The document discusses a study on bacteria found in the mucus of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) and river water in Brazil, and the ability of these bacteria to cause infections. The study identified bacteria from stingray mucus and river water samples, finding mostly gram-negative bacteria like Aeromonas spp. and Enterobacter cloacae. Some bacteria produced toxins that damaged human cells in lab tests. Antibiotic testing found that 68% of bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. While stingray venom was toxic to cells, it did not increase bacterial growth. In summary, bacteria from stingray mucus and river water could transfer into wounds and cause severe secondary infections.
This study analyzed the occurrence and diversity of integrons in bacteria isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant. A total of 697 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas were screened for integrons. Three new gene cassettes were identified, including a novel aadA variant and genes involved in cell signaling and unknown functions. Thirteen different gene cassette arrays were detected, with four representing novel integrons. Approximately 80% of isolates were resistant to at least 3 antibiotic classes. The presence of novel integron structures in treated effluent suggests wastewater treatment plants may facilitate the formation and spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
This master's seminar presentation speaks about the role of bacteriophage in the management of different plant diseases.
It deals with the history and discovery of bacteriophages up to current research studies and usage.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effectiveness of 16 chemical disinfectants against four human pathogenic viruses (coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus type 5, parainfluenzavirus type 3, and coronavirus 229E) when the viruses were dried on stainless steel disks. Only five disinfectants were found to achieve a 3 log10 or greater reduction in all four viruses tested within 1 minute of exposure, regardless of whether the viruses were suspended in feces or mucin prior to drying. The five effective disinfectants were 2% glutaraldehyde, a mixture containing 0.5% sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate and 0.6% sodium la
This document describes the development of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify Vibrio alginolyticus using the groEL gene. A species-specific primer was designed based on alignments of groEL gene sequences. Testing showed the primer only amplified V. alginolyticus and not other Vibrio or non-Vibrio strains. The assay was sensitive enough to detect as few as 10 cells per ml and was used to quantify V. alginolyticus artificially inoculated into shellfish and shrimp samples.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed 267 fecal samples from cattle, goats, and poultry in Botswana for the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. A total of 72 samples (26.9%) tested positive for C. neoformans, mostly from cattle. The isolates were further analyzed to determine their mating type (MATα, MATa, or hybrids). Mating type analysis revealed the presence of all three types in the isolates from cattle, poultry, and goats, with MATα being most common. The results suggest that veterinary animals can act as reservoirs for C. neoformans and highlight the need to prevent transmission to at-risk human populations.
The researchers isolated a novel bacteriophage from tropical soil samples in Brazil and named it Gêmeos. Through enrichment culture and purification techniques, they isolated the phage that infected Bacillus cereus. Initial observations indicated Gêmeos was a lysogenic phage. Electrophoresis of the phage's proteins showed migration, indicating successful separation. Further experiments like genome sequencing could provide more details about Gêmeos.
The study isolated and identified bacteria from fresh and smoked Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) samples collected from three markets in Minna, Nigeria. Bacterial analysis revealed six species of bacteria present: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Salmonella epidermis, Salmonella typhii, and Shigella sp. Samples from Chanchaga market had the highest bacterial load and number of identified species for both fresh and smoked fish. The mean bacterial load was 1.84 x 106 cfu/ml for fresh fish and 2.06 x 106 cfu/ml for smoked fish.
This study analyzed the occurrence and diversity of integrons in bacteria isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant. A total of 697 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas were screened for integrons. Three new gene cassettes were identified, including a novel aadA variant and genes involved in cell signaling and unknown functions. Thirteen different gene cassette arrays were detected, with four representing novel integrons. Approximately 80% of isolates were resistant to at least 3 antibiotic classes. The presence of novel integron structures in treated effluent suggests wastewater treatment plants may facilitate the formation and spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
This master's seminar presentation speaks about the role of bacteriophage in the management of different plant diseases.
It deals with the history and discovery of bacteriophages up to current research studies and usage.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effectiveness of 16 chemical disinfectants against four human pathogenic viruses (coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus type 5, parainfluenzavirus type 3, and coronavirus 229E) when the viruses were dried on stainless steel disks. Only five disinfectants were found to achieve a 3 log10 or greater reduction in all four viruses tested within 1 minute of exposure, regardless of whether the viruses were suspended in feces or mucin prior to drying. The five effective disinfectants were 2% glutaraldehyde, a mixture containing 0.5% sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate and 0.6% sodium la
This document describes the development of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify Vibrio alginolyticus using the groEL gene. A species-specific primer was designed based on alignments of groEL gene sequences. Testing showed the primer only amplified V. alginolyticus and not other Vibrio or non-Vibrio strains. The assay was sensitive enough to detect as few as 10 cells per ml and was used to quantify V. alginolyticus artificially inoculated into shellfish and shrimp samples.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed 267 fecal samples from cattle, goats, and poultry in Botswana for the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. A total of 72 samples (26.9%) tested positive for C. neoformans, mostly from cattle. The isolates were further analyzed to determine their mating type (MATα, MATa, or hybrids). Mating type analysis revealed the presence of all three types in the isolates from cattle, poultry, and goats, with MATα being most common. The results suggest that veterinary animals can act as reservoirs for C. neoformans and highlight the need to prevent transmission to at-risk human populations.
The researchers isolated a novel bacteriophage from tropical soil samples in Brazil and named it Gêmeos. Through enrichment culture and purification techniques, they isolated the phage that infected Bacillus cereus. Initial observations indicated Gêmeos was a lysogenic phage. Electrophoresis of the phage's proteins showed migration, indicating successful separation. Further experiments like genome sequencing could provide more details about Gêmeos.
The study isolated and identified bacteria from fresh and smoked Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) samples collected from three markets in Minna, Nigeria. Bacterial analysis revealed six species of bacteria present: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Salmonella epidermis, Salmonella typhii, and Shigella sp. Samples from Chanchaga market had the highest bacterial load and number of identified species for both fresh and smoked fish. The mean bacterial load was 1.84 x 106 cfu/ml for fresh fish and 2.06 x 106 cfu/ml for smoked fish.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
This document summarizes a study that examined the antimicrobial properties of mucus from the chame fish (Dormitator latifrons). The study found inhibitory effects of chame mucus against several bacteria strains. Specifically, chame mucus showed inhibitory effects against 2 out of 3 Bacillus strains tested as well as strong inhibitory effects against Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi. A lower level of inhibition was also observed against Vibrio anguillarum. The results suggest the presence of antibacterial agents in chame fish mucus, which could potentially be applied to animal and human health.
Rolfe, RICE et al 2012 Lag Phase of Salmonella Typhimurium - J. Bacteriol.Chris Rice
This study analyzed the lag phase growth period of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using functional genomics and physiological techniques. The results showed:
1) Adaptation began within 4 minutes as genes for phosphate uptake were expressed.
2) The main lag phase transcriptional program started at 20 minutes, upregulating 945 genes for processes like transcription, translation and iron-sulfur protein assembly.
3) RNA polymerase was not poised upstream of bacterial genes rapidly induced at the start of lag phase, suggesting de novo partitioning of RNA polymerase to transcribe 522 genes within 4 minutes of leaving stationary phase.
4) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed accumulation of iron, calcium and manganese
The document describes a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) that used coordinated protocols and analytical methods to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. By tracking individual bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences across multiple studies, the analysis resulted in both a reference database providing global context to DNA sequence data and an analytical framework for incorporating future study data to further characterize Earth's microbial diversity. The meta-analysis found that standardized environmental descriptors and new analytical methods, particularly using exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enabled comparisons across studies and exploration of large-scale ecological patterns.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
This document describes a study that analyzed the transcriptome of the gut epithelium in Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm) larvae 24 hours after being infected with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) or a mock treatment. The study found 1,139 genes were differentially expressed between the two groups, with 63% downregulated and 37% upregulated in infected larvae. Genes related to digestion, detoxification, and some immune responses like viral recognition were generally downregulated upon infection, while antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase were upregulated. This provided insight into how baculovirus infection alters gene expression in the gut, likely the most heavily
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
First report on fusarium solani, a pathogenic fungus causing stem rot disease...Alexander Decker
This document reports on the first identification of Fusarium solani as the causal agent of stem rot disease in dragon fruits in Bali, Indonesia. Two Fusarium isolates (w1 and w2) were isolated from diseased dragon fruit stems and identified as F. solani based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates tests. Sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA region from both isolates showed 99% similarity to F. solani, representing the first report of this pathogenic fungus affecting dragon fruits in Bali.
This document summarizes a study that reconstructed 7,903 bacterial and archaeal genomes from over 1,500 public metagenomes. Key findings include:
- The genomes increase phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal trees by over 30% and provide first representatives for 17 bacterial and 3 archaeal candidate phyla.
- 245 genomes were recovered from the Patescibacteria superphylum.
- The genomes vary substantially in quality, with 43.5% considered near-complete, 43.8% medium quality, and 12.7% partial.
- The genomes expand representation of underrepresented phyla like Aminicenantes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Lentisphaera
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
- Experiments tested the effect of extracellular self-DNA (exDNA) and heterologous DNA on the growth of 6 species from different taxonomic groups, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa and insects.
- Treatments with conspecific exDNA produced a concentration-dependent growth inhibition in all species, whereas heterologous DNA did not cause inhibition except in one bacterial species.
- The results suggest exDNA may have a general inhibitory effect on biological systems, providing a potential mechanism for self-inhibition and negative feedback observed in different organisms. Further investigation is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of this effect.
Elisa Test for Determination of Grapevine Viral Infection in Rahovec, KosovoIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Vineyard in Kosovo is estimated to have a great economic potential. There are thousands of hectares of vineyards that contribute to the economic potential of Rahovec by expanding the cultivation area year by year. The vines are affected by a number of viral diseases or pathologies similar to them, which significantly have an impact against the plant life and their production. Therefore, this study was conducted in several farms in Rahovec to determine whether there is a presence of viral infection in the vines. Application of Das-Elisa, Protein A-DAS and Antigen Direct Binding - DASI verified the final identification of viral infection in the collected material. The yellow colour reaction shown on the plate showed the positive result of the Elisa assay for viruses GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GVA and GVB in varieties Vranac, Smederevka, Prokup, Afuzali, Grocaka, Demir Kapi, Plovdina, Melika, Zhillavka. The use of specific antibodies will enable the examination of viral diseases in plant materials collected from vineyards and will be oriented to their phytosanitary status.
