1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
The document summarizes the identification and characterization of an antimicrobial protein from the mucus of the stingray Potamotrygon cf. henlei. Through solid-phase extraction and chromatographic purification, a 16072.8 Da protein was isolated that showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast without hemolytic activity. Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation identified the protein as similar to the beta-chain of hemoglobin. Effects of the novel antimicrobial protein on the microcirculation were also evaluated. This represents the first description of a bioactive polypeptide isolated from stingray mucus.
The document describes a study that evaluated the biological effects of coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense on cell survival, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Specifically:
- Coumarins from C. brasiliense reduced survival of BMK cells by inducing apoptosis and necrosis, and arrested the cell cycle in S-phase, inhibiting cell division.
- In mice studies, coumarins caused reduction of experimental tumors in 83% of animals by the end of treatment.
- The study isolated and identified two coumarins - mammea A/BA and mammea A/BB - from C. brasiliense leaves, which have previously shown cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines.
1) The document examines differences in dehydrogenase enzymes, ascorbic acid levels, and microbial content between two populations of green mussels (Perna viridis) living in polluted versus unpolluted areas along the coast of India.
2) The mussels from the polluted shoreline area near industrial/sewage discharges had reduced levels of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes, as well as lower ascorbic acid, compared to mussels from an unpolluted area 1 km away.
3) Microbial content was higher in mussels from the polluted area, suggesting those mussels were under more stress from environmental pollution and may not be suitable for consumption.
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
This document analyzes the chemical composition of different parts of the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), including the seed, pulp (juice), inner coat, and outer coat. Key findings include:
- The seed had the highest ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content as well as total energy. The juice had the highest moisture and vitamin C content.
- Minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were most concentrated in different parts. No mineral ratios met ideal levels.
- Sugars like maltose were above 1.0 in the inner coat, while others were low. Correlation analyses found
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
The document summarizes the identification and characterization of an antimicrobial protein from the mucus of the stingray Potamotrygon cf. henlei. Through solid-phase extraction and chromatographic purification, a 16072.8 Da protein was isolated that showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast without hemolytic activity. Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation identified the protein as similar to the beta-chain of hemoglobin. Effects of the novel antimicrobial protein on the microcirculation were also evaluated. This represents the first description of a bioactive polypeptide isolated from stingray mucus.
The document describes a study that evaluated the biological effects of coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense on cell survival, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Specifically:
- Coumarins from C. brasiliense reduced survival of BMK cells by inducing apoptosis and necrosis, and arrested the cell cycle in S-phase, inhibiting cell division.
- In mice studies, coumarins caused reduction of experimental tumors in 83% of animals by the end of treatment.
- The study isolated and identified two coumarins - mammea A/BA and mammea A/BB - from C. brasiliense leaves, which have previously shown cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines.
1) The document examines differences in dehydrogenase enzymes, ascorbic acid levels, and microbial content between two populations of green mussels (Perna viridis) living in polluted versus unpolluted areas along the coast of India.
2) The mussels from the polluted shoreline area near industrial/sewage discharges had reduced levels of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes, as well as lower ascorbic acid, compared to mussels from an unpolluted area 1 km away.
3) Microbial content was higher in mussels from the polluted area, suggesting those mussels were under more stress from environmental pollution and may not be suitable for consumption.
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
This document analyzes the chemical composition of different parts of the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), including the seed, pulp (juice), inner coat, and outer coat. Key findings include:
- The seed had the highest ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content as well as total energy. The juice had the highest moisture and vitamin C content.
- Minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were most concentrated in different parts. No mineral ratios met ideal levels.
- Sugars like maltose were above 1.0 in the inner coat, while others were low. Correlation analyses found
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
8- IJRANSS-ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MARINE ACTINOMYCETESRavindragouda Patil
- 47 actinomycetes were isolated from mangrove swamp samples in Tamil Nadu, India, with most isolated from sediment.
- 34 isolates exhibited antagonism against shrimp pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus.
- Isolate A10 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against all three pathogens, inhibiting growth by ≥20mm.
- Isolate A10 was identified as Streptomyces spp. based on chemotaxonomic and microscopic analysis.
This document discusses Leishmania parasites' ability to reversibly inhibit muscle contractions in insects. It finds that:
1) L. major promastigotes and culture medium exhibit greatest myoinhibitory activity in late log and early stationary growth phases, coinciding with when infective forms develop in sand flies.
2) L. major lysate inhibits contractions of muscle preparations from cockroaches, bugs, and flies, indicating a conserved inhibitory mechanism across insect orders.
3) Other Leishmania species and gut-dwelling kinetoplastids also exhibit myoinhibitory activity in sand flies.
Inhibiting host gut contractions protects Leishmania from expulsion, allowing development and transmission.
1) L. major proteins (LMP) completely stopped spontaneous contractions of cultured rat cardiomyocytes, which resumed contracting after washing with saline.
2) LMP significantly decreased force of contractions in guinea pig ileum strips stimulated with nicotine in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on strips stimulated with acetylcholine. Contractions resumed after washing.
3) LMP also reduced contractions of guinea pig uterine strips stimulated with oxytocin, and of electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum strips, in a dose-dependent manner. Contractions resumed after washing in all cases.
A laboratory bioassay of the potential effect of rubber extract (hevea brasil...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study that investigated the potential toxic effects of the water soluble fraction of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) latex on the survival of fingerlings of the tilapia species Oreochromis niloticus over 96 hours. 240 tilapia fingerlings were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0-40mg/L of the rubber extract. Behavioral effects like loss of balance and respiratory difficulties were observed, along with mortality rates that increased with concentration. The LC50 was estimated to be 28.50mg/L. Mortality rates varied between replicate groups, suggesting individual organisms responded differently to the toxic effects.
Magalhães, et al. 2006. biological and biochemical properties of the brazilianpryloock
This document summarizes a study on the biological and biochemical properties of venoms from two species of Brazilian freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon cf. scobina and Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. The study found that both venoms induced edema, pain responses, and increased leukocyte activity in mice. Venom effects were reduced when heated. Injection of venoms caused tissue necrosis, low protease activity, and no hemorrhaging. Coinjection of venom and mucus secretion caused more vigorous necrosis. The study provides evidence of toxic effects for both stingray venoms.
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
abstract
Extracts of the medicinal plant Palicourea rigida Kunth, popularly known as douradinha, are
widely used for treating urinary tract disorders. Unfortunately, nowadays this is one of the
species endemic to Brazilian Cerrado that is at greatest risk of extinction.
The aim of the this work was to use AFLP molecular markers to determine the genetic
structure and diversity of eight natural populations of P. rigida and to associate their genetic
characteristics with loganin production in order to obtain provide relevant information
to promote programs for the conservation of this valuable medicinal plant.
A total of 120 polymorphic bands were scored and higher proportion of genetic diversity
was found in inter-populations (64%) rather than in intra-populations (36%). Fst value was
found to be significantly greater than zero (0.3601), demonstrating the complex genetic
structure of P. rigida populations. Accessions collected from Cristalina, GO, showed higher
percentage of polymorphic loci (65.5%) and the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of
Molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated 63.9% of intra-population genetic variation.
The lowest genetic variability was detected among accessions from the population found
in Sacramento, MG. No spatial standard was observed for P. rigida population, suggesting a
partially isolated island model. It was observed a minor but significant positive correlation
(r ¼ 0.22) between chemical and genetic matrices. The association between chemical and
genetic data indicated that environmental factors promoted the loganin production in
populations growing in Luziânia, GO, and therefore accessions from those populations
should be considered as prime material for initiating the conservation process of P. rigida.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of aloe vera l.Ximena
This document summarizes the chemical characterization of the polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel, known as acemannan. It finds that acemannan has a backbone containing alternating β-(1,4)-linked mannose and glucose residues in a ratio of about 15:1. Single α-galactose side chains are attached to the O-2, O-3, or O-6 positions of some mannose residues in the backbone. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by enzymatic and acid hydrolysis confirmed the presence of mannose, glucose, and galactose residues linked in a manner consistent with this structure. Previous models of the acemannan structure are called into question.
