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University
Presented at: Workshop on Carbon Markets: Expanding Opportunities & Valuing Co-Benefits, organized by the Soil & Water Conservation Society and the National Wildlife Federation
Presented on: July 21, 2010
Seminar on Genetic improvement in cucumber.pptxAKHILRDONGA
PG major Seminar on Genetic Improvement in cucumber ppt file delivered by Akhil Donga (M.Sc. Genetics and plant Breeding) in C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Effects of Paclobutrazol on fruit yield and physico-chemical characteristics of mango Cvs. Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Fazri
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 6
Effects of Paclobutrazol on fruit yield and physico-chemical
characteristics of mango Cvs. Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and
Fazri
Ashok Kumar1
, С.Р. Singh2
, I.D.Bist3
1
Professor, Uttaranchal college of Agriculture Science, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, U.K. India.
2,3
Professor, Department of Horticulture, G.B.P.U.A&T- Pant Nagar, U.P., India.
Abstract— Paclobutrazol is triazoles derivatives [(2 RS, 3RS)-1-(4-Chloropheny)-4, 4-dimethyl-2- (1, 2, 4 triazole-1-yl)]
Pentane - 3 - ethanol. It is taken up of xylem and translocated acropetally to sub apical meristem. Paclobutrazol is
metabolized in plant in 10-15 days but persists in soil generally for more than one year Pactbutrazol was applied on a basic
trunk drench (1.0 g/m, 0.5 g/m tree canopy diameter) in 21-22 year old mango tree Paclobutrazol treatment induced early
ripening, reduced fruit sized when applied continuously for more than one year. However that quality was better in terms of
higher TSS, total sugar, and β-carotene and Ascorbic aid.
Keywords— Paclobutrazol (PBZ), Auxins (IAA), Gibbcrellins, Cytokinins and Plant growth regulator.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) is the most important fruit crop of India. The production scenario of different fruits in India
indicates that all the fruits occupied 6,480 thousand ha area with 92,846 thousand MT production and 14.3 MT/ha
productivity during 2016-17. The total allocation to the fruits in the country has been increased from 6,235 to 6,480 thousand
ha over the previous year, while the total production of fruits has also been increased from 89,512 to 92,846 thousand MT.
The area and production of mango has been almost continuously increases over the years. The area under mango cultivation
was 1077.6 thousand ha during 1991-92 which reaches up to 2516 thousand ha in 2013-14 and recorded 2262.8 thousand ha
in 2016-17. However, the production has been fluctuating drastically. During 1991-92, the total production was 8,715.6
thousand MT which was increased up to 13,997 thousand MT in 2007-08. During 2008-09 the production was declined from
13997 thousand MT to 12,750 thousand MT. From 2009-10 there is continuous increase in the mango production (15,026.7
thousand MT) to 2016-17 (19,686.9 thousand MT). A total 109.99 % increase in area under mango cultivation has been
recorded from 1991-92 to 2014-15 while, 125.88 % increase in production was recorded during the same period. However,
productivity has been fluctuating drastically from 1991-92 to 2014-15. The productivity of 8.1 MT/ha was recorded during
1991-12 whereas, it was declined up to 5.5 MT/ha in 2008-09 and again increased up to 8.5 MT/ha in 2014-15 and reached
up to maximum productivity of 8.7 MT/ha in 2016-17. There was overall increase of 7.41 % in productivity of mango from
1991-92 to 2014-15. In 2017, global mango production amounted to about 50.65 million metric tons. In India it is grown on
an area of 2.516 million hectares with annual production of 18.431 million tonne having productivity of 7.3 metric tonne per
hectare Anonymous (2017).