1) Researchers developed transgenic medaka (fish) carrying multiple copies of a bacteriophage vector containing the cII gene, which serves as a target for detecting mutations.
2) They adapted an assay used in transgenic rodents to efficiently recover cII mutants from fish genomic DNA and detect them by infecting bacteria.
3) Spontaneous mutant frequencies in liver, whole fish, and testes of medaka were comparable to frequencies observed in transgenic rodents. Treatment with ethylnitrosourea induced cII mutations in the medaka in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner consistent with known mutagen mechanisms.
The document summarizes a study that found two fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove forest were able to extracellularly synthesize spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) that were 35±10 nm in size. The Ag NP were characterized through various techniques and showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. In particular, Ag NP produced by Aspergillus tubingensis were highly effective at inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. This is the first report of extracellular Ag NP synthesis and antimicrobial properties of Ag NP produced by fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove, opening possibilities for obtaining biogenic Ag NP with positive surface potential and new applications.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all fields of plant sciences. Austin Journal of Plant Biology provides a new platform for botanists, researchers, scientists, scholars and academicians to publish their work & update the recent advances in plant sciences.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials) and Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment of research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document summarizes a study that used PCR and cloning to analyze the 16S rRNA genes present in a natural marine bacterioplankton population from the Sargasso Sea. Researchers constructed a library of 51 small-subunit rRNA genes and sequenced five unique genes. In addition to genes from known marine Synechococcus and SAR11 lineages, they identified two new classes of genes belonging to alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, confirming that many planktonic bacteria have not been previously recognized by microbiologists.
Girlhood is explored through depictions across time and space, with an Austrian postcard from 1901 showing one vision of girlhood and a British Empire photo from the early 1900s of "Swahili Children" providing another perspective on what constitutes girlhood in a different cultural context. Definitions of girlhood have varied in different eras and locations.
The document provides resources for business executive resumes, cover letters, and interview preparation materials from the website resume123.org. It lists 8 resume samples, tips for writing effective resumes and cover letters, and over 60 interview questions, answers, and tips. The resources are intended to help business executives seeking new jobs with their job search materials and interview skills.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
This document summarizes a study that examined the antimicrobial properties of mucus from the chame fish (Dormitator latifrons). The study found inhibitory effects of chame mucus against several bacteria strains. Specifically, chame mucus showed inhibitory effects against 2 out of 3 Bacillus strains tested as well as strong inhibitory effects against Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi. A lower level of inhibition was also observed against Vibrio anguillarum. The results suggest the presence of antibacterial agents in chame fish mucus, which could potentially be applied to animal and human health.
Rolfe, RICE et al 2012 Lag Phase of Salmonella Typhimurium - J. Bacteriol.Chris Rice
This study analyzed the lag phase growth period of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using functional genomics and physiological techniques. The results showed:
1) Adaptation began within 4 minutes as genes for phosphate uptake were expressed.
2) The main lag phase transcriptional program started at 20 minutes, upregulating 945 genes for processes like transcription, translation and iron-sulfur protein assembly.
3) RNA polymerase was not poised upstream of bacterial genes rapidly induced at the start of lag phase, suggesting de novo partitioning of RNA polymerase to transcribe 522 genes within 4 minutes of leaving stationary phase.
4) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed accumulation of iron, calcium and manganese
The document describes a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) that used coordinated protocols and analytical methods to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. By tracking individual bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences across multiple studies, the analysis resulted in both a reference database providing global context to DNA sequence data and an analytical framework for incorporating future study data to further characterize Earth's microbial diversity. The meta-analysis found that standardized environmental descriptors and new analytical methods, particularly using exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enabled comparisons across studies and exploration of large-scale ecological patterns.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
This document describes a study that analyzed the transcriptome of the gut epithelium in Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm) larvae 24 hours after being infected with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) or a mock treatment. The study found 1,139 genes were differentially expressed between the two groups, with 63% downregulated and 37% upregulated in infected larvae. Genes related to digestion, detoxification, and some immune responses like viral recognition were generally downregulated upon infection, while antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase were upregulated. This provided insight into how baculovirus infection alters gene expression in the gut, likely the most heavily
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
First report on fusarium solani, a pathogenic fungus causing stem rot disease...Alexander Decker
This document reports on the first identification of Fusarium solani as the causal agent of stem rot disease in dragon fruits in Bali, Indonesia. Two Fusarium isolates (w1 and w2) were isolated from diseased dragon fruit stems and identified as F. solani based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates tests. Sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA region from both isolates showed 99% similarity to F. solani, representing the first report of this pathogenic fungus affecting dragon fruits in Bali.
This document summarizes a study that reconstructed 7,903 bacterial and archaeal genomes from over 1,500 public metagenomes. Key findings include:
- The genomes increase phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal trees by over 30% and provide first representatives for 17 bacterial and 3 archaeal candidate phyla.
- 245 genomes were recovered from the Patescibacteria superphylum.
- The genomes vary substantially in quality, with 43.5% considered near-complete, 43.8% medium quality, and 12.7% partial.
- The genomes expand representation of underrepresented phyla like Aminicenantes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Lentisphaera
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
- Experiments tested the effect of extracellular self-DNA (exDNA) and heterologous DNA on the growth of 6 species from different taxonomic groups, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa and insects.
- Treatments with conspecific exDNA produced a concentration-dependent growth inhibition in all species, whereas heterologous DNA did not cause inhibition except in one bacterial species.
- The results suggest exDNA may have a general inhibitory effect on biological systems, providing a potential mechanism for self-inhibition and negative feedback observed in different organisms. Further investigation is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of this effect.
Elisa Test for Determination of Grapevine Viral Infection in Rahovec, KosovoIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Vineyard in Kosovo is estimated to have a great economic potential. There are thousands of hectares of vineyards that contribute to the economic potential of Rahovec by expanding the cultivation area year by year. The vines are affected by a number of viral diseases or pathologies similar to them, which significantly have an impact against the plant life and their production. Therefore, this study was conducted in several farms in Rahovec to determine whether there is a presence of viral infection in the vines. Application of Das-Elisa, Protein A-DAS and Antigen Direct Binding - DASI verified the final identification of viral infection in the collected material. The yellow colour reaction shown on the plate showed the positive result of the Elisa assay for viruses GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GVA and GVB in varieties Vranac, Smederevka, Prokup, Afuzali, Grocaka, Demir Kapi, Plovdina, Melika, Zhillavka. The use of specific antibodies will enable the examination of viral diseases in plant materials collected from vineyards and will be oriented to their phytosanitary status.
1) Researchers developed transgenic medaka (fish) carrying multiple copies of a bacteriophage vector containing the cII gene, which serves as a target for detecting mutations.
2) They adapted an assay used in transgenic rodents to efficiently recover cII mutants from fish genomic DNA and detect them by infecting bacteria.
3) Spontaneous mutant frequencies in liver, whole fish, and testes of medaka were comparable to frequencies observed in transgenic rodents. Treatment with ethylnitrosourea induced cII mutations in the medaka in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner consistent with known mutagen mechanisms.
The document summarizes a study that found two fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove forest were able to extracellularly synthesize spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) that were 35±10 nm in size. The Ag NP were characterized through various techniques and showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. In particular, Ag NP produced by Aspergillus tubingensis were highly effective at inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. This is the first report of extracellular Ag NP synthesis and antimicrobial properties of Ag NP produced by fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove, opening possibilities for obtaining biogenic Ag NP with positive surface potential and new applications.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all fields of plant sciences. Austin Journal of Plant Biology provides a new platform for botanists, researchers, scientists, scholars and academicians to publish their work & update the recent advances in plant sciences.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials) and Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment of research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document summarizes a study that used PCR and cloning to analyze the 16S rRNA genes present in a natural marine bacterioplankton population from the Sargasso Sea. Researchers constructed a library of 51 small-subunit rRNA genes and sequenced five unique genes. In addition to genes from known marine Synechococcus and SAR11 lineages, they identified two new classes of genes belonging to alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, confirming that many planktonic bacteria have not been previously recognized by microbiologists.
Girlhood is explored through depictions across time and space, with an Austrian postcard from 1901 showing one vision of girlhood and a British Empire photo from the early 1900s of "Swahili Children" providing another perspective on what constitutes girlhood in a different cultural context. Definitions of girlhood have varied in different eras and locations.
The document provides resources for business executive resumes, cover letters, and interview preparation materials from the website resume123.org. It lists 8 resume samples, tips for writing effective resumes and cover letters, and over 60 interview questions, answers, and tips. The resources are intended to help business executives seeking new jobs with their job search materials and interview skills.
SafeCare is an evidence-based parenting program developed in the 1970s that targets child neglect and physical abuse prevention. It consists of three modules - child safety, child health, and parent-child interaction - delivered over 18 sessions. Research shows SafeCare reduces child maltreatment recidivism rates by 26-63% compared to services as usual. It has been implemented in 23 U.S. states and other countries. SafeCare has a return on investment of $14.85 for every $1 spent based on a Washington state study. Adaptations have expanded SafeCare to diverse populations and other evidence-based programs.
RedCarpetPhotobooths is a photo booth rental company located in Ithaca, MI that has been in the wedding photography business for over 60 years. They offer high quality, personalized photo strips from clean, modern and elegant photo booths staffed by professionals. Guests are sure to enjoy making memories with the photo booths that will last a lifetime. The document includes a reservation form for their photo booth services.
Fathering, Child Protection and MBC programsBASPCAN
The document summarizes research from interviews with men who had used violence against their female partners, the partners, and workers at men's behavior change programs (MBCP).