This document summarizes laboratory experiments on Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from Monterey Bay, California. The experiments tested the effects of nutrient stress and culturing methods on toxin production and photosynthetic performance. Results showed substantial variability between clones in growth rates and toxicity levels under identical conditions. Toxin levels increased under silicon limitation and decreased with higher growth rates in chemostat experiments. Variable fluorescence measurements indicated nutrient stress impaired photosystem II and negatively correlated with toxin accumulation.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
Since the 1970s, there have been studies of the venom of Latrodectus spiders, particularly the latrotoxin (LTX) from Latrodectus mactans. Many studies aimed to understand how the venom affects the muscular system. It is now accepted that LTX can generate calcium-permeable membrane pores and modulate synaptic vesicle release. Interestingly, when work began with venom from Latrodectus spiders in Chile, it produced similar clinical effects to bites from this spider elsewhere, though with differing intensities. The purpose of early studies was to understand the systemic mechanisms of this venom and explore other active compounds of biological interest. It was found that these molecules can cause systemic effects like muscle contraction changes; generate
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the molluscicidal properties of two plant species, Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum, against the freshwater snail Lymnea accuminata. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of both plants, as well as an isolated saponin compound, were tested for toxicity against L. accuminata. The alcoholic extracts proved most toxic, with 100% mortality occurring within 24-48 hours at concentrations of 2.5-4.0 mg/L. The isolated saponin compound also showed strong molluscicidal effects. The study identifies saponins as active compounds and suggests Cestrum species may be a potential source
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall ...Premier Publishers
Sea cucumbers have been known around the world for their medical benefits. In this study, unadulterated doses of crude extracts from body wall and Cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Doses of crude body wall methanol extract (MIC, <218.75 /><218.75 /><437.50 />< 0.05) antifungal property against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to Clotrimazole (10 μg/ml ), Fluconazole (25 μg/ml), and Ketoconazole (10 μg/ml).
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
The ambiguity of motherhood:the stories women cannot tellBASPCAN
This document discusses two qualitative studies that compare female perpetrators of child sexual abuse and cases of maternal filicide. It analyzes how social myths of ideal motherhood can prevent some women from speaking about ambiguous feelings and behaviors. The studies find that women often rationalize harmful acts through denial, claims of atypical behavior, or labeling themselves as "mad" or "bad." The document argues that professionals should look beyond myths of motherhood and provide a space for women to share feelings in order to access support.
8- IJRANSS-ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MARINE ACTINOMYCETESRavindragouda Patil
- 47 actinomycetes were isolated from mangrove swamp samples in Tamil Nadu, India, with most isolated from sediment.
- 34 isolates exhibited antagonism against shrimp pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus.
- Isolate A10 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against all three pathogens, inhibiting growth by ≥20mm.
- Isolate A10 was identified as Streptomyces spp. based on chemotaxonomic and microscopic analysis.
This document discusses Leishmania parasites' ability to reversibly inhibit muscle contractions in insects. It finds that:
1) L. major promastigotes and culture medium exhibit greatest myoinhibitory activity in late log and early stationary growth phases, coinciding with when infective forms develop in sand flies.
2) L. major lysate inhibits contractions of muscle preparations from cockroaches, bugs, and flies, indicating a conserved inhibitory mechanism across insect orders.
3) Other Leishmania species and gut-dwelling kinetoplastids also exhibit myoinhibitory activity in sand flies.
Inhibiting host gut contractions protects Leishmania from expulsion, allowing development and transmission.
1) L. major proteins (LMP) completely stopped spontaneous contractions of cultured rat cardiomyocytes, which resumed contracting after washing with saline.
2) LMP significantly decreased force of contractions in guinea pig ileum strips stimulated with nicotine in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on strips stimulated with acetylcholine. Contractions resumed after washing.
3) LMP also reduced contractions of guinea pig uterine strips stimulated with oxytocin, and of electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum strips, in a dose-dependent manner. Contractions resumed after washing in all cases.
A laboratory bioassay of the potential effect of rubber extract (hevea brasil...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study that investigated the potential toxic effects of the water soluble fraction of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) latex on the survival of fingerlings of the tilapia species Oreochromis niloticus over 96 hours. 240 tilapia fingerlings were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0-40mg/L of the rubber extract. Behavioral effects like loss of balance and respiratory difficulties were observed, along with mortality rates that increased with concentration. The LC50 was estimated to be 28.50mg/L. Mortality rates varied between replicate groups, suggesting individual organisms responded differently to the toxic effects.
Magalhães, et al. 2006. biological and biochemical properties of the brazilianpryloock
This document summarizes a study on the biological and biochemical properties of venoms from two species of Brazilian freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon cf. scobina and Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. The study found that both venoms induced edema, pain responses, and increased leukocyte activity in mice. Venom effects were reduced when heated. Injection of venoms caused tissue necrosis, low protease activity, and no hemorrhaging. Coinjection of venom and mucus secretion caused more vigorous necrosis. The study provides evidence of toxic effects for both stingray venoms.
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
abstract
Extracts of the medicinal plant Palicourea rigida Kunth, popularly known as douradinha, are
widely used for treating urinary tract disorders. Unfortunately, nowadays this is one of the
species endemic to Brazilian Cerrado that is at greatest risk of extinction.
The aim of the this work was to use AFLP molecular markers to determine the genetic
structure and diversity of eight natural populations of P. rigida and to associate their genetic
characteristics with loganin production in order to obtain provide relevant information
to promote programs for the conservation of this valuable medicinal plant.
A total of 120 polymorphic bands were scored and higher proportion of genetic diversity
was found in inter-populations (64%) rather than in intra-populations (36%). Fst value was
found to be significantly greater than zero (0.3601), demonstrating the complex genetic
structure of P. rigida populations. Accessions collected from Cristalina, GO, showed higher
percentage of polymorphic loci (65.5%) and the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of
Molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated 63.9% of intra-population genetic variation.
The lowest genetic variability was detected among accessions from the population found
in Sacramento, MG. No spatial standard was observed for P. rigida population, suggesting a
partially isolated island model. It was observed a minor but significant positive correlation
(r ¼ 0.22) between chemical and genetic matrices. The association between chemical and
genetic data indicated that environmental factors promoted the loganin production in
populations growing in Luziânia, GO, and therefore accessions from those populations
should be considered as prime material for initiating the conservation process of P. rigida.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of aloe vera l.Ximena
This document summarizes the chemical characterization of the polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel, known as acemannan. It finds that acemannan has a backbone containing alternating β-(1,4)-linked mannose and glucose residues in a ratio of about 15:1. Single α-galactose side chains are attached to the O-2, O-3, or O-6 positions of some mannose residues in the backbone. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by enzymatic and acid hydrolysis confirmed the presence of mannose, glucose, and galactose residues linked in a manner consistent with this structure. Previous models of the acemannan structure are called into question.
This document summarizes laboratory experiments on Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from Monterey Bay, California. The experiments tested the effects of nutrient stress and culturing methods on toxin production and photosynthetic performance. Results showed substantial variability between clones in growth rates and toxicity levels under identical conditions. Toxin levels increased under silicon limitation and decreased with higher growth rates in chemostat experiments. Variable fluorescence measurements indicated nutrient stress impaired photosystem II and negatively correlated with toxin accumulation.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
Since the 1970s, there have been studies of the venom of Latrodectus spiders, particularly the latrotoxin (LTX) from Latrodectus mactans. Many studies aimed to understand how the venom affects the muscular system. It is now accepted that LTX can generate calcium-permeable membrane pores and modulate synaptic vesicle release. Interestingly, when work began with venom from Latrodectus spiders in Chile, it produced similar clinical effects to bites from this spider elsewhere, though with differing intensities. The purpose of early studies was to understand the systemic mechanisms of this venom and explore other active compounds of biological interest. It was found that these molecules can cause systemic effects like muscle contraction changes; generate
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the molluscicidal properties of two plant species, Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum, against the freshwater snail Lymnea accuminata. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of both plants, as well as an isolated saponin compound, were tested for toxicity against L. accuminata. The alcoholic extracts proved most toxic, with 100% mortality occurring within 24-48 hours at concentrations of 2.5-4.0 mg/L. The isolated saponin compound also showed strong molluscicidal effects. The study identifies saponins as active compounds and suggests Cestrum species may be a potential source
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall ...Premier Publishers
Sea cucumbers have been known around the world for their medical benefits. In this study, unadulterated doses of crude extracts from body wall and Cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Doses of crude body wall methanol extract (MIC, <218.75 /><218.75 /><437.50 />< 0.05) antifungal property against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to Clotrimazole (10 μg/ml ), Fluconazole (25 μg/ml), and Ketoconazole (10 μg/ml).