Although, alternate bearing is a major problems in mango production and its means "a condition at which high or optimum
fruit production in on year or higher and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as cultar
reported to be effective on inducing flowering mango off year (Sinde et al.,2000). Paclobutrazol increased photosynthesis
activity in apple (16%) (Kirn et al., 1990: Steffens, et al., 1990). Pecan (7.54%) (Wood 1984: Deyton, et al., 1991). Citrus
(Deng et al, 1990). It also increased chlorophyll content in apple (Steffens, et al, 1983, 1984; Steffens and Wang, 1984,
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 7
Wang et al, 1985, San Wavini et al, 1986; Kwon and Lee, 1986; Kim et al, 1990; Hao, et al, 1991, Pear (Bonomo and Neri,
1986), Peach (Coston, 1986; Choi et al, 1988), Strawberry (Archibold and Houtz, 1988), Grape (Shaltout et al., 1988),
Banana (El-Qtmani et al, 1992) and Citrus (Deng et al., 1990). Paclobutrazol did not affect Sugar, pH, Colors or Glucose,
Fructose ratio in Grape (Zoeckleni et al., 1991), Amino Cyclopropane, Carboxylic Acid, Ethylene, Respiration Sorbitol,
Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose and Malic Acid in Apple (Wang and Steffen's, 1987). Paclobutrazol reduced sugar concentration
in Apple (Green and Murray, 1983; Greene, 1986; Byun and Chang. 1986; Luo et al, 1989; El fving et al., 1990; El-Khoreiby
et al 1989; Forlanin and Cappola, 1992), Persimmon (Lee and Kim, 1991), TSS in Cherry (Looney and Mc Killar, 1987),
acidity in Apricot (Mehta et al., 1990), and grape (Shaltout et al, 1988; Zoecklein et al. 1991, Reynold et al, 1992).
Paclobutrazol
[Paclobutrazol: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1, 2, 4-triazol-
1-yl) pentan-3-ol.]
FIGURE 1: TOXICITY
TABLE 1
EFFECTS PACLOBUTRAZOL TREATMENT POST HARVEST LIFE OF MANGO CVS. DASHERI, LANGRA, CHAUSA
AND FAZRI (1998-99)
Treatment
TSS
(%)
Acidity
(%)
Total
Sugar (%)
Reducing
Sugar
(%)
Non reducing
Sugar (%)
βcarotene
Ascorbic acid
(mg)
Dashehari
Control
1.0g PBZ m tree
canopy diam.
23.40
23.73
0.22
0.20
15.33
15.39
3.89
3.90
11.46
11.51
1.42
1.14
36.79
37.16
Langra
Control
1.0g PBZ m tree
canopy diam.
21.07
21.83
0.18
0.17
17.35
17.39
5.82
5.85
11.54
11.56
1.38
1.39
132.34
132.43
Chausa
Control
1.0g PBZ m tree
canopy diam.
21.66
21.71
0.26
0.25
17.47
17.51
5.34
5.36
12.14
13.23
1.12
1.13
38.86
39.35
Fazri
Control
1.0g PBZ m tree
canopy diam.
17.57
17.81
0.31
0.29
13.64
13.69
5.66
5.67
7.98
8.05
1.15
1.16
12.91
13.21
CD at 5%
Cultivar
Treatment
Interction
0.20
0.14
0.28
0.84
0.59
NS
0.19
0.13
NS
0.12
0.86
NS
0.40
0.28
NS
0.76
0.54
NS
0.51
0.36
0.72
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 8
FIGURE 2: Effects Paclobutrazol treatment on Post Harvest life of Mango cvs. Dashehari, Langra, Chausa
and Fazli. (1997-98).
TABLE 3
PACLOBUTRAZOL TREATMENT ON POST HARVEST LIFE OF MANGO CVS. DASHERI, LANGRA, CHAUSA AND
FAZRI (1998-99)
Treatment
TSS
(%)
Acidity
(%)
Total
Sugar (%)
Reducing
Sugar
(%)
Non reducing
Sugar (%)
βcarotene
Ascorbic acid
(mg)
Dashehari
Control
0.5g PBZ m tree
canopy diam.
23.31
23.65
0.23
0.20
15.35
15.42
3.88
3.88
11.44
11.48
1.13
1.14
37.75
37.12
Langra
Control
0.5g PBZ/ m tree
canopy diam.
21.11
21.78
0.18
0.17
17.37
17.41
5.81
5.83
11.54
11.54
1.37
1.38
132.32
132.37
Chausa
Control
0.5g PBZ/ m tree
canopy diam.
21.64
21.81
0.26
0.25
17.48
17.54
5.33
5.36
12.13
13.15
1.11
1.13
38.97
39.33
Fazri
Control
0.5g PBZ/ m tree
canopy diam.
