The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for growing rice that modifies standard practices to improve yields. SRI involves changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients to support larger, more extensive root systems and promote soil biota. This agroecological management improves the growing environment and yields better rice phenotypes from any genotype using less water, seeds, and other inputs. SRI has led to increased yields of 50-100% or more in many countries along with other benefits like water savings, increased resistance to stresses, and reduced costs, methane emissions, and environmental impacts.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Presenter: Fitri Ardi, Dian Nareswari, Nia Kesuma Megasari, Ahmad Jatika, Suichi Sato and Iswandi Anas
Workshop on SRI at the Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Presenter: Fitri Ardi, Dian Nareswari, Nia Kesuma Megasari, Ahmad Jatika, Suichi Sato and Iswandi Anas
Workshop on SRI at the Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Panel on Climate Change and Rice Agriculture 3rd International Rice Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam
Presented on: 9 November 2010
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
Presented at: Conference of Association of Applied Biologists on Positive Plant-Microbial Interactions
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/14/2010
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Improving Food Production for Health in a Water-Constrained World: Opportunities from Agroecological Knowledge and Experience (SRI)
Presented at: Water for Health Lecture Series, Nebraska Water Center
Date: February 24, 2016
Authors: Amod K. Thakur and Norman Uphoff
Title: 1707 - Climate Smart agriculture: How modified crop/water management with SRI can contribute to climate-resilience and higher water productivity
Date: October 23-25, 2017
Presented at: 2017 Annual Meetings of ASA-CSSA-SSSA on ‘Managing Global Resources for a Secure Future
Venue: Tampa, Florida, USA
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/15/2010
A Global Perspective of Intensification in relation to food security and clim...Sri Lmb
Prof. Norman Uphoff
Professor of Government and International Agriculture
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
* Director, Cornell Institute for Public Affairs (CIPA), and
* Senior Advisor, SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice), Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD)
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: 12th European Rice Millers Convention. Venice
Presented on: September 18, 2009
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: International Conference on Sustainable Development in the Context of Climate Change- Asian Institute of Technology
Presented on: September 24, 2009
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Opportunities to Raise Agricultural Production with Water-Saving and with Climate-Change Resilience for Diverse Crops and CountriesOpportunities to Raise Agricultural Production with Water-Saving and with Climate-Change Resilience for Diverse Crops and Countries
Presented at: The Brown Bag Lunch with Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA
Date: November 6, 2017
Venue: FAS/USDA, Washington D.C.
Conservation agriculture (CA) refers to a set of agricultural practices encompassing minimum mechanical soil disturbance, diversified crop rotation and permanent soil cover with crop residues to mitigate soil erosion and improve soil fertility besides soil functions. The CA aims to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of resources through CA-based technologies. It has many tangible and intangible benefits in terms of reduced cost of production, saving of time, increased yield through timely planting, improved water productivity, adaptation to climate variability, reduced disease and pest incidence through stimulation of biological diversity, reduced environmental footprints and ultimately improvements in soil health. However, weeds are a major biotic interference in CA, posing big defy towards its success unless all the principles are completely followed. Development of post-emergence herbicide and growing herbicide-tolerant crops and also the retention of crop residues as a mulch help in managing weed problems and also improve soil moisture retention. Furthermore, this practice of agriculture improves soil organic carbon content which ultimately leads to an increase in input use efficiency.