Most men acknowledged the harm of their violence on their children and felt remorse. Their responsibility was often qualified by focusing on their own feelings. Two men took little responsibility. Children's safety and access were strong motivators for attending MBCP and changing for many men. However, men largely saw child protection agencies as adversaries. Women did not feel supported by child protection and it did little to create alliances. Stronger links between MBCP and child protection could increase accountability.
Блог о маркетинге и об инструментах продвижении в странах Азии - http://tylik.com
Кейсы, инструменты, технологии продаж в странах Азиатско-Тихоокеанского Региона
Do you want to sponsor one of the largest conferences in the US of it's kind? Check out the Sponsorship brochure for all 2015 Conference opportunities. 561-790-1176 x 824 for more information.
Barbaro et al, 2007. comparative study on extracts from the tissue covering thepryloock
1. The study compared properties of tissue extracts from the stingers of freshwater Potamotrygon falkneri and marine Dasyatis guttata stingrays.
2. By SDS-PAGE, the tissue extracts had similar protein bands above 80 kDa, but differences below this mass.
3. P. falkneri tissue extract displayed lethal, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities, while D. guttata did not. Both induced similar edema in mice. P. falkneri induced stronger nociception.
Haiku Deck is a presentation platform that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The platform encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. Creating Haiku Deck presentations involves choosing from thousands of stock images and animations to tell visual stories in a minimal yet impactful way.
Dokumen tersebut membahas sistem konstruksi lantai menggunakan bahan bambu. Bambu adalah tumbuhan tropis yang kuat dan fleksibel, cocok digunakan sebagai bahan konstruksi lantai karena mampu menahan beban. Ada beberapa jenis bambu yang umum digunakan seperti bambu wulung, apus, peting, dan petung, masing-masing memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda sesuai kegunaannya sebagai pondasi, tiang, atau elem
1. The Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership thanks the committee for the opportunity to submit to the inquiry into language learning in Indigenous communities.
2. The submission outlines 9 principles that must be followed to successfully save Indigenous Australian languages: 1) Indigenous languages must be a national priority and spoken as living languages; 2) Indigenous languages must be officially recognized; 3) Indigenous children have a right to learn their ancestral languages from birth; 4) non-Indigenous Australians should learn Indigenous languages.
3. The submission calls for an urgent effort to fully document Indigenous languages before more knowledge is lost, for Indigenous languages to be used in all domains, and for the creation of language professionals focused on maintaining threatened languages.
Nagalakshmi TL is a software tester with over 3 years of experience in testing competency including POS testing, database testing, web testing, API testing, and ALM. She has extensive experience as a Test Analyst and SME working on projects for telecom clients. Her skills include SQL, databases, QA tools like HP ALM, SOAP UI, and programming languages. Currently she works as a Test Analyst at Capgemini India Pvt Ltd on a project for T-Mobile US where she is responsible for test execution, preparation, defect tracking, and ensuring compliance.
This document discusses the expansion plans of Discrete Security Services into South America, focusing on Brazil. It outlines considerations for the expansion, including establishing regional headquarters in Rio de Janeiro by 2015. Five of the world's most dangerous cities are located in Brazil, so security assessments will be a priority. The expansion will aim to take advantage of major events like the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, and Brazil's growing economy. Legal compliance for operating in Brazil and equipping agents will also be a major focus of the preparations.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to do so. In a single sentence, it pitches presentation creation software.
How to Launch an Enterprise-Wide Content StrategyMarissa Jambrone
Is your organization providing valuable resources – or are you committing “random acts of content?”
If different teams across your enterprise business are creating content without any central coordination, you’re not only wasting time and energy – you’re confusing customers, perpetuating inefficiencies and leaving money on the table.
So how can you create quality content that meets each department’s needs while supporting the organization’s core message and strategic goals?
Join Bernie Borges, CEO of Find and Convert; Carlos Abler, leader of content marketing and strategy at 3M, and Cision’s Caitlin Jamali to learn how to create a central content strategy for your entire enterprise organization.
See how you can:
-Become effective at content delivery organization-wide by
learning the keys to success
-Further content excellence through change management
-Reach the right audience by understanding and collaborating
to meet their needs
Influence audience behavior with creative content that offers a solution
El Profesor Erik Simões, tutor del Área de Medio Ambiente de FUNIBER, ha publicado un trabajo sobre las “Mareas Rojas” en el periódico Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Detection of Parapoxvirus in goats during contagious ecthyma outbreak in Cear...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Contagious ecthyma or contagious pustular dermatitis, is a viral skin disease that occurs in sheep, goats and wild ruminants and is characterized by the formation of papules, nodules or vesicles that progress into thick crusts or heavy scabs on the lips, gingiva and tongue, caused by a member of the Parapoxvirus genus. Humans are occasionally affected constituting important zoonosis. The disease not only has an economic impact on farmers worldwide but also has a considerable negative effect on animal welfare. In this study, a contagious ecthyma outbreak which occurred in one flock with 90 goats located in the Ceará State, Brazil, was described. Twenty-two goats older than 6 months were affected. The animals presented crusted lesions on the buccal region, tongue, udder and teats, which began with swelling in the mouth area. Dried crusts and serum collected were processed for transmission electron microscopy utilizing, negative staining (rapid preparation), Immunocytochemistry (immunolabelling with colloidal gold particles) and resin embedding techniques. At the Philips EM 208 transmission electron microscopy all the samples were analyzed by negative staining technique and a great number of parapoxvirus particles ovoid or cylindrical, showing two morphological forms, a mulberry (M) form with a distinctive crisscross filament pattern derived from the superimposition of upper and lower virion surfaces and a capsular (C) form caused by stain penetration and distention of the virion core, measuring 300 x 180 nm was observed. Antigen antibody reaction was increased by the colloidal gold particles. In the ultrathin sections of crusts, we verified the presence of three types of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, type A or Bollinger inclusion bodies, outlined by membrane, presented in it is interior, oval, mature or complete viral particles, measuring on the average, 225nm x 130 nm, showing an inner dumbell-shaped core, two lateral bodies and an external envelope, or cigar shaped core. In the type B electron dense inclusions bodies, were visualized parapoxvirus particles budding of dense and amorphous material. Fibrillar intracytoplasmic inclusions were also found located between the virions, consisting of groups of fibrils, arranged in groups or concentrically in the middle of the granular material. Intracytoplasmic vesicles outlined by membranes, measuring 560 x 420 nm, containing granular material in its interior were also observed. The nuclei showed an aspect deformed.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
The document summarizes the identification and characterization of an antimicrobial protein from the mucus of the stingray Potamotrygon cf. henlei. Through solid-phase extraction and chromatographic purification, a 16072.8 Da protein was isolated that showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast without hemolytic activity. Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation identified the protein as similar to the beta-chain of hemoglobin. Effects of the novel antimicrobial protein on the microcirculation were also evaluated. This represents the first description of a bioactive polypeptide isolated from stingray mucus.
Artigo para seminario de ecologia de ecossistemasFabiano Capato
This document summarizes a study that assessed the seasonal response of riverine microbial communities to glyphosate exposure. Two 14-day microcosm experiments were conducted using communities collected in spring and summer from a river frequently contaminated with glyphosate. The experiments showed little effect of a 10 mg/L glyphosate exposure on algal biomass, bacterial activity, or bacterial diversity. Effects on algal composition and eukaryotic diversity were only detected in the summer samples. The results demonstrate that while a short pulse of glyphosate at 10 mg/L seems to have limited effects, the response of natural microbial communities can vary seasonally and between experiments.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
This document presents a study on quantifying the neurotoxic cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in irrigation water sources, fish, and crop plants in Sohag governorate, Egypt. Water, phytoplankton, fish, and plant samples were collected from various sites and analyzed for free and protein-bound BMAA using extraction and HPLC-MS/MS methods. The objectives were to detect BMAA in these matrices, identify cyanobacteria producing BMAA, and determine BMAA concentrations in fish and plant tissues to evaluate potential health risks to humans. The results of this study could provide evidence of BMAA accumulation in Egyptian freshwaters, fish, and agricultural crops
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
This document outlines Dalia Abd El_Mohsen Mohamed's proposed master's degree work plan. The plan aims to investigate the relationship between concentrations of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins and cylindrospermopsin) in drinking water and human blood in Egypt for the first time. Water and blood samples will be collected from patients and healthy individuals and analyzed for hepatotoxin levels using ELISA. Liver enzyme levels will also be measured and correlated with hepatotoxin levels to assess potential liver impacts. The study aims to provide insights into health risks from cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water in Egypt.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of class 1 integrons, which are genetic elements that play a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. It finds that class 1 integrons were originally present in the chromosomes of non-pathogenic soil and freshwater bacteria. Exposure to antibiotics through human activities exerted strong selective pressure that led to the transfer and fixation of class 1 integrons in human pathogens, driving the global rise of antibiotic resistance.
This document outlines a proposed seminar that will conduct a comparative microbiological and physicochemical analysis of bottled water and water from treatment plants in Ondo State, Nigeria. The objectives are to determine the microbiological and mineral quality of the samples, compare their levels of purity, and assess antibiotic sensitivity of any isolates. Samples will be collected and tested for bacteria, fungi, coliforms, physicochemical properties. Results will provide information on the quality of bottled water and treated water distributed in Ondo State.
This research article examines the ability of 5 nitric oxide donor compounds to disperse biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on surfaces. The study found that all 5 nitric oxide donors were able to significantly disperse both pathogen biofilms, ranging from 35-80% dispersal. However, the degree of dispersal and optimal conditions varied between compounds and bacterial strains. In particular, molsidomine was effective at dispersing up to 50% of pre-formed Salmonella biofilm even at 4°C, suggesting potential use under refrigerated conditions. The study also identified a Salmonella genomic region that appears to be involved in the bacteria's response to nitric oxide signaling.