17.54
17.75
0.31
0.29
13.64
13.73
5.67
5.65
8.46
8.04
1.14
1.16
22.89
13.17
CD at 5%
Cultivar
Treatment
Interction
0.60
0.43
0.86
0.84
0.59
NS
0.11
0.79
NS
0.43
0.30
0.61
0.37
0.26
NS
0.56
0.40
NS
0.44
0.31
0.63
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
TSS (%)
Acidity (%)
Total Sugar (%)
Reducing Sugar (%)
Non reducing Sugar (%)
βcarotene
Ascorbic acid (mg)
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 9
FIGURE 3: Effects Paclobutrazol treatment on Post Harvest life of Mango cvs. Dasheri, Langra, Chausa
and Fazri (1998-99)
The acute oral LD50 of rats was 2000mg/kg (male), 1300mg/kg (female); for mice oral: 490mg/kg (male), 1,200mg/kg
(female); for rabbit, the acute oral LD50: 840 mg/kg (male), 940 mg/kg (female). Rat and rabbit: acute percutaneous LD50>
1000mg/kg. For rat, acute inhalation has a LC50: 4.79mg/L (male) (4h), 3.13mg/L (female) (4h). It has certain irritant effect
on the skin and eyes of the rat and rabbit. The no-action dosage for feeding rats of 2 years is 250 mg/kg; the no-action dosage
for feeding dog of 1 year is 75 mg/kg; No mutagenicity effect. For rainbow trout, LC50:27.8mg/L (96h), carp LC5023.5mg/L
(48h), and Daphnia LC50> 7900mg/L. Low toxicity to bees, LD50> 0.002mg/only.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The uniform size fruits were harvested along with 5 cm stalk length with help of hand Scatters. Harvested fruits were washed
and kept in Corrugated Fiber Board (CFB) boxes in single layer, under ambient temperature (30-33 C) for shelf life study.
2.1 Physio Chemical Analysis
The observation on various physio-chemical characters were recorded from 22 June and 22 July, harvested fruits were
recorded at 10 days of storages in all replications according to the experiments. The physio-chemical parameters viz. TSS
(Total Soluble Solids) was determined with the help of hand refractometer. Fruit Acidity was estimated by titrating pulp
extract with O.1N NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator Total sugar, β-carotene was determined according to method
suggested by Raganna (1992).
2.2 Statically Design
The observation recorded were subjected to statically analysis by using Completely Randomized Design for lab experiments
valid conclusions were drawn only on significant differences between the treatment mean at 5 % level of Probability
(Conchran and Cox, 1959) In order to compare treatment means, critical difference were calculated
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The fruits were kept in corrugated Fiber Board (CFB) boxes in single layer under ambient temperature (30-33°C). The time
taken for ripening of fruits in cultivars Dashehari, Langra. Chausa and Fazri were 1-2 days earlier in both the consecutive
years. However, lowest doses of Paclobutrazol 0.5 g/m canopy diameter was ineffective on early ripening, similar was the
dots, oblong to oblong oblique with base rounded to oblique round medium sized, skin smooth, medium thick, though and
non adhering. The flesh is yellow, firm with almost no fibber, scanty juice and delightful aroma, very sweet test of excellent
quality. Table 1A,1B shown that Paclobutrazol treated Dashehan Mango is slightly increase TSS (23.40%), acidity (0.22%),
total sugar (15.33%), reducing sugar (3.89%) non-reducing sugar (11.46%), ß-carotene (1.42%) and ascorbic acid (36.79mg)
However, this treatment is better in higher doses of Paclobutrazol (1.0 g/meter canopy diameter) compare to lower doses (0.5
g/meter canopy diameter).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
TSS (%)
Acidity (%)
Total Sugar (%)
Reducing Sugar (%)
Non reducing Sugar (%)
βcarotene
Ascorbic acid (mg)
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 10
The fruit of Langra Mango is greenish yellow with medium is big dark green dots ovals-oblong, 8-10.5 cm long by 6.5-7.5
cm broad by 6-7 cm thick, weighting 235-735 g. The skin is medium smooth thick. The flesh firm to soft, fibreless, lemon
yellow, very sweet with strong pleasant aroma, juice moderately abundant, mono embryonic seed is medium sized, flattened
stone covered with dense, soft and short fibber, quality is very good, early to mid season varieties.