Authors: Febri Doni and Rizky Riscahya Pratama Syamsuri
Title: System of Rice Intensification in Indonesia: Research adoption and Opportunities
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (SCI) for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security
Date: December 12-14, 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Rice Production and Saving Water in Africa
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12-14 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Lucy Fisher
Title: Overview of the System of Rice Intensification SRI Around the World
Presented at: The International Conference on The System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12, 2022
Author: Khidhir Abbas Hameed
Title: Estimated Water Savings, Yield and Income Benefits from Using SRI Methods in Iraq
Event: International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI2022)
Date: December 12-14, 2022
(Partial slideset related to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presentation at COP26, Glasgow, Scotland
Date: November 2021
Presentation by: Ministereo Desarrollo Agropecuario, Panama
This is a presentation about the SRI activities of the LINKS program, Catalysing Economic Growth for Northern Nigeria, which is implemented by Tetra Tech International Development
Author: Tetra Tech International Development
Title: Reduced Methane Emissions Rice Production Project in Northern Nigerian with System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Date: October 25, 2021
Author: Reinaldo Cardona
Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas del estado Portuguesa: UNEFA-Núcleo Portuguesa Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada
Date: 2017
Title: Sistema Intensivo del Cultivo del Arroz para la Producción y Sustentabilidad del Rubro
Speaker: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Opportunities with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Date: June 25, 2021
Venue: online, presented in the International Webinar Series on Agroecology and Community Series
Speaker: Khidhir Abbas Hameed,
Al Mishkhab Rice Research Station
Title: System of Rice Intensification SRI
Date: December 9, 2020
Organizer: Central and West Asian Rice Center (CWA Rice)
Venue: online
Author/Presenter: Karla Cordero Lara
Title: Towards a More Sustainable Rice Crop: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Experience in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice
Date: November 29-30, 2018
Presented at: The Third International Symposium on Rice Science in Global Health
Venue: Kyoto, Japan
Title: Proyecto IICA - MIDA/ Sistema Intensivo de Arroz (SRI) Evaluación del primer ensayo de validación realizado en coclé para enfrentar al Cambio Climático (alternativa) Localizada en el Sistema de Riego El Caño. Diciembre /2018 - Abril/ 2019 - Octubre/ 2019
Title: Smallholder Rice Production Practice and Equipment: What about the Women?
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Venue: 2nd Global Sustainable Rice Conference and Exhibition
United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok Thailand
Date: October 2, 2019
Author: Pascal Gbenou
Title: Rice cultivation in Africa: How traditional practices relate to modern opportunities
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
Authors: Christopher B. Barrett, Asad Islam, Abdul Malek, Deb Pakrashi, Ummul Ruthbah
Title: The Effects of Exposure Intensity on Technology Adoption and Gains: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh on the System of Rice Intensification
Date: July 21, 2019
Presented at: USDA Multi-state Research Project NC-1034 annual research conference on
The Economics of Agricultural Technology & Innovation
Location: Atlanta, GA
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Productivity of Rice under Water Scarcity in Africa: The Case for the System of Rice Intensification
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
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1039 Opportunities Created by the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for Improvements in Soil, Water & Environmental Quality
1. Opportunities Created by the
System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) for Improvements in Soil,
Water & Environmental Quality
Norman Uphoff, Cornell University
Workshop - July 21 - on Carbon Markets:
Expanding Opportunities & Valuing Co-Benefits,
organized by the Soil & Water Conservation
Society and the National Wildlife Federation
2. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
- developed in Madagascar in the 1980s –
modifies standard rice-growing practices.
By changing the management of plants,
soil, water, and nutrients, SRI methods:
(a) Support larger, better-functioning
root systems, and
(b) Promote the abundance, diversity
and activity of beneficial soil biota.
Such agroecological management improves
the growing environment (E) to yield a
better phenotype (P) from any genotype (G)
8. BHUTAN: Report on SRI in Deorali Geog, 2009
Sangay Dorji, Jr. Extension Agent, Deorali Geog, Dagana
Standard practice 3.6 t/ha SRI @ 25x25cm 9.5 t/ha
SRI random spacing 6.0 t/ha SRI @ 30x30cm 10.0 t/ha
9. 2008: 6 farmers got
SRI yields of 10.1 t/ha
vs. 5.4 t/ha regular
2009: 42 farmers got
SRI yields of 9.3 t/ha
vs. 5.6 t/ha regular
2nd-year SRI farmers got
13.3 t/ha vs. 5.6 t/ha
1st-year SRI farmers got
8.7 t/ha vs. 5.5 t/ha
AFGHANISTAN:
2009 Report from
Aga Khan Foundation:
Baghlan Province
10. MALI: Farmer in
the Timbuktu
region showing the
difference between
regular and SRI
rice plants
--
2007: SRI yield
was 8.98 t/ha
--
Program managed by
Africare and supported
by the Better U
Foundation
11. SRI Control
Farmer
Practice
Yield t/ha* 9.1 5.49 4.86
Standard Error (SE) 0.24 0.27 0.18
% Change compared to
Control
+ 66 100 - 11
% Change compared to
Farmer Practice
+ 87 + 13 100
Number of
Farmers
53 53 60
• * adjusted to 14% grain moisture content
MALI: 2008 results, rice grain yields for
SRI plots, control plots, and farmer-
practice plots, Goundam, Timbuktu region
12. SRI shows the power of E in the equation:
P = ƒx [G x E] – How do we improve E ?