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
The ambiguity of motherhood:the stories women cannot tellBASPCAN
This document discusses two qualitative studies that compare female perpetrators of child sexual abuse and cases of maternal filicide. It analyzes how social myths of ideal motherhood can prevent some women from speaking about ambiguous feelings and behaviors. The studies find that women often rationalize harmful acts through denial, claims of atypical behavior, or labeling themselves as "mad" or "bad." The document argues that professionals should look beyond myths of motherhood and provide a space for women to share feelings in order to access support.
Thematic Analysis of Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse to Romantic Partners.
Heather B. MacIntosh PhD.
Kara Fletcher MSW
Delphine Collin-Vezina PhD.
Department of Social Work, McGill University, Canada
Confiding in Friends: A systematic review of the literatureBASPCAN
This document summarizes a systematic review of literature on confiding in friends. It finds that while friendships can provide benefits like improved well-being, they also carry risks. Disclosing child sexual abuse is difficult and children often disclose first to peers as they get older. Peer relationships may be particularly important for vulnerable youth. Though friends can support disclosure, an inadequate response from others may still lead to mental health issues. The review concludes more research is needed on helping peer relationships and providing social support for vulnerable children.
Remarketing is the fastest growing arena of mobile app marketing. On our platform, for example, the volume of remarketing activity has increased more than 800% in the past year. It’s time you and your app had a robust remarketing strategy and plan in place, to maximize your revenue and nail your KPIs. This paper is designed to:
• Identify the underlying forces contributing to this important trend
• Outline the remarketing opportunity for mobile app marketers
• Present a framework for strategic remarketing planning and
execution
"I couldn't keep it from her... she's my friend":BASPCAN
This document discusses a study on young people confiding experiences of sexual abuse to their peers. It analyzes interviews with 20 young people aged 13-19 who told friends about their abuse. The main themes that emerged were:
1) Young people confided in friends they trusted and felt close to because they believed their friends would keep the secret, understand what they went through, and not judge them.
2) Some friends encouraged telling an adult for help or protection, but others delayed or stopped telling due to fears their friends would spread rumors.
3) The act of confiding provided temporary relief from feelings of pressure and isolation, but doubts often resurfaced about telling or keeping the abuse a secret.
Digital technology and "configuring the user":BASPCAN
Implications for the redesign of electronic information systems in social work and initiatives to improve social work practice with children and families
Dr Philip Gillingham
University of Queensland
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, soy Médico General Alto, Rubio, de Piel Blanca, ojos claros , soy Atlético Simpático, me esmero a seguir Adelante solucionando los Problemas de las demás Personas para salvar su Vida en Salud y en Enfermedades. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la VIDA es una VIRTUD que cada Humano, Persona tiene es Valeroso y Digno lograr SALVAR la VIDA de una Persona que está en Peligro, cada Persona es una sóla Unidad único no hay nadie como esa persona somos distintos. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la NATURALEZA es Bella y Linda Vivirla al Aire Libre, con Agua, la Vegetación, los Bellos Animales en el Ecosistema la Biodiversidad hay que Valorar y Gozar lo que hay en el Mundo Vivirla y Disfrutarla. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, ME GUSTA LO QUE SOY MI FORMA DE SER ME ENCANTA LO QUE SOY YÓ MI FÍSICO, MENTE, PENSAMIENTOS, ALMA Y CUERPO, FÍSICO. Y VIVIR LA VIDA, NATURALEZA LA BELLEZA. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, Me gusta la Naturaleza y la Vida. VIVIR LA VIDA RESPETANDO A LOS DEMÁS CHICAS Y CHICOS A TODAS LAS PERSONAS LES RESPETO Y ADMIRO PORQUE TIENEN SUS VALORES Y DONES. HACER EL BIEN NUNCA EL MAL A LA PERSONA TRATAR COMO A UNO LE GUSTARÍA QUE LE TRATEN. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "creo que las artes marciales mixtas sirven principalmente para desarrollar la energía. A veces es necesario darse cuenta de un peligro y conocer el medio para salvar la vida. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, La Energía es Vital para lograr una Meta con Fuerza y Salud es lo más Importante en la Vida. ", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "es necesario realizar ejercicios determinados en la columna, para proporcionar oxígeno al cerebro y ayudarle a descansar totalmente", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "hay tres palabras que aprendemos a gritar que llevan consigo descanso y energía; fuerza, valor y convicción", Web, Internet….
Rise High Performance Presents - Strength Training for RunnersRise Health Group
Here is the presentation for the second of our Rise High Performance Presents Seminar Series - this particular strength and conditioning seminar targets runner and changing a training program to incorporate more strength training into their program to drive their performance results
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, soy Médico General Alto, Rubio, de Piel Blanca, ojos claros , soy Atlético Simpático, me esmero a seguir Adelante solucionando los Problemas de las demás Personas para salvar su Vida en Salud y en Enfermedades. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la VIDA es una VIRTUD que cada Humano, Persona tiene es Valeroso y Digno lograr SALVAR la VIDA de una Persona que está en Peligro, cada Persona es una sóla Unidad único no hay nadie como esa persona somos distintos. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la NATURALEZA es Bella y Linda Vivirla al Aire Libre, con Agua, la Vegetación, los Bellos Animales en el Ecosistema la Biodiversidad hay que Valorar y Gozar lo que hay en el Mundo Vivirla y Disfrutarla. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, ME GUSTA LO QUE SOY MI FORMA DE SER ME ENCANTA LO QUE SOY YÓ MI FÍSICO, MENTE, PENSAMIENTOS, ALMA Y CUERPO, FÍSICO. Y VIVIR LA VIDA, NATURALEZA LA BELLEZA. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, Me gusta la Naturaleza y la Vida. VIVIR LA VIDA RESPETANDO A LOS DEMÁS CHICAS Y CHICOS A TODAS LAS PERSONAS LES RESPETO Y ADMIRO PORQUE TIENEN SUS VALORES Y DONES. HACER EL BIEN NUNCA EL MAL A LA PERSONA TRATAR COMO A UNO LE GUSTARÍA QUE LE TRATEN. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "creo que las artes marciales mixtas sirven principalmente para desarrollar la energía. A veces es necesario darse cuenta de un peligro y conocer el medio para salvar la vida. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, La Energía es Vital para lograr una Meta con Fuerza y Salud es lo más Importante en la Vida. ", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "es necesario realizar ejercicios determinados en la columna, para proporcionar oxígeno al cerebro y ayudarle a descansar totalmente", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "hay tres palabras que aprendemos a gritar que llevan consigo descanso y energía; fuerza, valor y convicción", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, soy Médico General Alto, Rubio, de Piel Blanca, ojos claros , soy Atlético Simpático, me esmero a seguir Adelante solucionando los Problemas de las demás Personas para salvar su Vida en Salud y en Enfermedades. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la VIDA es una VIRTUD que cada Humano, Persona tiene es Valeroso y Digno lograr SALVAR la VIDA de una Persona que está en Peligro, cada Persona es una sóla Unidad único no hay nadie como esa persona somos distintos. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la NATURALEZA es Bella y Linda Vivirla al Aire Libre, con Agua, la Vegetación, los Bellos Animales en el Ecosistema la Biodiversidad hay que Valorar y Gozar lo que hay en el Mundo Vivirla y Disfrutarla. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, ME GUSTA LO QUE SOY MI FORMA DE SER ME ENCANTA LO QUE SOY YÓ MI FÍSICO, MENTE, PENSAMIENTOS, ALMA Y CUERPO, FÍSICO. Y VIVIR LA VIDA, NATURALEZA LA BELLEZA. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, Me gusta la Naturaleza y la Vida. VIVIR LA VIDA RESPETANDO A LOS DEMÁS CHICAS Y CHICOS A TODAS LAS PERSONAS LES RESPETO Y ADMIRO PORQUE TIENEN SUS VALORES Y DONES. HACER EL BIEN NUNCA EL MAL A LA PERSONA TRATAR COMO A UNO LE GUSTARÍA QUE LE TRATEN. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "creo que las artes marciales mixtas sirven principalmente para desarrollar la energía. A veces es necesario darse cuenta de un peligro y conocer el medio para salvar la vida. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, La Energía es Vital para lograr una Meta con Fuerza y Salud es lo más Importante en la Vida. ", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "es necesario realizar ejercicios determinados en la columna, para proporcionar oxígeno al cerebro y ayudarle a descansar totalmente", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "hay tres palabras que aprendemos a gritar que llevan consigo descanso y energía; fuerza, valor y convicción", Web, Internet….