1 antoniazzi et al, 2011. histopathological changes induced by extracts from...pryloock
The document analyzes the histopathological changes induced in mouse skin by extracts from the tissue covering the stingers of freshwater stingrays Potamotrygon falkneri. Microscopic examination found that the extract caused early focal necrosis in basal epidermal cells within 3-6 hours. By 24 hours, full coagulative necrosis was seen in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and skeletal muscle, demarcated from normal skin. Over subsequent days, necrotic cells coalesced into plaques that detached from viable tissue by 72-96 hours, alongside mild inflammatory infiltrate and regenerative epidermal hyperplasia at lesion borders. The study concludes the stingray venom is responsible for early direct necrosis and
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
This document summarizes the development and testing of water dispersible powder (WDP) formulations containing a novel mosquitocidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474), and different carrier materials for mosquito larval control. The bacterial strain was characterized and formulated into WDPs with chalk, bentonite, or talc as carriers. The formulations were tested for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae over 12 months. The chalk formulation showed the highest activity with LC50 values ranging from 0.274-0.523 μg/ml and maintained activity for up to 6 months of storage at room
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...YogeshIJTSRD
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on lettuce from wastewater irrigated fileds in the town of Yaounde was investigated. Lettuce samples were collected from three agricultural fields located in three districts Ekounou, Ezazou and Nkolbisson , over a period of four months. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and kanamycin were determined. Isolated bacteria presented highest resistance to amoxicillin 95.8 and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin 89.2 . The resistance rate of bacteria was the highest in March 93.1 , and lowest in May 89.9 . Antibiotic resistant bacteria identified were belonged to the genus Salmonella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Shigella, klebsiella, Pseudomonas, citrobacter, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Streptococcus. Bacillus cereus was the most abundant 17.5 . The identified isolates were all multidrug resistant, except Lactobacillus which was only resistant to amoxicillin. The obtained results demonstrate the health risk posed by the cultivation and consumption of lettuce from urban agriculture in the city of Yaounde, which could constitute a strong vector for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui | Merveille Tamema Masse | Blaise Pascal Bougnom "Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agriculture in the City of Yaounde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39971.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39971/antibiotic-enteric-resistant-bacteria-are-abundant-on-lettuce-from-urban-agriculture-in-the-city-of-yaounde/brunelle-tchakounte-betbui
This study investigated the role of the transcriptional regulator ToxR in biofilm formation and motility in the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The study found that:
1) A V. parahaemolyticus mutant lacking ToxR showed decreased biofilm formation and reduced swarming and swimming motility compared to the wild type strain.
2) The ToxR regulator was required for rugose colony formation and expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide production, which are important for biofilm formation.
3) ToxR did not regulate switching between opaque and translucent colony types in V. parahaemolyticus, which is associated with capsular polysaccharide production.
The study characterized the Campylobacter jejuni IAL 2383 strain isolated from humans in Brazil. They found that the strain harbored important virulence genes and expressed major virulence factor transcripts. It grew better at 41°C than 37°C, indicating ability to colonize avian hosts. The strain was sensitive to most antibiotics tested and could serve as an experimental model for interactions with host cells and acquisition of antibiotic resistance.
This study examines the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of a 5-kDa peptide fraction isolated from the coelomocytes (immune cells) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The peptide fraction, called 5-CC, showed inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 253.7 to 15.8 mg ml-1. 5-CC also inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. At sub-MIC concentrations, 5-CC inhibited the formation of young (6-hour) and mature (24-hour) biofilms of
Similar to 10 the influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingray (20)
Ventilação Mecânica: Princípios Básicos e Intervenções de Enfermagempryloock
1) O documento discute os princípios básicos da ventilação mecânica, incluindo anatomia respiratória, indicações, modalidades, parâmetros e complicações.
2) As intervenções de enfermagem na ventilação mecânica incluem monitorização do paciente, controle dos parâmetros ventilatórios e prevenção de complicações.
3) O desmame ventilatório ocorre quando o paciente atende critérios de estabilidade clínica e funcional respiratória.
Soliani, 2008. peixes peçonhentos neutralização de toxinaspryloock
Este documento é uma dissertação de mestrado que avalia a capacidade de um soro poliespecífico produzido em camundongos de neutralizar as atividades tóxicas induzidas pelos venenos dos principais peixes peçonhentos brasileiros. O soro foi obtido através da junção de soros monoespecíficos produzidos contra cada um dos venenos. Os resultados mostraram que o soro poliespecífico foi capaz de neutralizar completamente os efeitos dos venenos na microcirculação e controlar parcialmente a noc
Registro de ocorrência de duas espécies de potamotrigonídeos na região do alt...pryloock
1) O documento relata o registro de ocorrência de duas espécies de raias da família Potamotrygonidae na região do Alto Rio Paraná, onde antes não eram encontradas.
2) A construção de barragens no Rio Paraná destruiu barreiras naturais e permitiu que essas espécies se dispersassem para a região.
3) Foram coletados exemplares das espécies Potamotrygon falkneri e Potamotrygon motoro nessa nova área de distribuição.
Magalhães, et al. 2006. biological and biochemical properties of the brazilianpryloock
This document summarizes a study on the biological and biochemical properties of venoms from two species of Brazilian freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon cf. scobina and Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. The study found that both venoms induced edema, pain responses, and increased leukocyte activity in mice. Venom effects were reduced when heated. Injection of venoms caused tissue necrosis, low protease activity, and no hemorrhaging. Coinjection of venom and mucus secretion caused more vigorous necrosis. The study provides evidence of toxic effects for both stingray venoms.
Dellias et al. 2004 structural composition and differential anticoagulant act...pryloock
This document describes a study that compared the structural composition and anticoagulant activities of dermatan sulfates (DS) purified from the skin of four ray species. DS was purified from three marine species that inhabit the Brazilian coast (Dasyatis americana, Dasyatis gutatta, Aetobatus narinari) and one freshwater species from the Amazon River (Potamotrygon motoro). The disaccharide composition of the DS was analyzed and their anticoagulant activities were measured using coagulation assays. The DS from the four species had different disaccharide compositions and varying levels of anticoagulant activity, indicating the structure and function of DS is not solely determined by charge density
Conceição et al, 2009. characterization of a new bioactive peptide from potam...pryloock
This document describes the characterization of a novel bioactive peptide, named Porflan, purified from the venom glands of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. Porflan has the primary structure ESIVRPPPVEAKVEETPE and showed no similarity to known proteins or peptides. Two synthetic analogs of Porflan, named Porflan-N and Porflan-C, were also generated. Porflan was found to increase the number of leukocyte rolling in microcirculatory assays. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into Porflan's interactions with membrane phospholipids. This study identifies a new class of bioactive peptides in fish venom involved in inflammatory processes
Conceição et al, 2006. orpotrin a novel vasoconstrictor peptide from the veno...pryloock
1. Researchers isolated and characterized a novel peptide from the venom of the Brazilian stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi.
2. Using RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, they purified a peptide from the venom which was shown to strongly constrict blood vessels when applied to mice cremaster muscle tissue during intravital microscopy experiments.
3. Through de novo amino acid sequencing with mass spectrometry, the researchers determined the peptide's sequence to be HGGYKPTDK, which does not match any known bioactive peptides but aligns with residues 97-105 of creatine kinase, suggesting it may be produced from limited proteolysis of creatine kinase.
16 garrone neto, domingos and uieda, virgínia sanches. activity and habita...pryloock
- The study investigated the activity periods and habitat use of two species of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro) in the upper Paraná River basin in Brazil.
- Younger individuals of both species inhabited shallow sandy beaches throughout the day, while larger individuals migrated between deeper areas (>8 m) during the day and shallow areas at night.
- Individuals of intermediate size occupied transitional habitats with greater diversity. Both species showed mostly nocturnal activity, especially for feeding, but behaviors varied ontogenetically and likely between seasons.
15 corso, iracema 2006. como um punhal - pesquisa fapesppryloock
O veneno da arraia fluvial (Potamotrygon falkneri) é mais tóxico do que o da arraia marinha e causa dor intensa, inchaço, necrose e até morte em camundongos. Estudos mostraram que o ferrão da arraia fluvial libera maior quantidade de veneno e que este se espalha mais facilmente no corpo, dificultando a cicatrização. Pesquisadores buscam entender melhor as propriedades do veneno e desenvolver um soro antídoto.
14 filogeografia e conservação de paratrygon aiereba dumeril (chondrichthyes...pryloock
1. O documento é uma dissertação de mestrado apresentada por Renata Guimarães Frederico ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do INPA/UFAM em 2006.
2. A dissertação estuda a filogeografia e conservação da espécie de raia de água doce Paratrygon aiereba encontrada na região Amazônica.
3. Análises genéticas foram realizadas em populaões dos rios Negro, Solimões-Amazonas, Tapajós, Xingú, Aragua
13 arraias em rios da região sudeste do brasil locais de ocorrência e impact...pryloock
Este documento descreve a colonização de rios no sudeste do Brasil por arraias de água doce, identificando três espécies e relatando 16 acidentes envolvendo esses animais entre 2004-2009. As arraias estão se dispersando pelos rios utilizando canais artificiais e causando dor intensa em vítimas, principalmente banhistas e pescadores. Mais estudos são necessários sobre o impacto dessas espécies exóticas na região.
12 sá oliveira et al 2011 - acidentes por raias (potamotrygonidae) em quatro...pryloock
1. O documento descreve um estudo sobre acidentes causados por raias em quatro comunidades na Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Curiaú no Amapá. 2. Foram investigadas 22 vítimas e a maioria dos acidentes ocorreu com homens acima de 15 anos na comunidade de Torrão. 3. Os acidentes geralmente atingiram as pernas e ocorreram principalmente à tarde no verão, sendo o tratamento mais comum o uso de urina, ervas e óleos.
9 checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central americapryloock
Este documento descreve um livro intitulado "CHECK LIST OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA". O livro fornece uma lista de verificação de todas as espécies de peixes de água doce da América do Sul e Central, baseada em duas bases de dados principais e trabalho de sistemáticos especialistas. O livro tem o objetivo de manter um inventário atualizado da biodiversidade de peixes de água doce nesta região.