1. Transplant young seedlings to preserve their growth
potential (altho direct seeding is becoming an option)
2. Avoid trauma to the roots -- transplant quickly and
shallow, not inverting root tips, which halts growth
3. Give plants wide spacing -- one plant per hill and in
square pattern to achieve “edge effect” everywhere
4. Keep paddy soil moist but unflooded -- soil should
be mostly aerobic -- never continuously saturated
5. Actively aerate the soil -- as much as possible
6. Enhance soil organic matter as much as possible
These practices stimulate root growth and the
abundance and diversity of soil biota – raising
productivity of land, labor, capital and water
13. Various Benefits from SRI Practices:
1. Increased yield – 50-100%, and often even more
2. Saving of water – rice production is feasible with
less water; also rainfed versions are developing
3. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses – less
damage from pests and diseases and from extremes
(either way) in rainfall or temperature
4. Shorter crop cycle – crop matures in 1-3 weeks less
time; so less exposure to climate and pest hazards
5. Higher milling outturn – about 15% more rice per
bushel of paddy, due to less chaff, less breakage
6. Reductions in labor requirements – incentive for
adoption in China and India; mechanization starting
7. Lower costs of production – this increases farmer
incomes by more than the yield increase; this adds
to the incentive to adopt agroecological management
14. Environmental Benefits
1. Reduced water requirements – less pressure on
ecosystems that are in competition with food and
agriculture; higher crop water-use efficiency
2. Higher land productivity – reduce pressures for
expansion of arable area to feed our population
3. Less use of inorganic fertilizer – reactive N is ‘the
third major threat to our planet after biodiversity
loss and climate change’ (John Lawton, former chief
executive, UK National Envir. Research Council)
4. Less reliance on agrochemicals for crop protection
- this should enhance both soil and water quality
5. Buffering the effects of climate change – drought,
storms (no lodging), cold temperatures, etc.
6. Possible reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) –
reduced CH4 apparently without offsetting N2O
15. More productive SRI phenotypes give higher
water-use efficiency as reflected in the ratio
of photosynthesis to transpiration:
For each 1 millimol of water lost by transpiration:
In SRI plants, 3.6 millimols of CO2 are fixed
In RMP plants, 1.6 millimols of CO2 are fixed
Climate change makes this increasingly important
‘An assessment of physiological effects of the System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) compared with recommended rice cultivation
practices in India,’ A.K. Thakur, N. Uphoff and E. Antony
Experimental Agriculture, 46(1), 77-98 (2010)
16. Parameters
Cultivation method
SRI RMP SRI % LSD.05
Total chlorophyll
(mg g-1FW)
3.37
(0.17)
2.58
(0.21)
+30 0.11
Ratio of chlorophyll a/b 2.32
(0.28)
1.90
(0.37)
+22 0.29
Transpiration
(m mol m-2 s-1)
6.41
(0.43)
7.59
(0.33)
-16 0.27
Net photosynthetic rate
(μ mol m-2 s-1)
23.15
(3.17)
12.23
(2.02)
+89 1.64
Stomatal conductance
(m mol m-2 s-1)
422.73
(34.35)
493.93
(35.93)
-15 30.12
Internal CO2 concentration
(ppm)
292.6
(16.64)
347.0
(19.74)
-16 11.1
Comparison of chlorophyll content, transpiration rate,
net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and
internal CO2 concentration in SRI and RMP
Standard deviations are given in parentheses [N = 15]
17. Other Benefits from Changes in Practices
1. Water saving – major concern in many places, also
now have ‘rainfed’ version with similar results
2. Greater resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses –
less damage from pests and diseases, drought,
typhoons, flooding, cold spells [discuss tomorrow]
3. Shorter crop cycle – same varieties are harvested
by 1-3 weeks sooner, save water, less crop risk
4. High milling output – by about 15%, due to fewer
unfilled grains (less chaff) and fewer broken grains
5. Reductions in labor requirements – widely reported
incentive for changing practices in India and China;
also, mechanization is being introduced many places
6. Reductions in costs of production – greater farmer
income and profitability, also health benefits
SRI LANKA: Rice fields 3 weeks after irrigation was stopped;
conventionally-grown field on left, and SRI field on right
18. VIETNAM:
Dông Trù village,
Hanoi province,
after typhoon
SRI field and
rice plant on left;
Conventional field
and plant on right
19. Period Mean max.
temp. 0C
Mean min.