Lee Bond has over 12 years of experience as a senior IT project manager, leading all phases of diverse technology projects. He has a track record of successfully delivering projects on time and under budget. He is skilled in both agile and waterfall methodologies. Currently, he works as a senior technical project manager, where he led the development of multiple concurrent projects to create an oil and gas production monitoring platform using agile methodologies like Scrum and Kanban.
This document summarizes a critical reflection workshop for social workers. It describes critical reflection as analyzing practice to understand its complex and integrated nature. The workshop involved 12 social workers and 2 academics meeting over 6 sessions to discuss case examples and readings. Participants found it supportive to hear each other's stories and learn with academics. While it was hard to apply lessons at work due to pressures, ideas still influenced participants' practice over time in unexpected ways. The workshop energized participants professionally.
This document lists the names of four individuals: Eddie Tejeda, Chris Gibson, Matt McAlpin, and a question mark next to "Entrepreneur?". It includes two company names after the first two names: Civic Insight and Recursion Pharma.
Social Workers' Understanding of Sexual Exploitation and Sexually Exploited G...BASPCAN
ESRC funded PhD
Candidate - Sarah Lloyd
Supervisors - Dr Jo Woodiwiss & Prof. Jeff Hearn
Human and Health Research School
Centre for Applied Childhood, Youth and Family Research
University of Huddersfield
Barbaro et al, 2007. comparative study on extracts from the tissue covering thepryloock
1. The study compared properties of tissue extracts from the stingers of freshwater Potamotrygon falkneri and marine Dasyatis guttata stingrays.
2. By SDS-PAGE, the tissue extracts had similar protein bands above 80 kDa, but differences below this mass.
3. P. falkneri tissue extract displayed lethal, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities, while D. guttata did not. Both induced similar edema in mice. P. falkneri induced stronger nociception.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes for fish species found at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals representing different species. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of the mitochondrial DNA was amplified and sequenced. The resulting DNA barcodes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including BLAST searches and multiple sequence alignments. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine relationships between species. One objective was to investigate potential misidentification of Tripletail fish and develop a reference barcode library for species identification in the study area.
This document summarizes a study that examined the antimicrobial properties of mucus from the chame fish (Dormitator latifrons). The study found inhibitory effects of chame mucus against several bacteria strains. Specifically, chame mucus showed inhibitory effects against 2 out of 3 Bacillus strains tested as well as strong inhibitory effects against Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi. A lower level of inhibition was also observed against Vibrio anguillarum. The results suggest the presence of antibacterial agents in chame fish mucus, which could potentially be applied to animal and human health.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
El Profesor Erik Simões, tutor del Área de Medio Ambiente de FUNIBER, ha publicado un trabajo sobre las “Mareas Rojas” en el periódico Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
This document presents a study on quantifying the neurotoxic cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in irrigation water sources, fish, and crop plants in Sohag governorate, Egypt. Water, phytoplankton, fish, and plant samples were collected from various sites and analyzed for free and protein-bound BMAA using extraction and HPLC-MS/MS methods. The objectives were to detect BMAA in these matrices, identify cyanobacteria producing BMAA, and determine BMAA concentrations in fish and plant tissues to evaluate potential health risks to humans. The results of this study could provide evidence of BMAA accumulation in Egyptian freshwaters, fish, and agricultural crops
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine samples in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and tested their inhibitory activity against fish pathogens. Higher bacterial populations were found in sediment than water samples. 46 actinomycete strains were isolated, of which 36 showed antagonism against E. coli in a screening assay. Nine highly antagonistic isolates were further tested against fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, V. vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. using a cross-streak assay. Most isolates inhibited all pathogens. Isolate A15 strongly inhibited all pathogens and was identified as Streptomy
9-IJABR-OCCURRENCE AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES against fish p...Ravindragouda Patil
This document summarizes a study on the isolation and characterization of actinomycetes from marine environments in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and their antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. Marine samples were collected from 3 sites and 87 actinomycete strains were isolated. The highest number of antagonistic actinomycetes came from Thermal Beach samples. 8 highly antagonistic isolates were tested against fish pathogens; isolate A55 showed the highest inhibitory activity. A55 was identified as Streptomyces spp. Crude extracts from A55 inhibited the growth of fish pathogens. The results suggest marine environments can be a source of novel antimicrobial compounds effective against fish pathogens.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and screened marine actinomycetes for antagonistic activity against food-borne human pathogens. A total of 133 actinomycetes were isolated from 129 marine samples collected from 5 stations along the coast of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The highest number of isolates (45) came from Thermal Beach samples. 104 isolates exhibited antagonism against Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, and Escherichia coli in a cross-streak assay. The Thermal Beach samples had the highest percentage (86.67%) of antagonistic isolates. The study indicates that antagonistic marine actinomycetes can be a source of novel
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activity in different tissues of four marine crustacean species: northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), spider crab (Hyas araneus), and king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica). Extracts were prepared from tissues including haemolymph, haemocytes, exoskeleton, gills, and internal organs. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity was detected in extracts from several tissues in all species, mainly in haemolymph and haemocyte extracts. Differences in activity between extracts and sensitivity to heat and enzymes suggested multiple antibacterial compounds are
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
Abrachium, a new genus in the Clathraceae, and Itajahya reassessedRhudson Cruz
Molecular and morphological analyses have elucidated phylogenetic relationships of two remarkable species in the Phallales: Aseroe floriformis and Phallus roseus. Genes from ATPase subunit 6 (atp6), the nuclear large subunit ribossomal DNA (nuc-LSU), and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) underwent Bayesian and parsimony molecular analyses. Molecular datasets combined with morphological characters, support a new genus (Abrachium for Aseroe floriformis), reassessment Itajahya, and emendation of Clathraceae.
Investigation of the effect of initial biomass on nitrate and phosphate remov...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of initial biomass concentration on the ability of four bacterial species
(Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Lysinibacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp.) to remove nitrate and phosphate from synthetic wastewater. The bacteria were inoculated at different concentrations and their ability to remove nutrients was measured over 96 hours. All isolates significantly removed nitrate except Lysinibacillus sp., removing between 68-91% nitrate. Phosphate removal was slight. The study revealed the nutrient removal abilities of the isolates at different initial biomass concentrations.
4-IJF-Studies on fresh milt-Indian J. Fish.63(1) 67-73 2016Ravindragouda Patil
This document summarizes a study on the fresh milt parameters and cellular changes during cryopreservation of spermatozoa from the endangered Deccan mahseer fish. Physico-chemical analysis of fresh milt found a sperm density of 3.93±0.11 x 107 spermatozoa/ml and spermatocrit value of 67.08±1.22%. Ultrastructure analysis by electron microscopy showed fresh spermatozoa had a spherical head, small midpiece with mitochondria, and long tail, while cryopreserved spermatozoa showed loosening of chromatin and disrupted membranes. Nitroblue tetrazolium assays also indicated lower mitochondrial enzyme activity in cryopreserved
4.Influence of stocking density on production and water quality of a photo-he...earambulm3
- The study examined the effect of stocking density on shrimp production in a photo-heterotrophic intensive system using circular lined ponds with minimal water replacement.
- Five stocking densities were tested (100, 300, 500, 700, 900 shrimp/m3) and water quality, growth, and survival were measured over 98 days.
- Results showed water quality was maintained at all densities but higher densities had increased TAN, nitrate, and phosphorus levels. Growth and survival decreased at densities over 300 shrimp/m3. The 500 shrimp/m3 density achieved the highest biomass and production.
This document discusses harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are overgrowths of algae that can have ecological, economic, and public health impacts. HABs are characterized by high algal cell density and are dominated by one or a few algal species. Some HABs produce toxins that accumulate in food chains and can cause illnesses in humans and aquatic animals. The causes of HABs include eutrophication, climate change, and ocean acidification. Examples are provided of different HABs and toxins around the world, as well as historical cases of human intoxication from algal toxins. Prevention, control, and mitigation strategies are recommended to address HABs.
