ABSTRACT- An experimental study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrous fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure on the activity levels of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Chronic heavy metal exposure resulted in variation in the enzymes levels with increase in AST and decreases in ALT, contributed to the stress induced by the heavy metals. These changes in enzymatic activity of the maternal and embryonic tissue of H. fulvipes under the influence of heavy metal, mercury and lead is suggestive of the specific impact of mercury and lead on the enzymatic pathway, prompting a further study to consolidate the finding in human study. It is pertinent that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented and appropriate precaution taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects. Key-words- Heavy Metals, Animal models, Hepatic Enzymes, Viviparous
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
When yeast cells are exposed to anoxia (no oxygen) on a non-fermentable carbon source, they enter a state of suspended animation where all observable life processes reversibly halt until oxygen is restored. Transcriptional profiling revealed differences in gene expression between yeast exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) gas versus nitrogen (N2) gas. CO can mimic oxygen binding and led to derepression of aerobic metabolism genes compared to N2 exposure. Mutants lacking components of the mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway recovered normally from CO but not N2 exposure, indicating its importance in the cellular response to different anoxic conditions. The study establishes yeast as a model for investigating suspended animation and oxygen-regulated gene expression.
This study investigated the substrate specificity of the CYP1A enzyme from Pterygoplichthys sp., a species of catfish. The CYP1A gene from Pterygoplichthys sp. was expressed in yeast cells. The catalytic activity of the expressed enzyme was then tested against 15 potential substrates. Results showed that the enzyme had a much higher activity for coumarin derivatives than resorufin derivatives, unlike most other vertebrate CYP1As. The enzyme was also able to metabolize some flavones and ethoxyfluorescein but not resveratrol. These findings suggest the Pterygoplichthys sp. CYP1A has a divergent substrate
This document summarizes a study that characterized double-gene knockout mutants of Escherichia coli. Specifically, it investigated how deleting a second gene, the glyoxylate shunt gene aceA, affected the growth of the E. coli Dpgi mutant. It also examined how the order of gene deletions impacted the growth rates and substrate uptake rates of double mutants. Transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression of the gene aceK, which may explain phenotypic differences between mutants. The study integrated phenotypic analysis, metabolic modeling, and transcriptomics to better understand how latent reactions influence mutant physiology and the implications for microbial genetics and metabolic engineering.
The document summarizes a study that used an integrated molecular approach to examine the response of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to multiple stressors. The study exposed oysters to copper, a common pollutant, and Vibrio tubiashii, a bacterial pathogen. It measured the expression of genes involved in stress response, including heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), metallothionein IV, and copper oxidase, at the mRNA and protein levels. The results showed that V. tubiashii inhibited the expression of metallothionein IV and copper oxidase, leaving the oysters more vulnerable to copper toxicity. The study demonstrated how one stressor can compromise an
Environmental Factor - July 2014_ Intramural papers of the monthXunhai 郑训海
The document summarizes 5 research papers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). It describes the key findings and conclusions from each paper which include: 1) NIEHS developed a 7-step framework for systematic reviews to address environmental health questions. 2) A study found that polymerase beta can complement aprataxin function during DNA repair. 3) Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma regulates hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. 4) The INO80 complex maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency and regulates blastocyst development. 5) A study characterized structural changes in HIV reverse transcriptase formation providing insights for new therapeutics.
The antimicrobial mechanism of ECA water against pseudomonas aeruginosa and ...Trevor William Sievert
This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of electrochemically activated water (anolyte) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli using SDS-PAGE protein analysis. Bacteria were treated with different concentrations of anolyte and their protein profiles analyzed via SDS-PAGE. Undiluted and 10-1 diluted anolyte were most effective, causing fewer and fainter protein bands compared to untreated bacteria, indicating protein destruction. Dilute anolyte caused extra protein bands, suggesting oxidative stress and protein fragmentation. The results provide insight into anolyte's antimicrobial action by affecting bacterial proteins.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
When yeast cells are exposed to anoxia (no oxygen) on a non-fermentable carbon source, they enter a state of suspended animation where all observable life processes reversibly halt until oxygen is restored. Transcriptional profiling revealed differences in gene expression between yeast exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) gas versus nitrogen (N2) gas. CO can mimic oxygen binding and led to derepression of aerobic metabolism genes compared to N2 exposure. Mutants lacking components of the mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway recovered normally from CO but not N2 exposure, indicating its importance in the cellular response to different anoxic conditions. The study establishes yeast as a model for investigating suspended animation and oxygen-regulated gene expression.