9 animais peçonhentos no brasil - biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos aciden...pryloock
Este documento descreve um livro sobre animais peçonhentos no Brasil. O livro discute a biologia, clínica e terapêutica de acidentes com animais peçonhentos e está em sua segunda edição. Fornece detalhes como título, preço, editora, ISBN, autores, idioma, formato e ano de publicação.
8 pattern of stingray injuries reported to texas poison centers from 1998 to...pryloock
Stingray injuries reported to Texas poison centers from 1998 to 2004 were examined. A total of 153 cases were identified, with reported injuries increasing over the 7-year period. Most injuries occurred during summer months, especially August. The majority of cases involved people ages 6-19 and occurred in public coastal areas. Over half of injured individuals did not seek treatment at a health care facility. The clinical effects were typically minor in over 50% of cases.
7 haddad et al, 2004. freshwater stingrays study of epidemiologic, clinicpryloock
This document summarizes a study of 84 envenomings in humans caused by freshwater stingrays in Brazil. It finds that intense pain was the most common symptom, and skin necrosis occurred in many victims, primarily fishermen and swimmers. Initial treatments like hot water provided pain relief but did not prevent necrosis. Analysis of stingray venom found various enzymes that could contribute to the clinical effects, including gelatinases and caseinases over 80-100kDa and hyaluronidase around 84kDa. The presence of these enzymes may partially explain the local effects seen in stingray envenomings.
6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwaterpryloock
1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
5 stingray envenomation- a retrospective review of clinical presentation and...pryloock
Stingray envenomation is common along coastal regions. The study retrospectively reviewed 119 cases of stingray envenomation presenting to an emergency department over 8 years. Hot water immersion provided effective pain relief in 88% of acute cases within 30 minutes without other analgesics. Prophylactic antibiotics were recommended due to high risk of bacterial infection in puncture wounds. Radiography failed to detect stingray barbs in wounds.
4 stingray envenomation-the journal of emergency medicinepryloock
A 37-year-old man was wading in the ocean when he felt a sudden sharp pain in his right foot. Upon exiting the water, he noticed a small pointed object embedded in his foot, and the skin around the wound appeared mottled. He experienced excruciating throbbing pain that eased when he soaked his foot in hot water but returned when removed. The next day the pain was nearly gone, though a tender swelling developed in his right groin over the next week. He recovered without medical treatment. Stingrays are common in coastal US waters and possess a sharp spine on their tails, which can cause painful envenomations if stepped on, as occurred in this case.
3 aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biomédicaspryloock
Este documento apresenta a quinta versão do software estatístico BioEstat. Resume as seguintes informações:
1) O BioEstat é um pacote estatístico desenvolvido por três gerações da família Ayres para fornecer ferramentas estatísticas para estudantes e pesquisadores das áreas biomédicas e biológicas.
2) Esta quinta versão contém atualizações e novos testes estatísticos em resposta à demanda dos usuários ao longo dos anos.
3) Os autores
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
10 the influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingray
1. The influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingray
wound-healing
Marta O. Domingos a,*, Márcia R. Franzolin a
, Marina Tavares dos Anjos a
, Thais M.P. Franzolin a
,
Rosely Cabette Barbosa Albes b
, Gabrielle Ribeiro de Andrade a
, Rossivan J.L. Lopes a
,
Katia C. Barbaro c
a
Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b
Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
c
Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 17 December 2010
Received in revised form 15 April 2011
Accepted 21 April 2011
Available online 25 May 2011
Keywords:
Potamotrygon motoro
Stingray
Antibiotics
Bacteria
Gram negative
Wound-healing compromise
a b s t r a c t
Invasion by bacteria can influence the course of healing of wounds acquired in aquatic
environment. In this study, the bacteria present in Potamotrygon motoro stingray mucus
and in the Alto Paraná river water were identified, and their ability to induce tissue injury
and resist antibiotics was determined. Biochemical identification analysis showed that 97%
of all bacterial isolates were Gram negative, Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter cloacae and
Citrobacter freundii being the species most prevalent. Gelatinase and caseinase were
produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
Erythrocyte hemolysis assay showed that A. sobria, A. hydrophila and to a lesser extent,
other Gram-negative bacteria produced hemolysin. It was also observed that molecules
released in culture by these bacteria were toxic to human epithelial cells. Antibiogram
results showed that 68% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one type of
antibiotic, mainly B-lactams. Finally, it was demonstrated that although P. motoro venom
was toxic to epithelial cells it did not influence bacterial proliferation. In summary, the
results obtained in this work indicate that during the accident, the mucus of P. motoro and
the environmental water may transfer into the wound pathogenic multi-resistant bacteria
with the potential to cause severe secondary infections.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The construction of the Itaipu dam complex in the basin
of the Alto Paraná river on the border between Brazil and
Paraguai submerged the Seven Falls of Guaira, which were
a natural barrier that impeded the dispersion of several
species of fishes, including stingrays, to the upper end of the
river (Garrone Neto et al., 2007). As a result, Potamotrygon
stingrays, whose habitat was originally the basin of the Alto
Paraná river, migrated upstream and colonized different
regions of its upper reaches. Consequently, the region of Três
Lagoas in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul, that was
once devoid of stingrays, is now overpopulated by Potamo-
trygon spp. (Potamotrygon falkneri, Potamotrygon motoro and
Potamotrygon schuhmacheri) which cause a considerable
number of accidents in the riverside population (Garrone
Neto et al., 2007; Garrone Neto and Haddad, 2009).
The local injury caused by these stingrays is due to
mechanical penetration of the sting into the tissue and
subsequent release of venom leading to the development of
local edema, necrosis, intense local pain and cases of
secondary infection (Meyer, 1997; Haddad, 2000; Pardal,
2003; Haddad et al., 2004; Barbaro et al., 2007; Garrone
Neto and Haddad, 2009; Dehghani et al., 2010).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ55 11 37267222x2136; fax: þ55 11
37261505.
E-mail address: mdomingos@butantan.gov.br (M.O. Domingos).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Toxicon
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon
0041-0101/$ – see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.016
Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153
2. It is postulated that the local inflammatory reaction and
necrosis in freshwater stingray accidents is due to the
release into the wound of several proteins with enzymatic
activity produced by the protein secretory cells that covers
the sting (Barbaro et al., 2007; Pedroso et al., 2007;
Magalhães et al., 2008; Antoniazzi et al., 2011).
The protein secretory cells are overlaid by a fin layer of
mucus which also covers the entire surface of the stingray
and separates the cutaneous tissue from direct contact with
the environmental water (Pedroso et al., 2007).
It has been reported that some Gram-negative bacteria
such as Photobacterium damsela, Vibrio alginolyticus, Cit-
robacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, that are commonly encountered in environ-
mental water and on the surface of aquatic animals, have
been isolated from wounds acquired during stingray acci-
dents (Fenner et al.,1989; Ho et al.,1998; Polack et al.,1998;
Baldinger, 1999; Barber and Swygert, 2000).
The involvement of these bacteria, especially Aeromonas
spp. and P. aeruginosa on the development of severe and
persistent secondary infection after tissue injury is well
documented (McManus et al., 1985; Semel and Trenholme,
1990; Gang et al., 1999). In addition, many other types of
bacteria present in the soil and aquatic environment can be
involved in secondary infections (van Elsas et al., 2011), and
the extent of infection cause by them can be determined by
how many of them are present, their ability to survive on
damaged tissue and to produce toxins able to induce cytokine
release and destroy host cells (Bhakdi et al., 1986; Lallier and
Higgins, 1988; Paraje et al., 2005; Markov et al., 2007;
Domingos et al., 2009).
Because of the considerable number of accidents caused
by Potamotrygon spp. stingrays in the region of Três Lagoas,
and the increasing importance of environmental Gram-
negative bacteria as emergent pathogens responsible for
secondary infections acquired in aquatic settings, the species
of bacteria encountered in the mucus of P. motoro stingrays
and in the Alto Paraná river water were determined and their
capacity to release toxins, cause injury to epithelial cells,
resist antibiotics and survive in the presence of stingray
venom was evaluated.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Venom, mucus and environmental water samples
Mucus and tissue extract samples were obtained from
twenty four P. motoro stingrays collected in the upper end
of the Alto Paraná river, in the region of Três Lagoas, Mato
Grosso do Sul state (BR). Briefly, the stingrays were
restrained and samples of the mucus that covers their
external surface were collected with sterile swabs from
three different regions of their dorsal area. The tissue
extracts were obtained from integumentary tissue covering
the sting as previously described (Barbaro et al., 2007). The
protein content of tissue extract pools (from now on
referred to as venom) utilized in this work was determined
by bicinchoninic acid albumin method (Smith et al., 1985),
using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard. The
procedures involving animals were conducted in
conformity with national laws and policies (protocol
number CGEN 02001.005111/2008, SISBIO 15702-1).
The environmental water samples were collected from
the surface and the bottom of the Alto Paraná river at the
same points where P. motoro stingrays were restrained for
mucus sampling.
2.2. Cell line
The HEp-2 cell line used in this study was obtained from
Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil, previously acquired
from the American Type Culture Collection (CCL2).
2.3. Bacterial strains isolation and identification
The mucus samples were collected with sterile swabs,
placed in Cary-Blair transportation media and after 18 h of
incubation at 37
C, the bacterial strains were isolated in
blood-agar plates. Only the predominant colonies were
selected for identification by standard biochemical identi-
fication tests (Koneman et al., 2000), including one
commercially available biochemical identification system
(API 20E and API 20NE, Biomerieux, France).
2.4. Antibiogram
Antimicrobialsusceptibilityofall Gram-negative bacterial
strains isolated either from the environmental water or from
the mucus of P. motoro stingrays was determined by the
standard disk diffusion method (Bauer et al., 1966) utilizing
commercially available sensitivity discs and Mueller-Hinton
Agar. The results were evaluated according to the NCCLS,
2004 guidelines. The following antibiotics were tested:
amikacin(AMI), amoxicillin/clavulanicacid(AMC), ampicillin
(AMP), cephalotin (CFL), ceftazidime (CAZ), ciprofloxacin
(CIP), chloramphenicol (CLO), trimethoprim/sulfamethox-
azole (SUT), streptomycin (EST) and tetracycline (TET). For
quality control the test was run against the following ATCC
strains: Escherichia coli 25922 and P. aeruginosa 27853.