The document summarizes a study on the zooplankton community of the Kalamnuri minor irrigation dam in India from August 2004 to July 2005. A total of 30 zooplankton species were found, dominated by 10 species of cladocera. The populations of zooplankton varied seasonally and between sampling sites, influenced by factors like water temperature and food availability. The study found the dam maintains a well-balanced ecosystem and has potential for fish cultivation due to the abundant zooplankton populations.
An in vivo examination of the stability of venom from the australian box jell...ijoding
This study examined the stability of venom from the Australian box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri under different conditions. The venom was extracted from nematocysts and its effects were tested on anesthetized rats by measuring changes in blood pressure. The study found that the venom retained its characteristic biphasic effects on blood pressure (initial hypertension followed by collapse) when exposed to a range of pH levels from 5-9 and temperatures from 4-30 °C. However, boiling the venom abolished its effects. Freeze drying and reconstituting the venom also did not significantly impact its activity, though repeated freeze drying and reconstituting led to loss of activity. The results provide useful information on handling C. fleckeri venom for
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria from various environmental samples. 21 lactic acid bacteria isolates were obtained from milk, water, soil and plant samples. 10 were identified as Lactobacillus, 3 as Enterococcus, 2 as Staphylococcus, 5 as Lactococcus, and 1 as Leuconostoc based on biochemical and physiological tests. 6 of the isolates were found to harbor plasmids. Further characterization identified 3 isolates as Enterococcus faecium and 1 each as Weissella confusa, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Some isolates showed inhibitory activity
Similar to 6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwater (20)
Ventilação Mecânica: Princípios Básicos e Intervenções de Enfermagempryloock
1) O documento discute os princípios básicos da ventilação mecânica, incluindo anatomia respiratória, indicações, modalidades, parâmetros e complicações.
2) As intervenções de enfermagem na ventilação mecânica incluem monitorização do paciente, controle dos parâmetros ventilatórios e prevenção de complicações.
3) O desmame ventilatório ocorre quando o paciente atende critérios de estabilidade clínica e funcional respiratória.
Soliani, 2008. peixes peçonhentos neutralização de toxinaspryloock
Este documento é uma dissertação de mestrado que avalia a capacidade de um soro poliespecífico produzido em camundongos de neutralizar as atividades tóxicas induzidas pelos venenos dos principais peixes peçonhentos brasileiros. O soro foi obtido através da junção de soros monoespecíficos produzidos contra cada um dos venenos. Os resultados mostraram que o soro poliespecífico foi capaz de neutralizar completamente os efeitos dos venenos na microcirculação e controlar parcialmente a noc
Registro de ocorrência de duas espécies de potamotrigonídeos na região do alt...pryloock
1) O documento relata o registro de ocorrência de duas espécies de raias da família Potamotrygonidae na região do Alto Rio Paraná, onde antes não eram encontradas.
2) A construção de barragens no Rio Paraná destruiu barreiras naturais e permitiu que essas espécies se dispersassem para a região.
3) Foram coletados exemplares das espécies Potamotrygon falkneri e Potamotrygon motoro nessa nova área de distribuição.
Dellias et al. 2004 structural composition and differential anticoagulant act...pryloock
This document describes a study that compared the structural composition and anticoagulant activities of dermatan sulfates (DS) purified from the skin of four ray species. DS was purified from three marine species that inhabit the Brazilian coast (Dasyatis americana, Dasyatis gutatta, Aetobatus narinari) and one freshwater species from the Amazon River (Potamotrygon motoro). The disaccharide composition of the DS was analyzed and their anticoagulant activities were measured using coagulation assays. The DS from the four species had different disaccharide compositions and varying levels of anticoagulant activity, indicating the structure and function of DS is not solely determined by charge density
Conceição et al, 2009. characterization of a new bioactive peptide from potam...pryloock
This document describes the characterization of a novel bioactive peptide, named Porflan, purified from the venom glands of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. Porflan has the primary structure ESIVRPPPVEAKVEETPE and showed no similarity to known proteins or peptides. Two synthetic analogs of Porflan, named Porflan-N and Porflan-C, were also generated. Porflan was found to increase the number of leukocyte rolling in microcirculatory assays. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into Porflan's interactions with membrane phospholipids. This study identifies a new class of bioactive peptides in fish venom involved in inflammatory processes
Conceição et al, 2006. orpotrin a novel vasoconstrictor peptide from the veno...pryloock
1. Researchers isolated and characterized a novel peptide from the venom of the Brazilian stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi.
2. Using RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, they purified a peptide from the venom which was shown to strongly constrict blood vessels when applied to mice cremaster muscle tissue during intravital microscopy experiments.
3. Through de novo amino acid sequencing with mass spectrometry, the researchers determined the peptide's sequence to be HGGYKPTDK, which does not match any known bioactive peptides but aligns with residues 97-105 of creatine kinase, suggesting it may be produced from limited proteolysis of creatine kinase.
16 garrone neto, domingos and uieda, virgínia sanches. activity and habita...pryloock
- The study investigated the activity periods and habitat use of two species of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro) in the upper Paraná River basin in Brazil.
- Younger individuals of both species inhabited shallow sandy beaches throughout the day, while larger individuals migrated between deeper areas (>8 m) during the day and shallow areas at night.
- Individuals of intermediate size occupied transitional habitats with greater diversity. Both species showed mostly nocturnal activity, especially for feeding, but behaviors varied ontogenetically and likely between seasons.
15 corso, iracema 2006. como um punhal - pesquisa fapesppryloock
O veneno da arraia fluvial (Potamotrygon falkneri) é mais tóxico do que o da arraia marinha e causa dor intensa, inchaço, necrose e até morte em camundongos. Estudos mostraram que o ferrão da arraia fluvial libera maior quantidade de veneno e que este se espalha mais facilmente no corpo, dificultando a cicatrização. Pesquisadores buscam entender melhor as propriedades do veneno e desenvolver um soro antídoto.
14 filogeografia e conservação de paratrygon aiereba dumeril (chondrichthyes...pryloock
1. O documento é uma dissertação de mestrado apresentada por Renata Guimarães Frederico ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do INPA/UFAM em 2006.
2. A dissertação estuda a filogeografia e conservação da espécie de raia de água doce Paratrygon aiereba encontrada na região Amazônica.
3. Análises genéticas foram realizadas em populaões dos rios Negro, Solimões-Amazonas, Tapajós, Xingú, Aragua
13 arraias em rios da região sudeste do brasil locais de ocorrência e impact...pryloock
Este documento descreve a colonização de rios no sudeste do Brasil por arraias de água doce, identificando três espécies e relatando 16 acidentes envolvendo esses animais entre 2004-2009. As arraias estão se dispersando pelos rios utilizando canais artificiais e causando dor intensa em vítimas, principalmente banhistas e pescadores. Mais estudos são necessários sobre o impacto dessas espécies exóticas na região.
12 sá oliveira et al 2011 - acidentes por raias (potamotrygonidae) em quatro...pryloock
1. O documento descreve um estudo sobre acidentes causados por raias em quatro comunidades na Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Curiaú no Amapá. 2. Foram investigadas 22 vítimas e a maioria dos acidentes ocorreu com homens acima de 15 anos na comunidade de Torrão. 3. Os acidentes geralmente atingiram as pernas e ocorreram principalmente à tarde no verão, sendo o tratamento mais comum o uso de urina, ervas e óleos.
10 the influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingraypryloock
The document discusses a study on bacteria found in the mucus of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) and river water in Brazil, and the ability of these bacteria to cause infections. The study identified bacteria from stingray mucus and river water samples, finding mostly gram-negative bacteria like Aeromonas spp. and Enterobacter cloacae. Some bacteria produced toxins that damaged human cells in lab tests. Antibiotic testing found that 68% of bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. While stingray venom was toxic to cells, it did not increase bacterial growth. In summary, bacteria from stingray mucus and river water could transfer into wounds and cause severe secondary infections.
9 checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central americapryloock
Este documento descreve um livro intitulado "CHECK LIST OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA". O livro fornece uma lista de verificação de todas as espécies de peixes de água doce da América do Sul e Central, baseada em duas bases de dados principais e trabalho de sistemáticos especialistas. O livro tem o objetivo de manter um inventário atualizado da biodiversidade de peixes de água doce nesta região.