temp. 0C
No. of
sunshine hrs
1 – 15 Nov 27.7 19.2 4.9
16–30 Nov 29.6 17.9 7.5
1 – 15 Dec 29.1 14.6 8.6
16–31 Dec 28.1 12.2* 8.6
INDIA: Meteorological and yield data from
ANGRAU IPM evaluation, Andhra Pradesh, 2006
Season Normal (t/ha) SRI (t/ha)
Rabi 2005-06 2.25 3.47
Kharif 2006 0.21* 4.16
* Low yield was due to cold injury for plants (see above)
*Sudden drop in min. temp. during 16–21 Dec. (9.2-9.8oC for 5 days)
22. Yan, X., H. Akiyama, K. Yagi and H. Akomoto. ‘Global
estimations of the inventory and mitigation potential
of methane emissions from rice cultivation conducted
using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change Guidelines.’ Global Biochemical Cycles, (2009)
“We estimated that if all of the continuously flooded rice fields were
drained at least once during the growing season, the CH4 emissions
would be reduced by 4.1 Tg a-1 . Furthermore, we estimated that
applying rice straw off-season wherever and whenever possible would
result in a further reduction in emissions of 4.1 Tg a-1 globally. …
if both of these mitigation options were adopted, the global CH4
emission from rice paddies could be reduced by 7.6 Tg a-1.
Although draining continuously flooded rice fields may lead to an
increase in nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, the global warming
potential resulting from this increase is negligible when compared
to the reduction in global warming potential that would result
from the CH4 reduction associated with draining the fields.”
23. Soil and Atmospheric Benefits?
1. Few evaluations of impact on soil organic carbon –
study at ICRISAT (Rupela et al. 2006) found
microbial biomass carbon (MBC) 1242 vs. 1187 (NS)
2. Should have some increase in carbon sequestration –
from ongoing amendments of compost, FYM, etc.
+ exudation from larger, more active root systems
3. Improvements in soil structure – improved soil
porosity from increased biological activity;
venting of H2S, CO2 and other gases
4. Increased water retention – related to soil porosity
and SOM, also from increased biological activity
5. Should have reduced carbon footprint – with
smaller-scale, less mechanized production; and
less chemical fertilizer produced and transported
24. Total bacteria Total diazotrophs
Microbial populations in rhizosphere soil in rice crop under different
management at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering
(SRI = yellow; conventional = red) – IPB research
[units are √ transformed values of population/gram of dry soil]
Phosphobacteria Azotobacter
25. Dehydrogenase activity (μg TPF) Urease activity (μg NH4-N))
Microbial activities in rhizosphere soil in rice crop with
different management (SRI = yellow; conventional = red)
at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages
[units are √ transformed values of population/gram of dry soil per 24 h]
Acid phosphate activity (μg p-Nitrophenol)
Nitrogenase activity (nano mol C2H4)
26. Microorganisms in Leaves and Seeds:
New Paradigm for Agriculture?
1. Beneficial interactions between plants and
microorganisms within the root zone
(rhizosphere) are well established
2. We are now finding that positive interactions
extend also to the rest of the plant:
– Leaves: soil bacteria (Rhizobia) migrate
into the leaf zone (phyllosphere),
promoting better phenotypes, and
– Seeds: when inoculated with fungus
(Fusarium culmorum), more root growth
27. Ascending Migration of Endophytic Rhizobia,
from Roots and Leaves, inside Rice Plants and
Assessment of Benefits to Rice Growth Physiology
Feng Chi et al.,J. Applied & Envir. Microbiology 71 (2005), 7271-7278
Rhizo-
bium test
strain
Total plant
root
volume/
pot (cm3)
Shoot dry
weight/
pot (g)
Net photo-
synthetic
rate
(μmol-2 s-1)
Water
utilization
efficiency
Area (cm2)
of flag leaf
Grain
yield/
pot (g)
Ac-ORS571 210 ± 36A 63 ± 2A 16.42 ± 1.39A 3.62 ± 0.17BC 17.64 ± 4.94ABC
86 ± 5A
SM-1021 180 ± 26A 67 ± 5A 14.99 ± 1.64B 4.02 ± 0.19AB 20.03 ± 3.92A
86 ± 4A
SM-1002 168 ± 8AB 52 ± 4BC 13.70 ± 0.73B 4.15 ± 0.32A 19.58 ± 4.47AB
61 ± 4B
R1-2370 175 ± 23A 61 ± 8AB 13.85 ± 0.38B 3.36 ± 0.41C 18.98 ± 4.49AB
64 ± 9B
Mh-93 193 ± 16A 67 ± 4A 13.86 ± 0.76B 3.18 ± 0.25CD 16.79 ± 3.43BC
77 ± 5A
Control 130 ± 10B 47 ± 6C 10.23 ± 1.03C 2.77 ± 0.69D
15.24 ± 4.0C
51 ± 4C
28. Growth of nonsymbiotic (on left) and symbiotic (on right) rice seedlings.
On growth of endophyte (F. culmorum) and plant inoculation procedures,
see Rodriguez et al., Communicative and Integrative Biology, 2:3 (2009).