2.5. Blood-agar culture
Blood-agar culture plates were prepared according to
Beutin et al. (1989). Briefly, 1.5 g of TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar)
re-suspended in a 10 mM solution of CaCl2 was autoclave.
When the temperature of the agar fell to 45
C, goat red
cells previously washed three times in PBS pH 7.2 were
then added to the agar until a final concentration of 5% was
reached. The agar was then added to petri dish plates
(20 mL per plate), left to solidify and kept at 4
C until use.
2.6. Identification of hemolysin-producing bacterial samples
Forty microliters of bacterial culture previously grown
in TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) for 18 h at 37
C were added in
triplicates to 3 mL of TSB and incubated overnight at 37
C.
After incubation,100 mL of each bacterial culture was added
to blood-agar plates in aliquots of 10 mL each. The plates
were then incubated for 18 h at 37
C and the presence of
hemolysin was determined by the formation of a halo of
lysed erythrocytes around the bacterial growth.
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153148
3. 2.7. Identification of caseinase-producing bacterial samples
Bacterial isolates cultured in TSB were centrifuged at
12,000 g for 15 min at 4
C and filtered through a Millipore
0.45 mm pore-diameter syringe filter. Clarified supernatant
was tested for proteolytic activity on casein agar plates.
Casein agar plates consisted of 25 mM Tris (pH 7.2),150 mM
NaCl, 0.6% casein (Sigma technical grade) and 1% TSA.
Aliquots (10 mL) of culture supernatants were placed in
3 mm diameter wells cut in the casein agar and incubated
at 37
C for 18 h. The plates were overlaid with 3% acetic
acid, and proteolytic activities were noted as a clear zone
around the sample well. Trypsin (1 mg/mL) was used as
a positive control standard.
2.8. Identification of gelatinase-producing bacterial samples
Gelatinase production was determined by API 20E and
API 20NE biochemical identification kit from Biomerieux,
France.
2.9. Inhibition of bacterial proliferation
Forty microliters of bacterial culture previously grown
in TSB at 37
C for 18 h (106
cell/mL) were added in tripli-
cate to 3 mL of TSB in the presence of either 5,1 or 0.5 mg of
P. motoro venom and incubated for 18 h at 37
C. As control,
the bacterial strains were grown in the presence of TSB
alone. After incubation, the absorbance was determined at
600 nm in a spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20, Genesys 1).
2.10. Cytotoxicity assay
The cytotoxic effect of P. motoro venom, mucus and
bacterial culture supernatants on human epithelial cells
(HEp-2) was determined by the MTT method which
measures the viability of cells in terms of their mitochon-
drial metabolic rate. Accordingly, 100 mL of DMEM (Dul-
becco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium) containing 106
cells was
added to each well of 96 well cell culture plates and incu-
bated for 24 h at 37
C in a 5% CO2 incubator. After incu-
bation, the medium was discarded and either 100 mL of
different concentrations of tissue extract (5 mg, 1 mg,
0.5 mg and 0.1 mg), 100 mL of mucus (v/v) or 100 mL of
bacterial culture previously grown for 18 h in DMEM were
added to the plates and incubated overnight at 37
C in a 5%
CO2 incubator. After incubation the supernatant was dis-
carded and 20 mL of a 5% solution of MTT in PBS was then
added into each well and the plates were incubated for 2 h
at 37
C. One hundred microliters of Triton (1%) was used as
positive control. Subsequently, 100 mL/well of methanol
(100%) was added to the plate and then incubated for
further 10 min. After incubation, the absorbance of each
sample was determined at 570 nm in a Spectronic 20
Genesys 1 spectrophotometer.
2.11. Statistic analysis
Results were expressed as mean Æ SD. Single criterion
ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test was used to analyze
the data, using SigmaStat 3.0 software. Values with p 0.05
were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Bacterial strains isolated from the mucus of P. motoro
stingrays and the Alto Paraná river water
In order to determine the species of bacteria present in
the mucus of P. motoro rays or environmental water, 89
bacterial strains obtained either from the mucus of P.
motoro rays (n ¼ 24) or from the Alto Paraná river water
were isolated and identified. The results showed that only
3.4% of all isolates were Gram positive and they were found
only in the mucus. A total of fifteen different species of
Gram-negative bacteria were identified, however, Acineto-
bacter spp., P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella
oxytoca, Serratia spp., Shigella spp. and Enterobacter spp.
were encountered only in the mucus whereas Plesiomonas
shigelloides and Citrobacter koseri were found only in the
water. Six bacterial species, A. hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria,
Pseudomonas putida, C. freundii, E. coli and Enterobacter
cloacae were encountered in both, water and mucus
samples (Table 1).
3.2. Proteases released by bacterial strains
The API 20E and 2API 20NE kits, casein agar and
erythrocyte hemolysis assays were utilized to determine
the ability of all Gram-negative bacterial isolates to produce
gelatinase, caseinase and hemolysin respectively. The
results showed that all A. sobria, A. hydrophila and P. aeru-
ginosa strains produced gelatinase. All A. sobria and to
a lesser extent, other Gram-negative strains produced
hemolysin. Caseinase was produced only by A. sobria, A.
hydrophila, P. aeruginosa and C. freundii strains (Table 2).
3.3. Antimicrobial drug profile of the bacterial isolates
The antimicrobial profile of each Gram-negative bacte-
rial isolate was determined by the standard disk diffusion
Table 1
Bacterial species isolated from the mucus of P. motoro stingrays and the
Alto Paraná river water.
Bacteria Number of isolates
Water Mucus Total
Aeromonas hydrophila 6 8 14
Aeromonas sobria 4 4 8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 3 3
Pseudomonas putida 2 3 5
Acinetobacter spp. 0 6 6
Citrobacter freundii 3 9 12
Escherichia coli 1 8 9
Enterobacter cloacae 7 7 14
Klebsiella pneumoniae 0 5 5
(Others) 3 7 10
Gram positive 0 3 3
Total 26 63 89
Others: Water: Plesiomonas shigelloides (2); Citrobacter koseri (1). Mucus:
Serratiaspp. (3); Shigellaspp.(1);Enterobacterspp. (2); Klebsiella oxytoca(1).
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153 149
4. method. The results obtained showed that only 32% of all
bacterial samples were sensitive to all antibiotics tested,
whereas, 23% was sensitive to only one antibiotic and 45%
was sensitive to 2 or more antibiotics. The bacterial isolates
showed more resistance to three groups of antibiotics:
ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalotin.
However, some pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, P. putida,
and E. cloacae were also resistant to other classes of anti-
biotics. E. coli was the only specie sensitive to all antibiotics
tested (Table 3).
3.4. Influence of P. motoro venom on bacterial growth
The influence of P. motoro venom on the proliferation of
all Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated in this work
was determined by incubating the bacterial isolates in TSB
for 18 h in the presence of 5, 1 or 0.5 mg/mL of venom and
subsequent determination of the absorbance at 600 nm.
The results obtained in this experiment showed that the
proliferation of all bacterial strains tested were not influ-
enced by the venom even in a concentration as high as
5 mg/mL (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 presents the results of one experi-
ment only, however, similar results were obtained from all
isolates tested.
3.5. Influence of P. motoro venom and mucus on cell viability
Human epithelial cells were incubated in the presence
of mucus or different concentrations of venom to deter-
mine their cytotoxic effect by measuring the mitochondrial
metabolic rate in terms of MTT bioreduction. The results
obtained in this experiment showed that P. motoro venom
(Fig. 2a) and P. motoro mucus (Fig. 2b) are both toxic to
epithelial cells.
3.6. Toxic effect of bacterial culture supernatants on human
epithelial cells
The toxic effect of all A. hydrophila, A. sobria and P. aer-
uginosa culture supernatants on human epithelial cells was
measured by the MTT method. The results showed that all
culture supernatants tested were toxic to epithelial cells
(Fig. 3).
4. Discussion
It is common knowledge that open wounds raise the
chance for infection, becoming one of the most prevalent
causes of non-healing of wounds. It is also known that
injuries induced by aquatic animals such as stingrays and
catfish can be infected by environmental microorganisms
such as A. hydrophila, Pseudomonas spp. Vibrio spp.
(Broderick et al., 1985; Ho et al., 1998; Polack et al., 1998;
Table 2
Proteases released by bacterial samples isolated from the mucus of
P. motoro stingray and the Alto Paraná river water.
Bacteria Hemolysin* Caseinase Gelatinase
Acinetobacter spp. 1/6 0/6 0/6
Aeromonas hydrophila 9/14 6/14 14/14
Aeromonas sobria 8/8 5/8 8/8
Citrobacter freundii 5/12 2/12 0/12
Enterobacter cloacae 0/14 0/14 0/14
Escherichia coli 1/9 0/9 0/9
Klebsiella pneunomiae 0/5 0/5 0/5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2/3 3/3 3/3
Pseudomonas putida 1/5 0/5 0/5
Others 2/10 0/10 0/10
Others: Water: *Plesiomonas shigelloides (1/2); Citrobacter koseri (1);
Mucus: *Serratia spp. (1/3); Shigella spp. (1); Enterobacter aerogenes (1);
Enterobacter spp. (1); Klebsiella oxytoca (1).
Table 3
Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from the mucus of P. motoro stingrays and the Alto Paraná river water.