9 animais peçonhentos no brasil - biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos aciden...pryloock
Este documento descreve um livro sobre animais peçonhentos no Brasil. O livro discute a biologia, clínica e terapêutica de acidentes com animais peçonhentos e está em sua segunda edição. Fornece detalhes como título, preço, editora, ISBN, autores, idioma, formato e ano de publicação.
8 pattern of stingray injuries reported to texas poison centers from 1998 to...pryloock
Stingray injuries reported to Texas poison centers from 1998 to 2004 were examined. A total of 153 cases were identified, with reported injuries increasing over the 7-year period. Most injuries occurred during summer months, especially August. The majority of cases involved people ages 6-19 and occurred in public coastal areas. Over half of injured individuals did not seek treatment at a health care facility. The clinical effects were typically minor in over 50% of cases.
7 haddad et al, 2004. freshwater stingrays study of epidemiologic, clinicpryloock
This document summarizes a study of 84 envenomings in humans caused by freshwater stingrays in Brazil. It finds that intense pain was the most common symptom, and skin necrosis occurred in many victims, primarily fishermen and swimmers. Initial treatments like hot water provided pain relief but did not prevent necrosis. Analysis of stingray venom found various enzymes that could contribute to the clinical effects, including gelatinases and caseinases over 80-100kDa and hyaluronidase around 84kDa. The presence of these enzymes may partially explain the local effects seen in stingray envenomings.
5 stingray envenomation- a retrospective review of clinical presentation and...pryloock
Stingray envenomation is common along coastal regions. The study retrospectively reviewed 119 cases of stingray envenomation presenting to an emergency department over 8 years. Hot water immersion provided effective pain relief in 88% of acute cases within 30 minutes without other analgesics. Prophylactic antibiotics were recommended due to high risk of bacterial infection in puncture wounds. Radiography failed to detect stingray barbs in wounds.
4 stingray envenomation-the journal of emergency medicinepryloock
A 37-year-old man was wading in the ocean when he felt a sudden sharp pain in his right foot. Upon exiting the water, he noticed a small pointed object embedded in his foot, and the skin around the wound appeared mottled. He experienced excruciating throbbing pain that eased when he soaked his foot in hot water but returned when removed. The next day the pain was nearly gone, though a tender swelling developed in his right groin over the next week. He recovered without medical treatment. Stingrays are common in coastal US waters and possess a sharp spine on their tails, which can cause painful envenomations if stepped on, as occurred in this case.
3 aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biomédicaspryloock
Este documento apresenta a quinta versão do software estatístico BioEstat. Resume as seguintes informações:
1) O BioEstat é um pacote estatístico desenvolvido por três gerações da família Ayres para fornecer ferramentas estatísticas para estudantes e pesquisadores das áreas biomédicas e biológicas.
2) Esta quinta versão contém atualizações e novos testes estatísticos em resposta à demanda dos usuários ao longo dos anos.
3) Os autores
1 antoniazzi et al, 2011. histopathological changes induced by extracts from...pryloock
The document analyzes the histopathological changes induced in mouse skin by extracts from the tissue covering the stingers of freshwater stingrays Potamotrygon falkneri. Microscopic examination found that the extract caused early focal necrosis in basal epidermal cells within 3-6 hours. By 24 hours, full coagulative necrosis was seen in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and skeletal muscle, demarcated from normal skin. Over subsequent days, necrotic cells coalesced into plaques that detached from viable tissue by 72-96 hours, alongside mild inflammatory infiltrate and regenerative epidermal hyperplasia at lesion borders. The study concludes the stingray venom is responsible for early direct necrosis and
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwater
1. Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–1067
A hyaluronidase from Potamotrygon motoro (freshwater
stingrays) venom: Isolation and characterization$
Marta R. Magalha˜ esa
, Nelson Jorge da Silva Jr.a
, Cirano J. Ulhoab,Ã
a
Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Biolo´gicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Cato´lica de Goia´s, 74.605-010, Goiaˆnia, GO, Brazil
b
Departamento de Cieˆncias Fisiolo´gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Goia´s, 74.001-940 Goiaˆnia, GO, Brazil
Received 13 September 2007; received in revised form 21 December 2007; accepted 28 January 2008
Available online 2 February 2008
Abstract
Freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) are known to cause human accidents through a sting located in its tail. In
the State of Goia´ s, this accident happens especially during the fishing season of the Araguaia River. The P. motoro venom
extracted from the sting presented hyaluronidase activity. The enzyme was purified by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100
and ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose. A typical procedure provided 376.4-fold purification with a 2.94%
yield. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 79 kDa as estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100. The Km
and Vmax values for hyaluronidase, using hyaluronic acid as substrate, were 4.91 mg/ml and 2.02 U/min, respectively. The
pH optimum for the enzyme was pH 4.2 and maximum activity was obtained at 40 1C. The hyaluronidase from P. motoro
was shown to be heat instable, being stabilized by bovine albumin and DTT, and inhibited by Fe2+
, Mn2+
, Cu2+
and
heparin.
r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Freshwater stingrays; Potamotrygon motoro; Venom; Hyaluronidase; Properties
1. Introduction
Stingrays are found around the world in tempe-
rate and tropical seas. They are also found in
Atlantic rivers of tropical and temperate South
America, Equatorial Africa and, at least, one Indo-
Chinese river system, the Mekong river of Laos
(Caras, 1974). In spite of being not aggressive, from
the point of view of public health, stingrays are the
most significant venomous fish in the world
(Junghanss and Bodio, 2006). These fishes have
one or more stings at the base of their tails, which
have serrated edges and a very sharp tip. Its position
on the tail, certainly, is responsible for the
effectiveness of the defensive response when it is
stepped on its back or badly handled. In these cases,
a powerful strike blow of the tail towards the
stimulus causes the penetration of the sting into the
body of the victim. The sting is covered by an
epithelium that possesses great quantities of gland-
ular cells which produce venom when compressed
ARTICLE IN PRESS
www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon
0041-0101/$ - see front matter r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.008
$
Ethical statement: Cirano J. Ulhoa declares that all
procedures used in this study are in accordance with the Brazilian
College of Animal Experimentation (http://www.cobea.org.br).
All animals used were free again in the Crixa´ s-Ac-u´ River, their
natural habitat.
ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +55 62 35211494;
fax: +55 62 35211190.
E-mail addresses: ulhoa@icb.ufg.br, ulhoa@icb1.ufg.br
(C.J. Ulhoa).
2. during the penetration, spreading their content into
the tissues of the victim (Castex and Loza, 1964;
Castex, 1965; Halstead, 1971).
South American freshwater stingrays are included in
the Potamotrygonidae family, which comprise three
valid genera: Plesiotrygon, Paratrygon and Potamo-
trygon, the last being more diversified, with 19
described species (Charvet-Almeida et al., 2002;
Carvalho et al., 2003). In accidents provoked for
freshwater stingrays, the victim complains of intense
pain, relating it with burning. Around the wounded
spot appears erythema and edema, characterizing the
first phase of envenomation. Then it develops a central
necrosis causing, in the affected area, tissue flabbiness
and formation of a pale pink deep ulcer, well cut,
which evolves slowly, being a peculiar characteristic
of this kind of envenomation (Castex, 1965; Haddad
et al., 2004; Cook et al., 2006; Clark et al., 2007).
Few studies about the toxic activities of fresh-
water stingrays venom have been developed. The
lack of data is mainly due to the difficulty to extract
venom, and it is very difficult and dangerous to
capture the animals. The amount of venom is very
low, and likewise it is thermolabile (Haddad et al.,
2004). The first study about the biochemistry and
pharmacology properties of stingrays venom was
carried out by Russell and Van Harreveld (1954),
which demonstrated cardiovascular effects of Ur-
obatis helleri venom. Rodrigues (1972) isolated an
active principle of freshwater stingray Potamotrygon
motoro venom with cholinergic activity on ileum of
guinea pigs and hypotensive activity when managed
by intravenous injection in rats. Russell (1953)
indicated the presence of polypeptides of high
molecular mass, serotonin and enzymatic activity
of phosphodiesterase and 50
-nucleotidase in marine
stingray venom. Recently, we have detected 50
-
nucleotidase, phospholipase, acid phosphatase,
hyaluronidase, caseinolytic, gelatinolytic and elasti-
nolytic activities in P. motoro venom obtained from
animals of Crixa´ s-Ac-u´ River (Goia´ s, Brazil) (Ma-
galha˜ es, 2001). Caseinolytic, gelatinolytic and hya-
luronidase activities were identified in Potamotrygon
falkneri venom (Haddad et al., 2004). In a
comparative study of Potamotrygon scobina and
Potamotrygon orbignyi venoms, Magalha˜ es et al.