29. SRI Concepts and Methods Are
Now Being Extended Beyond Rice
Agroecological management is generic --
SRI is not a technology
Applications now with other crops:
• Wheat (India, Ethiopia, Mali)
• Sugar cane (India)
• Finger millet (India, Ethiopia)
• Legumes and vegetables (India)
• Teff (Ethiopia)
30. New farming method boosts food
output in Bihar for India's rural poor
In Ghantadih village in Gaya district, more than half
of the 42 farming households have switched to
SWI from traditional practices.
Manna Devi, mother of three, was the first woman
to use the technique in Bihar state. She says she
decided to take a gamble despite jibes from
neighbouring farmers who mocked her cultivation
methods.
"We were living a hand-to-mouth existence before
and we just couldn't manage to eat, let alone put
our children through school," she says. "We were
only producing about 30 kg of wheat, which lasted
us four months, and we had to take loans, and
my husband had also taken a second job as a
rickshaw puller in order to make ends meet."
Devi says she now produces about 80 kg of wheat
- enough to feed her family for a year – and hopes
to start selling extra crop.
Alert Net: Thomson-Reuters Foundation,
March 30, 2010
31. ICRISAT-WWF
Sugarcane Initiative:
at least 20% more
cane yield, with:
• 30% reduction in
water, and
• 25% reduction in
chemical inputs
“The inspiration for putting
this package together is
from the successful
approach of SRI – System
of Rice Intensification.”
32. INDIA: Improved variety of finger millet
(ragi) with new methods (left); regular
management of improved variety
(middle) and a traditional variety (right)
33. HIGH-TILLERING TRAIT IN TEFF WHEN
TRANSPLANTED WITH WIDER SPACING
Dr. Tareke Berhe, SAA, ‘Recent Developments in Teff, Ethiopia’s Most
Important Cereal and Gift to the World,’ Cornell seminar, 7/23/09 –
Berhe was CIMMYT post-doctoral fellow with Norman Borlaug in 1970
34. Where Is All This Leading?
1. Still a lot of research to be done, but we should
begin moving beyond our genocentric paradigm
a. ‘Seeds and fertilizer’ is not only path to progress
2. Many powerful trends are making ‘modern
agriculture’ less profitable and less sustainable
3. Now beginning to work toward what might be
called ‘post-modern’ agriculture – focusing on:
a. Ecological dynamics at field level and above
b. Crop/animal interactions with microbes at micro level
c. Gene expression > DNA, e.g., epigenetics
4. Convergence of IPM, Conservation Agriculture,
organic agriculture, SRI, agroforestry, et al.
a. Low-input intensification (European Parliament study)
b. Sustainable intensification (UK Royal Society report)
Picture provided by Dr. Koma Yang Saing, director, Cambodian Center for the Study and Development of Agriculture (CEDAC), September 2004. Dr. Koma himself tried SRI methods in 1999, and once satisfied that they worked, got 28 farmers in 2000 to try them. From there the numbers have increased each year, to 400, then 2100, then 9100, then almost 17,000. Over 50,000 farmers are expecting to be using SRI in 2005. Ms. Sarim previously produced 2-3 t/ha on her field. In 2004, some parts of this field reached a yield of 11 t/ha, where the soil was most ‘biologized’ from SRI practices.
Picture provided by Dr. Rena Perez. These two rice plants are ‘twins’ in that they were planted on the same day in the same nursery from the same seed bag. The one on the right was taken out at 9 days and transplanted into an SRI environment. The one on the left was kept in the flooded nursery until its 52nd day, when it was taken out for transplanting (in Cuba, transplanting of commonly done between 50 and 55 DAP). The difference in root growth and tillering (5 vs. 42) is spectacular. We think this difference is at least in part attributable to the contributions of soil microorganisms producing phytohormones in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth and performance.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.