Sensitive
to all
antibiotics
Number of strains resistant to antibiotics
AMI CAZ CIP AMC AMPa,e
CFLc
AMC-
AMP
AMC-
CFLb
AMP-
CFLd
AMC-
AMP-
CFL
AMP-
CFL-
SUT
AMC-
AMP-
CFL-
CLO-
SUT
AMP-
CLO
CFL-
EST
AMC-
AMP-
CFL-
TET
AMC-
AMP-
CFL-
SUT
P. aeruginosa 1/3 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2/3 0
P. putida 0/5 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 1/5 0 0 0 0 0 2/5 2/5 0 0 0 0
Acinetobacter spp. 3/6 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 0 0 0 0 1/6 0 0 0 1/6 1/6 0 0
A. hydrophila 0/14 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 0 1/14 0 1/14 2/14 10/14 0 0 0 0 0 0
A. sobria 1/8 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 4/8 0 2/8 0 1/8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C. freundii 4/12 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 1/12 3/12 0 0 2/12 2/12 0 0 0 0 0 0
E. coli 9/9 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E. cloacae 3/14 0/0 0/0 0/0 2/14 0 1/14 0 2/14 1/14 3/12 0 0 0 0 1/14 1/14
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
1/5 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 4/5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 5/10 0/0 0/0 0/0 0 2/10 1/10 0 1/10 1/10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 27/86 0/86 0/86 0/86 2/86 12/86 6/86 2/86 4/86 8/86 15/86 2/86 2/86 1/86 1/86 3/86 1/86
AMI: amikacin, AMC: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, AMP: ampicillin, CFL: cephalotin, CAZ: ceftazidime, CIP: ciprofloxacin, CLO: chloramphenicol, SUT:
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, EST: streptomycin and TET: tetracycline.
a
Plesiomonas shigelloides (1/2-AMP).
b
Citrobacter koseri (1/1-AMC-CFL).
c
Serratia spp. (1/3-CFL); Shigella spp. (1).
d
Enterobacter spp. (1/2 AMP-CFL).
e
Klebsiella oxytoca (1/1-AMP).
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153150
5. Baldinger, 1999). The capacity of environmental bacteria to
cause tissue damage, however, is determined by their
ability to colonize the tissue, produce toxins that damage
host cells and invade the organism. Their degree of path-
ogenicity is also influenced by the number of virulent
factors released by them which varies between strains of
the same bacterial species. Consequently, it is possible to
encounter non-pathogenic and pathogenic strains in the
same species. A good example is A. hydrophila, whose
ability to produce hemolysis is not enough for pathoge-
nicity which requires highly hemolytic and highly proteo-
lytic activities (Cipriano, 2001). In contrast, the results
obtained in this work indicate that most strains of A.
hydrophila encountered either in the mucus or in the Alto
Paraná river water have the potential to be pathogenic and
cause severe secondary infection since they are both highly
hemolytic and highly proteolytic against different
substrates. In addition, zymographic analysis demonstrated
that some of these strains were also able to release several
molecules with the same proteolytic activity, such as
gelatinase (data not shown).
Environmental bacteria considered to display low viru-
lence, however, such as Acinetobacter spp. encountered in
the mucus of P. motoro, can also become a threat to the
patient if delivered into the wound, due their ability to
survive in damaged tissue and resist antibiotic treatments
(Sebeny et al., 2008; Dallo and Weitao, 2010). For this
reason, these bacteria are even more dangerous to immune-
compromised people who cannot fully fight the infection
that can develop with serious consequences. In addition,
severe secondary infection by environmental bacteria can
also progress in immune-competent hosts, as demonstrated
by Markov et al. (2007) in a clinical report that describes
a case of necrotizing fasciitis (Thompson et al., 1993) in an
immune-competent patient due to A. hydrophila acquired in
brackish water. Necrotizing fasciitis due to V. alginolyticus
and P. damsela have also been reported in immune-
competent patients after marine stingray accidents, both
organisms being rarely associated with human infections,
and nearly always encountered in immune-compromised
hosts (Barber and Swygert, 2000; Ho et al., 1998). Other
bacterial species such as C. freundii, which in this work was
encountered both in P. motoro mucus and in environmental
water, has also been isolated from a wound acquired during
a stingray accident (Fenner et al., 1989). In addition to
bacterial infections, invasive fusariosis due to Fuscarium
solani is also associated with injury acquired in a stingray
accident (Hiemenz et al.,1990). The clinical cases previously
described highlight the importance of both bacterial and
fungal wound-infections in stingray accidents.
It is also important to take into consideration the fact
that most environmental bacteria are multi-drug resistant
(Grobusch et al., 2001; Rennie et al., 2003; Valencia et al.,
2004; Horii et al., 2005; Flattau et al., 2008; Shak et al.,
2011). A. hydrophila resistant to amikacin, tobramycin and
multiple ceplalosporins has been isolated from a poly-
microbial infection acquired during a fall into freshwater
(Shak et al., 2011). Also, P. damsela with intermediate
Bacterial isolates
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Absorbance600nm
medium
5 mg
1 mg
0.5 mg
1.2
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0
Fig. 1. Influence of P. motoro venom on bacterial growth. Bacterial isolates
from the mucus of P. motoro stingrays and from the environmental water,
both collected in the Alto Paraná river, region of Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do
Sul (BR) were grown for 18 h at 37
C in TSB (medium) in the presence of
different concentration of P. motoro venom. After incubation, their absor-
bance was determined at 600 nm in a Spectronic 20 Genesys 1 spectro-
photometer. 1 – Shigella spp., 2 – Serratia spp., 3 – E. cloacae, 4 – K.
pneumoniae, 5 – P. putida, 6 – C. freundii, 7 – A. sobria, 8 – A. hydrophila.
a
b
Fig. 2. Effect of P. motoro venom and mucus on human epithelial cell
viability. HEp-2 cells (106
/mL) were seeded in a 96 well cell culture plate
(100 mL/well) and incubated at 37
C in a CO2 chamber overnight with either
different concentrations of P. motoro venom (a) or mucus diluted (v/v) in
DMEM (b). After incubation, the toxicity was determined by the MTT
method. Triton (1%) was used as positive control. *Statistically significant
(p 0.05) difference between experimental and control (cells incubated
only with DMEM) groups.
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153 151
6. resistance to amikacin has been isolated from a wound
acquired in a stingray accident (Barber and Swygert, 2000).
In our work, none of the strains isolated was resistant to
this antibiotic, but 68% of all Gram-negative isolates were
highly resistant to other types of beta-lactam antibiotics,
indicating that they were able to produce beta-lactamases,
which in case of mixed infections can be released into the
wound and protect susceptible bacteria against this cate-
gory of antibiotic (Brook et al., 1983, 1984; Brook, 2009).
Bacteria resistant to other categories of antibiotic such as
tetracycline have been isolated from fish (Schmidt et al.,
2000; Nawaz et al., 2006; Jun et al., 2010) and clinical
wound samples (Nwankwo and Shuaibu, 2010). In the
present work, a small number of bacterial strains resistant to
tetracycline was also encountered. In addition, opportunistic
pathogens such as P. putida and Acinetobacter spp., resistant
to streptomycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, were
also found. It is worth noting that bacterial strains isolated
from seven P. falkneri stingrays captured in the region of Três
Lagoas were also characterized and the results were similar
to those obtained from P. motoro (data not shown). These
results indicate that the wound caused by either species of
stingray is exposed to the same bacterial milieu.
In relation to P. motoro mucus, it was verified in this
work that, apart from carrying pathogenic bacteria, the
mucus alone was toxic to human epithelial cells. Similar
results were obtained by Magalhães et al. (2006) who
demonstrated in vivo that local necrosis induced by Pota-
motrygon spp. venom is increased by the presence of
mucus. Nevertheless, despite being toxic to human
epithelial cells, it was demonstrated herein that P. motoro
venom did not affect the survival of any bacterial strain,
including some, such as K. pneumonia, that were also able
to produce mucus (data not shown).
In summary, this work has shown that both the mucus
of P. motoro, and the Alto Paraná river water, carry patho-
genic multi-resistant bacterial strains with the potential to
cause severe secondary infection in wounds acquired
during stingray accidents.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by FAPESP (07/55272-4). The
authors thank Mr Silvio Marciano da Silva Jr for the
statistical analysis, Dr Denise Horton and Dr João Luiz
Cardoso for their support and Dr. Roger Randal Charles New
for revising the manuscript. The authors also thank the
fishermen Marcos and Antenor for helping in the capture of
stingrays and Marcela S. Lira, José Pedro Prezotto Neto and
Dr. Domingos Garrone Neto for their support. Katia C.
Barbaro (304800/2007-4) was supported by a grant from
CNPq.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of
interest.
References
Antoniazzi, M.M., Benvenuti, L.A., Lira, M.S., Jared, S.G., Neto, D.G., Jared, C.,
Barbaro, K.C., 2011. Histopathological changes induced byextracts from
the tissue covering the stingers of Potamotrygon falkneri freshwater
stingrays. Toxicon 57, 297–303.
Baldinger, P.J., 1999. Treatment of stingray injury with tropical beca-
plermin gel. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. (US) 89, 531–533.
Barbaro, K.C., Lira, M.S., Malta, M.B., Soares, S.L., Garrone, D.N., Cardoso, J.
L.C., Santoro, M.L., Haddad Jr., V., 2007. Comparative study on extracts
from the tissue covering the stingers of freshwater (Potamotrygon
falkneri) and marine (Dasyatis guttata) stingrays. Toxicon 50, 676–687.
Barber, G.R., Swygert, J.S., 2000. Necrotizing fasciitis due to Photo-
bacterium damsela in a man lashed by a stingray. New Engl. J. Med.
342, 824.
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M., 1966. Antibiotic suscep-
tibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am. J. Clin.
Pathol. 45, 493–496.
Beutin, L., Montenegro, M.A., Orskov, I., Orskov, F., Prada, J.,
Zimmermann, S., Stephan, R., 1989. Close association of verotoxin
(Shiga-like toxin) production with enterohemolysin production in
strains of Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 2559–2564.
Bhakdi, S., Mackman, N., Nicaud, J.M., Holland, I.B., 1986. Escherichia coli
hemolysin may damage target cell membranes by generating trans-
membrane pores. Infect. Immun. 52, 63–69.
Broderick, A., Perlnan, S., Deitz, F., 1985. Pseudomonas bursitis inoculation
from catfish. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 4, 693–694.
Brook, I., Pazzaglia, G., Coolbaugh, J.C., Walker, R.I., 1983. In vivo protection
of group A beta-haemolytic streptococci from penicillin by beta-
lactamase-producing bacteroides species. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
12, 599–606.