(2006) identified significant edematogenic and noci-
ceptive response and necrosis in both venoms.
Conceic-a˜ o et al. (2006) isolated a vasoconstrictor
peptide from P. orbignyi venom with 1001.52 Da.
Barbaro et al. (2007), comparing the extracts from
the tissue of marine and freshwater stingrays
Dasyatis guttata and P. falkneri, observed edemato-
genic, gelatinolytic, caseinolytic and fibrinogenoly-
tic activities in both extracts. Nociceptive activity
was verified in both tissue extracts; however,
P. falkneri presented a two-fold higher activity than
D. guttata tissue extract. Lethal, dermonecrotic,
myotoxic and hyaluronidase activities were ob-
served only in the tissue extract of P. falkneri.
Hyaluronidases (EC 3.2.1.35) are enzymes that
naturally cleave hyaluronic acid, which is a major
component of the extracellular matrix of vertebrates
(Kreil, 1995). These enzymes are not toxic by
themselves, but can enhance local systemic envenoma-
tion by increasing the absorption and diffusion rates
of the venom through the victim’s tissues since it
catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glucosaminoglycans,
this being called the spreading factor (Duran-Reynals,
1936). Hyaluronidase enzyme has been reported in
venom of snakes, scorpions, bee, stonefish, lizards and
spiders (Owen, 1983; Tu and Hendon, 1983; Poh
et al., 1992; Kemparaju and Girish, 2006; Morey
et al., 2006; Nagaraju et al., 2007).
Recently, hyaluronidase activity was reported in
the freshwater stingrays’ crude venom (Magalha˜ es,
2001; Haddad et al., 2004; Barbaro et al., 2007). In
the present study, we show the results of purification
and characterization of hyaluronidase enzyme from
P. motoro venom.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Venom and animals
Specimens of P. motoro were collected from
Crixa´ s-Ac-u´ River (Goia´ s, Brazil). The entire sting
was removed with bistouries, lyophilized and
scraped. The collected material was macerated and
dissolved in phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 7.0,
containing 0.15 M NaCl and immediately centri-
fuged at 5000g for 10 min. Venom was stored at
À20 1C until use.
2.2. Estimation of protein concentration
Protein concentrations were determined by the
method of Lowry et al. (1951) using bovine serum
albumin (BSA) as a standard.
2.3. Assay of hyaluronidase enzyme activity
Hyaluronidase enzyme activity was determined
by the method described by Ferrante (1956),
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M.R. Magalha˜es et al. / Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–1067 1061
3. modified by Poh et al. (1992). The assay mixture
contained 200 ml acetate buffer 0.2 M, pH 6.0,
containing 0.15 M NaCl, 50 ml hyaluronic acid
(0.5 mg/ml in acetate buffer) and 50 ml enzyme in
acetate buffer. The mixture was incubated for
15 min at 37 1C and the reaction was stopped by
the addition of 500 ml of 2.5% (w/v) acetyltrimethy-
lammonium bromide in 2% (w/v) NaOH. After
10 min, the absorbance of each reaction mixture was
read at 400 nm. Specific activity was expressed as
National Formulary Units (NFU), which is defined
as the amount of enzyme required to hydrolyze
0.255 mg of the hyaluronic acid per minute.
2.4. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SDS-PAGE (12%) was carried out under dena-
turing conditions according to the method described
by Laemmli (1970). After electrophoresis, gel was
silver stained as described by Blum et al. (1987).
Molecular weight standards from 97.4 kDa (phos-
phorylase B) and 66 kDa (BSA) were used.
2.5. Enzyme purification
The crude P. motoro venom (0.38 mg) was loaded
on a Sephacryl S-100 column (2.5 Â 48 cm) pre-
viously equilibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer,
pH 6.0, containing 100 mM NaCl, and eluted with
the same buffer at a flow rate of 40 ml/h. Fractions
of 2.0 ml were collected and monitored at 280 nm.
Fractions showing the highest hyaluronidase activ-
ity were pooled, dialyzed and applied directly onto a
SP-Sepharose column (1.5 Â 13 cm) equilibrated
with 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, and eluted
at a flow rate of 60 ml/h. Fractions of 3.0 ml were
collected and monitored at 280 nm. The column was
washed with the same buffer and eluted with a
linear gradient of 0–1.0 M NaCl. Fractions contain-
ing hyaluronidase activity were pooled, dialyzed,
lyophilized and stored at À20 1C.
2.6. Molecular weight determination
The molecular weight of the purified hyaluroni-
dase was estimated by gel filtration chromatography
according to the method of Andrews (1962) on
calibrated columns (2.5 Â 48 cm) of Sephacryl S-
100, using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 (con-
taining 100 mM NaCl), at a flow rate of 40 ml/h.
Void volume (Vo) of the column was determined by
using blue dextran (1 mg/ml in equilibration buffer).
Ovalbumin (43 kDa), chymotrypsinogen A (25 kDa)
and ribonuclease A (13.7 kDa) were used as
standard proteins for obtaining the calibration
curve. A calibration curve was obtained by plotting
Ve/Vo (KAV) against their respective logarithmic
molecular weights.
2.7. Enzyme characterization
The effect of pH on enzyme activity was
determined by varying the pH of the reaction
mixtures using 100 mM phosphate–citrate buffer
(pH 2.5–7.0). The effect of temperature on enzy-
matic activity was determined at pH 4.2, in the
range of 20–50 1C. The effect of temperature on
enzyme stability was determined after preincubation
at 20, 30 and 40 1C for 5–30 min. The effects of
metallic ions and some compounds on hyaluroni-
dase activity were determined after preincubation at
4 1C for 15 min. Km was determined from the
Michaelis–Menten plot using Origin 7.0 program
by measuring the initial rate of hyaluronic acid
hydrolysis using a range of 2.5–25 mg/ml.
3. Results
3.1. Purification of hyaluronidase
A two-step protocol was standardized for hyalur-
onidase purification. The first step involved the
Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatography,
which fractionated P. motoro venom gland extract
into two peaks of proteins (Fig. 1A). Fractions with
hyaluronidase activity were pooled and concen-
trated by lyophilization. Only 3.62% of the activity
loaded onto the column was recovered in the pooled
fraction. The second step involved the SP-Sepharose
ion-exchange chromatography and resolved into
one peak of protein. The peak containing hyalur-
onidase activity was eluted with a linear gradient of
NaCl (Fig. 1B). In this step 80% of the enzyme
loaded onto the column was recovered. A summary
of the purification procedure is given in (Table 1).
The enzyme was purified to 366.4-fold with a
yield of 2.90%, having a specific activity of 1.33 Â
108
NFU/min mg of protein. SDS-PAGE showed
that the enzyme migrated as a single band (Fig. 2).
Molecular weight of the hyaluronidase was esti-
mated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100 using
standard protein molecular weight markers and it
was found to be approximately 79 kDa (Fig. 3).
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M.R. Magalha˜es et al. / Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–10671062
4. ARTICLE IN PRESS
20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0
50
100
150
200
250
Absorbanceat280nm()
Fraction number
HyaluronidaseactivityNFU/mL(-------)
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Absorbanceat280nm()
Fraction number
HyaluronidaseactvityNFU/mL(------)
NaCl(0-1.0M)
30 40 50 60 70 80
10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 1. Isolation of hyaluronidase from P. motoro venom. (A) Elution profile from Sephacryl S-100 chromatography. The column
(2.5 Â 48 cm) was eluted with 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, containing 100 mM NaCl at a flow rate of 40 ml/h, and 2 ml fractions were
collected. Protein elution was monitored at 280 nm (———) and hyaluronidase activity at 400 nm (- - - - - -). Fractions having the
hyaluronidase activity (dotted line) were pooled, concentrated and applied onto SP-Sepharose columns for further fractionation. (B)
Elution profile from SP-Sepharose column chromatography. The column (1.5 Â 13 cm) was equilibrated with 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH
6.0, at a flow rate of 60 ml/h, and 2 ml fractions were collected. The column was washed with the same buffer and eluted with a linear
gradiet of 0–1.0 M NaCl.