Therefore, the fruits taken time for ripening in general 8-10 days higher doses of PBZ (1.0 g/meter canopy diameter) were
effective on early ripening. Langra Mango, 2-3 days early ripe with slightly significant effect on TSS, acidity, totals sugar,
reducing and non-reducing sugar percent. Data 1A, 1B is shown that higher doses of PBZ (1.0 g/meter canopy diameter) is
slightly increased TSS (21.07%), acidity (0.18%), total sugar (17.35%), reducing sugar (5.82%), non-reducing sugar
(21.83%), ß-Carotene (1.38%), total sugar (17.39%) reducing (5.85%), non-reducing (11.56%), ß-Carotene (1.39), ascorbic
acid (132.43 mg ) as well as lower doses (0.5 g/m canopy diameter).
Chausa is late maturing cultivars of Mango. The fruit is canary yellow raw sienna when fully ripe with numerous obscure
medium sized dotes with minute specks inside them, oblong with prominent beak, obtuse to rounded medium sized. The skin
is thin and same what adhering pulp raw sienna soft and fucy with canty fine long fibber near the skin. The fruit is very sweet
with luscious, delightful aroma of excellent quality. Seed mono embryonic in a thick, medium sized oblong stone with fine,
short fibbers all over the surface and a tuft of long fibbers on the ventral edge and a light bearer.
The fruits of Chausa are harvest on 24th July was kept at ambient temperature (30-33°C) for ripening and data on their
weight, TSS, acidity, total sugars, β-Carotene and change of peal and pulp color during ripening. Data's further show that
Chausa fruit take 6-8 days to ripen when harvested on 24th
July. Data on fruit quality in table 1A, 1B show that Paclobutrazol
forces the fruit to ripen early (1-2 days) without any significant on percent fruit weight loss, stone ratio, width of fruit and
stone. Data again shows that Paclobutrazol reduced fruit weight, fruit volume, and width of fruit and length of fruit. The
various cultivars responded effectively to reduction of fruit size and stone.
Data further shows that higher doses of PBZ (1.0 g/meter canopy diameter) were more effective than lower doses of PBZ
(0.5 g/meter canopy diameter) and slightly increased fruit quality in terms of TSS, Acidity percent, reducing and non-
reducing sugar, ß –Carotene content and ascorbic acid. The fruit of Fazri is light chrome yellow with small, dark colored
fairly sparse dots. Oblique oval with base slightly rounded and beak distinct to slightly prominent, large. average 14.3 cm
long by 9.8 cm board, weighting 500 g. on average with a medium thick skin average with a medium thick skin that is
smooth with some inclination to be warty and firm to soft fibreless flesh of a light cadmium yellow with a pleasant aroma
and a sweet taste, having juice that may be scanty to moderately abundant seed mono embryonic in large oblong stone that is
covered with sparse short and soft fibber, mid to late varieties.
Fazri took 11.5 days for ripening at ambient temperature. Data 1A, 1B show that Paclobutrazol. Higher doses of 1.0 g/m tree
canopy diameter treatments had slightly increase acidity percent; total sugar percent and ascorbic acid than control (expect
TSS, reducing and non-reducing sugar percent and β-carotene). The interaction between Paclobutrazol and cultivars were
non-significant except TSS percent, fruit quality was differed in different cultivars without any interaction effect between
PBZ and cultivars. Data 1A, 1B on fruit quality show that Paclobutrazol forces the fruit to ripen early 1-2 days.
Paclobutrazol treatment induced early ripening, reduced fruit size, when applied continuously for more than one year.
However, fruit quality was better in terms of higher TSS, Ascorbic Acid, β-carotene and total sugar. The fruit produced by
PBZ treatment were settler in terms of TSS, acidity and ascorbic acid reducing and non-reducing sugar and β- carotene.
However, fruits were slightly smaller than those of untreated control. In general, post bloom application of Paclobutrazol in
soil is better than the pre bloom Paclobutrazol in early maturing Cvs. Dashehari. However, such effects were not observed in
medium and late maturing Cvs. Langra, Chausa and Fazr.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks, profound sense of severance and gratitude to Late Dr. Sant Ram, Prof.
and Dean PGS and Chairman with the other member of my advisor committee for his valuable suggestions, guidance, and
keen interest consecutive criticism and unending encouragement during the course of these investigation and preparations of
manuscript.
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