Brook, I., Pazzaglia, G., Coolbaugh, J.C., Walker, R.I., 1984. In vivo protection
of penicillin-susceptible Bacteroides melaninogenicus from penicillin
by facultative bacteria which produce beta-lactamase. Can. J. Micro-
biol. 30, 98–104.
Brook, I., 2009. The role of beta-lactamase-producing-bacteria in mixed
infections. BMC Infect. Dis. 9, 202.
Cipriano, C.R., 2001. Aeromonas hydrophila and Motile Aeromonad
Septicemias of Fish. United States Department of the Interior Fish and
Wildlife Service Division of Fishery Research, Washington D.C. http://
koiclubsandiego.org/library/FHB68.pgf.
Dallo, S.F., Weitao, T., 2010. Insights into acinetobacter war-wound
infection, biofilms, and control. Adv. Skin Wound Care 23, 169–174.
Dehghani, H., Sajjadi, M.M., Parto, P., Rajaian, H., Mokhlesi, A., 2010.
Histological characterization of the special venom secretory cells in
the stinger of rays in the northern waters of Persian Gulf and Oman
Sea. Toxicon 55, 1188–1194.
Domingos, M.O., Andrade, G.R., Barbaro, K.C., Borges, M.M., Lewis, D.J.,
New, R.R.C., 2009. Influence of the A and B subunits of cholera toxin
(CT) and Escherichia coli toxin (LT) on TNF-alpha release from
macrophages. Toxicon 53, 570–577.
Flattau, A., Schiffman, J., Lowy, F.D., Brem, H., 2008. Antibiotic-resistant
gram-negativebacteria in deeptissuecultures. Int. Wound J.5, 599–600.
Fenner, P.J., Williamson, J.A., Skinner, R.A., 1989. Fatal and non-fatal
stingray envenomation. Med. J. Aust. 151, 621–625.
Absorbance570nm
A. hydrophila A. sobria P. aeruginosa Triton DMEM
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
*
*
*
*
Fig. 3. Cytotoxic effect of bacterial supernatants on human epithelial cells.
Bacterial culture supernatants grown overnight in DMEM were exposed to
HEp-2 cells for 18 h and subsequently tested for toxicity by the MTT method.
Triton (1%) was used as positive control. * Statistically significant (p 0.05)
difference between experimental and control (cells incubated only with
DMEM) groups.
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153152
7. Gang, R.K., Bang, R.L., Sanyal, S.C., Mokaddas, E.M., Lari, A.R., 1999. Pseu-
domonas aeruginosa septicaemia in burns. Burns 25, 611–616.
Garrone Neto, D., Haddad Jr., V., Vilela, M.J.A., Uieda, V.S., 2007. Registro
de ocorrência de duas espécies de Potamotrígonídeos na região do
Alto do Rio Paraná e algumas considerações sobre biologia. Biota
Neotrop. 7, 205–208.
Garrone Neto, D., Haddad Jr., V., 2009. Acidentes por raias. In: Cardoso, J.L.
C., França, F.O.S., Wen, F.H., Málaque, C.M.S., Haddad Jr., V. (Eds.),
Animais peçonhentos no Brasil. Biologia, Clínica e Terapêutica dos
Acidentes. Sarvier, São Paulo, pp. 295–312.
Grobusch, M.P., Göbels, K., Teichmann, D., 2001. Cellulitis and Septicemia caused
by Aeromonas hydrophila acquired at home. Infection 29,109–110.
Haddad Jr., V., 2000. Atlas de animais perigosos do Brasil: guia médico de
identificação e tratamento. Roca, São Paulo.
Haddad Jr., V., Garrone, N.D., de Paula, N.J.B., Marques, F.P.L., Barbaro, K.C.,
2004. Freshwater stingrays: study of epidemiologic, clinic and ther-
apeutic aspects based on 84 envenomings in humans and some
enzymatic activities of the venom. Toxicon 43, 287–294.
Hiemenz, J.W., Kennedy, B., Kwon-Chung, K.L., 1990. Invasive fusariosis
associated with an injury by a stingray barb. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28,
209–213.
Ho, P.L., Tang, W.M., Lo, K.S., Yuen, K.Y., 1998. Necrotizing fasciitis due to
Vibrio alginolyticus following an injury by a stingray. Scand. J. Infect.
Dis. 30, 192–193.
Horii, T., Morita, M., Muramatsu, H., Monjii, A., Muyagishima, D., Kanno, T.,
Maekawa, M., 2005. Antibiotic resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila
and Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from a wound infection: a case report.
J. Trauma 58, 196–200.
Jun, J.W., Kim, J.H., Gomez, D.K., Choresca Jr., C.H., Han, J.E., Shin, S.P.,
Park, S.C., 2010. Occurence of tetraclycline-resistant Aeromonas
hydrophila infection in korean cyprinid loach (Misgurnus anguilli-
caudatus). Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 4, 849–855.
Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn Jr., W.C.,
2000. Diagnostic Microbiology. Color Atlas and Textbook, fifth ed.
Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Lallier, R., Higgins, R., 1988. Biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of
Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseases mammals, moribund and
healthy fish. Vet. Microbiol. 18, 63–71.
Magalhães, K.W., Lima, C., Piran-Soares, A.A., Marques, E.E., Hiruma-
Lima, C.A., Lopes-Ferreira, M., 2006. Biological and biochemical
properties of the Brazilian Potamotrygon stingrays: Potamotrygon cf.
scobina and Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. Toxicon 47, 575–583.
Magalhães, M.R., Silva Jr., N.J., Ulhoa, C.J., 2008. A hyaluronidase from
Potamotrygon motoro (freshwater stingrays) venom. Isolation and
characterization. Toxicon 51, 1060–1067.
Markov, G., Kirov, G., Lyutskanov, V., Kondarev, M., 2007. Necrotizing fasciitis
and myonecrosis due to Aeromonas hydrophila. Wounds 19, 223–226.
McManus, A.T., Mason Jr., A.D., McManus, W.F., Pruitt Jr., B.A., 1985.
Twenty-five year review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in
a burn center. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4, 219–223.
Meyer, P.K., 1997. Stingray injuries. Wilderness Environ. Med. 8, 24–28.
Nawaz, M., Sung, K., Khan, S.A., Khan, A.A., Steele, R., 2006. Biochemical
and molecular characterization of tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas
veronii isolates from catfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 6461–6466.
NCCLS, 2004. NCCLS document M100-S14. Performance Standards for
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Fourteenth Informational
Supplement, vol. 24. National Committee of Clinical Laboratory
Standards, Wayne, PA. no. 1.
Nwankwo, E.O.K., Shuaibu, S.A., 2010. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of
clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a tertiary health insti-
tution in Kano, Nigeria. J. Med. Biomed. Sci., 37–40.
Paraje, M.G., Barnes, A.I., Albesa, I., 2005. An Enterobacter cloacae toxin
able to generate oxidative stress and to provoke dose-dependent lysis
of leukocytes. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295, 109–116.
Pardal, P.P.O., 2003. Ictismo por Arraias. In: Cardoso, J.L.C., França, F.O.S.,
Wen, F.H., Málaque, C.M.S., HaddadJr., V. (Eds.), Animais peçonhentos
no Brasil. Biologia, Clínica e Terapêutica dos Acidentes. Sarvier, São
Paulo, pp. 279–285.
Pedroso, C.M., Jared, C., Charvet-Almeida, P., Almeida, M.P., Garrone
Neto, D., Lira, M.S., Haddad Jr., V., Barbaro, K.C., Antoniazzi, M.M.,
2007. Morphological characterization of the venom secretory
epidermal cells in the stingers of marine and freshwater stingrays.
Toxicon 50, 688–697.
Polack, F.P., Coluccio, M.M.D., Ruttimann, R.M.D., Gaivironsky, R.A.M.D.,
Polack, N.R.M.D., 1998. Infected stingray injury. Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 17,
349–360.
Rennie, R.P., Jones, R.N., Mutnick, A.H., 2003. Occurrence and antimicro-
bial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft
tissue infection report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance
program (United States and Canada 2000). SENTRY program study
group (North America). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45, 287–293.
Sebeny, P.L., Riddle, M.S., Petersen, K., 2008. Acinetobacter baumannii skin
and soft-tissue infection associated with war trauma. Clin. Infect. Dis.
47, 444–449.
Semel, J.D., Trenholme, G., 1990. Aeromonas hydrophila water-associated
traumatic wound infections: a review. J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit.
Care 30, 324–327.
Schmidt, A.S., Bruun, M.S., Dalsgaard, I., Pedersen, K., Larsen, J.L., 2000.
Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fish-pathogenic and envi-
ronmental bacteria associated with four danish rainbow trout farms.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4908–4915.
Shak, J.R., Witaker, J.A., Ribner, B.S., Burd, E.M., 2011. Aminiglycoside-resis-
tant Aeromonas hydrophila as part of a polymicrobial infection following
a traumatic fall into freshwater. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 1169–1170.
Smith, P.K., Krohn, R.I., Hermanson, G.T., Mallia, A.K., Gartner, F.H.,
Provenzano, M.D., Fujimoto, E.K., Goeke, N.M., Olson, B.J., Klenk, D.C.,
1985. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Bio-
chem. 150, 76–85.
Thompson, C.D., Brekken, A.L., Kuttech, W.H., 1993. Necrotizing fasciitis:
a review of management guidelines in a large obstetrics and gyne-
cology teaching hospital. Inf. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 1, 16–22.
Valencia, I.C., Kirsner, R.S., Kerdel, F.A., 2004. Microbiologic evaluation of
skin wounds: alarming trend toward antibiotic resistance in an
inpatient dermatology service during a 10-year period. J. Am. Acad.
Dermatol. 50, 845–849.
van Elsas, J.D., Semenov, A.V., Costa, R., Trevors, J.T., 2011. Survival of
Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health
aspects. ISME J. 5, 173–183.
M.O. Domingos et al. / Toxicon 58 (2011) 147–153 153