Table 1
Summary of purification of hyaluronidase from P. motoro venom
Purification step Total protein (mg) Total activity
(NFU/ml)
Specific activity
(NFU/mg)
Purification (fold) Yield (%)
Crude venom 380 138 Â 103
3.63 Â 105
1 100
Sephacryl S-100 0.69 5 Â 103
7.24 Â 106
19.9 3.62
SP-Sepharose 0.03 4 Â 103
1.33 Â 108
366.4 2.90
M.R. Magalha˜es et al. / Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–1067 1063
5. 3.2. Biochemical characterization
The pH activity profile of purified hyaluronidase
was determined in a pH range from 2.5 to 7.0 using
phosphate/citrate buffer. The enzyme had a typical
bell-shaped profile covering a broad pH range and
an optimal pH of 4.2 (Fig. 4A). The influence of
temperature on hyaluronidase activity was deter-
mined between 4 and 50 1C at pH 4.2. The optimal
temperature for hyaluronidase activity was 40 1C
and the activity decreased significantly above 40 1C
(Fig. 4B). The enzyme was stable for at least 30 min
when incubated at 20 and 30 1C, but lost 70% of the
activity at 40 1C (Fig. 4C). The effect of varying con-
centrations of hyaluronic acid on the initial velocity
of the hyaluronidase showed a typical hyperbolic
saturation curve (Fig. 5). The Km (4.91 mg/ml) and
Vmax (2.02 U/min) values were calculated from the
Michaelis–Menten plot.
The activity of the purified hyaluronidases was
tested in presence of metal ions and some chemical
compounds (Table 2). No considerable effect was
observed with Ca2+
, Mg2+
, Zn2+
and Hg2+
,
whereas Ni+
, Fe2+
and Cu2+
reduced activity by
25% approximately. b-Mercaptoethanol had a
slight effect on enzyme activity, whereas heparin
(0.05 IU) inhibited hyaluronidase activity by 20%.
4. Discussion
In this study with P. motoro venom extract, we
found that two-step fractionation on Sephacryl S-
100 column and SP-Sepharose column resulted in
the purification of a protein with hyaluronidase
activity. The final yield of 2.90% obtained and
activity of 4 Â 103
NFU/ml will signify the difficult
associated with working with this enzyme. Similar
results were described by Xu et al. (1982) working
with hyaluronidase from Agkistrodon acutus snake
venom. However, Poh et al. (1992) recovered 57%
hyaluronidase from Synanceja horrida stonefish
venom and Pessini et al. (2001) recovered 43.6%
hyaluronidase from Tityus serrulatus scorpion
venom.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that
hyaluronidase purified from P. motoro migrated as a
single band with an estimated molecular mass of
79 kDa, and exists as monomer. Most of the
hyaluronidase described in the literature appears
as a monomer and varies considerably between
organisms. Molecular weight of hyaluronidase from
Heterometrus fulvipus (Ramanaiah et al., 1990) was
in a similar range, while proteins with 33, 52 and
116 kDa have been described from A. acutus (Xu
et al., 1982), T. serrulatus (Pessini et al., 2001) and
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Fig. 2. SDS-PAGE of the purified P. motoro hyaluronidase.
(Lane 1) Molecular weight markers. (Lane 2) Crude P. motoro
venom. (Lane 3) Purified enzyme after Sephacryl S-100 chroma-
tography. (Lane 4) Purified enzyme after SP-Sepharose chroma-
tography.
0.05
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
MolecularWeightLog
KAV
Hyaluronidase
Ovoalbumin
Chymotrypsinogen
Ribonuclease
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Fig. 3. Determination of molecular mass of the purified
hyaluronidase from the venom of P. motoro by gel filtration
chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified hyalur-
onidase was estimated by gel filtration chromatography on
calibrated columns (2.5 Â 48 cm) of Sephacryl S-100, using
50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 (containing 100 mM NaCl), at
a flow rate of 40 ml/h. Void volume (Vo) of the column was
determined by using blue dextran (1 mg/ml in equilibration
buffer), ovalbumin (43 kDa), chymotrypsinogen A (25 kDa) and
ribonuclease A (13.7 kDa). A calibration curve was obtained by
plotting Ve/Vo against their respective logarithmic molecular
weights.
M.R. Magalha˜es et al. / Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–10671064
6. Streptococcus agalactiae (Ozegowski et al., 1994),
respectively.
The optimal pH for the enzyme activity (4.2) was
similar to that found for hyaluronidase from a
variety of organisms. The optimal pH for hyalur-
onidase activity is usually in the range of 3.5 and 6.5
(Xu et al., 1982; Poh et al., 1992; Ozegowski et al.,
1994; Morey et al., 2006; Nagaraju et al., 2007). The
optimum temperature was found to be 37 1C at pH
4.2, and it is in agreement with hyaluronidase from
Palamneus gravimanus (Morey et al., 2006) and
Hippasa partita (Nagaraju et al., 2007). Thermo-
stability is considered an important and useful
criterion for enzyme characterization. The hyalur-
onidase from P. motoro was stable for at least
30 min when incubated at 20 and 30 1C, but retained
only 30% of the activity after incubation at 40 1C.
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2.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Hyaluronidaseactivity(NFU/ml)
pH
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Hyaluronidaseactivity(NFU/ml)
Temperature (°C)
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
(20°C)
(30°C)
(40°C)
Relativeactivity(%)
Time
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 10 20 30 40 50
5 10 15 20 25 30
Fig. 4. Characterization biochemistry of P. motoro hyaluronidase. (A) Profile of the pH optimum for hyaluronidase activity. (B) Profile of
the temperature optimum for hyaluronidase activity. (C) Temperature–stability profile of hyaluronidase activity purified.
0
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
V(NFU/min)
5 10 15 20 25
Hyaluronic acid (µg/mL)
Fig. 5. Michelis–Menten plot of the hyaluronidase activity with
the substrate hyaluronic acid. Experiments were performed at
40 1C and pH 4.2.
M.R. Magalha˜es et al. / Toxicon 51 (2008) 1060–1067 1065
7. The purified hyaluronidase from P. motoro
showed Michaelis–Menten-type kinetics with hya-
luronic acid as substrate. The Km of 4.91 mg/ml
indicates that the enzyme has comparatively high
affinity for hyaluronic acid compared with other
hyaluronidases. This value was substantially lower
than those reported for P. gravimanus (47.61 mg/ml)
(Morey et al., 2006), T. serrulatus (69.7 mg/ml)
(Pessini et al., 2001), S. agalactiae (81.9 mg/ml)
(Ozegowski et al., 1994) and S. horrida stonefish
(709 mg/ml) (Poh et al., 1992).
As reported from studies on other hyaluronidase, a
concentration as low as 10mM of some metal ions
could affect enzyme activity. The poor inhibition by
Hg2+
and b-mercaptoethanol, compounds that usual-
ly react with cystein, led us to hypothesize about the
absence of these amino acids in the catalytic site of the
enzyme. Similar results are found by hyaluronidase
from P. gravimanus (Morey et al., 2006).
P. motoro purified enzyme is inhibited by heparin
as described by hyaluronidase from A. acutus
venom (Xu et al., 1982), H. fulvipus scorpion venom
(Ramanaiah et al., 1990) and P. gravimanus (Morey
et al., 2006).
In conclusion, this study presents the first
purification of a hyaluronidase from P. motoro
sting. This enzyme shows similar characteristics as
enzymes from venom of different organisms and
exhibited high affinity for hyaluronic acid. Further
structural and functional analyses might provide an
insight for the better understanding of the role of
this enzyme in envenomation by P. motoro.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a biotechnology
research grant to C.J.U. (CNPq, CAPES and
FUNAPE/UFG). M.R.M. was supported by Uni-
versidade Cato´ lica de Goia´ s (CEPB). The authors
thank Dr. Joa˜ o Luiz da Costa Cardoso and Dr.
Vidal Haddad Jr. (Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto
Butantan), and Dra Ka´ tia Cristina Barbaro (La-
borato´ rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Burantan)
for valuable suggestions during this study.
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