This study investigated the substrate specificity of the CYP1A enzyme from Pterygoplichthys sp., a species of catfish. The CYP1A gene from Pterygoplichthys sp. was expressed in yeast cells. The catalytic activity of the expressed enzyme was then tested against 15 potential substrates. Results showed that the enzyme had a much higher activity for coumarin derivatives than resorufin derivatives, unlike most other vertebrate CYP1As. The enzyme was also able to metabolize some flavones and ethoxyfluorescein but not resveratrol. These findings suggest the Pterygoplichthys sp. CYP1A has a divergent substrate
This document summarizes a study that characterized double-gene knockout mutants of Escherichia coli. Specifically, it investigated how deleting a second gene, the glyoxylate shunt gene aceA, affected the growth of the E. coli Dpgi mutant. It also examined how the order of gene deletions impacted the growth rates and substrate uptake rates of double mutants. Transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression of the gene aceK, which may explain phenotypic differences between mutants. The study integrated phenotypic analysis, metabolic modeling, and transcriptomics to better understand how latent reactions influence mutant physiology and the implications for microbial genetics and metabolic engineering.
The document summarizes a study that used an integrated molecular approach to examine the response of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to multiple stressors. The study exposed oysters to copper, a common pollutant, and Vibrio tubiashii, a bacterial pathogen. It measured the expression of genes involved in stress response, including heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), metallothionein IV, and copper oxidase, at the mRNA and protein levels. The results showed that V. tubiashii inhibited the expression of metallothionein IV and copper oxidase, leaving the oysters more vulnerable to copper toxicity. The study demonstrated how one stressor can compromise an
Environmental Factor - July 2014_ Intramural papers of the monthXunhai 郑训海
The document summarizes 5 research papers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). It describes the key findings and conclusions from each paper which include: 1) NIEHS developed a 7-step framework for systematic reviews to address environmental health questions. 2) A study found that polymerase beta can complement aprataxin function during DNA repair. 3) Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma regulates hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. 4) The INO80 complex maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency and regulates blastocyst development. 5) A study characterized structural changes in HIV reverse transcriptase formation providing insights for new therapeutics.
The antimicrobial mechanism of ECA water against pseudomonas aeruginosa and ...Trevor William Sievert
This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of electrochemically activated water (anolyte) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli using SDS-PAGE protein analysis. Bacteria were treated with different concentrations of anolyte and their protein profiles analyzed via SDS-PAGE. Undiluted and 10-1 diluted anolyte were most effective, causing fewer and fainter protein bands compared to untreated bacteria, indicating protein destruction. Dilute anolyte caused extra protein bands, suggesting oxidative stress and protein fragmentation. The results provide insight into anolyte's antimicrobial action by affecting bacterial proteins.
This document describes the development of a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor for 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The researchers constructed the biosensor by fusing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), the 2OG-binding GAF domain of the NifA protein, and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) between restriction sites in a plasmid vector. They tested the biosensor in vitro and found it responded to 2OG concentrations within the physiological range observed in E. coli cells. They also optimized the peptide linker between domains. In vivo, the biosensor detected changes in 2OG levels in E. coli cells in response to different carbon sources added. The biosensor could image
- Esterases are an important family of enzymes found in insects that play roles in development, behavior, reproduction and digestion. They are involved in the metabolism of esters and can confer resistance to organophosphate insecticides in some insects.
- The document discusses different classifications of esterases and highlights their importance as potential drug targets for insecticide development. It also notes the problems of increasing insecticide resistance in arthropods and the need for resistance monitoring programs.
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
This study investigated whether S-methylcysteine (SMC), a metabolite of monohalomethanes, contributes to their neurotoxicity. The researchers found that:
1) High concentrations of SMC (10-2 M) reduced synaptic responses in hippocampal slices, an effect that was partially reversible.
2) In organotypic hippocampal cultures, 24 hour exposure to 5x10-5 M SMC compromised membrane integrity in the dentate gyrus, while lower concentrations increased population spike amplitudes and repetitive discharges without affecting membrane integrity.
3) In dissociated hippocampal neurons, SMC reduced GABA-induced currents, acting as a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist with
This document summarizes research analyzing relationships between lysine ubiquitylation and acetylation sites from proteomic datasets in Arabidopsis thaliana proteins. The research compared ubiquitylation and acetylation sites identified in previous publications and found that 9 non-nuclear proteins experienced both post-translational modifications. Most of these proteins were located in energy-associated organelles. While this provides support for potential cross-talk between ubiquitylation and acetylation, more acetylation and ubiquitylation data is still needed to further investigate these relationships and whether acetylation directly or indirectly influences ubiquitylation.
This study investigated the structural, thermodynamic and unfolding properties of the kappa class glutathione transferase (CdGSTK1-1) from Camelus dromedarius. The key findings were:
1) CdGSTK1-1 was expressed in E. coli and purified. Analytical gel filtration showed it has a unique trimeric structure.
2) CdGSTK1-1 exhibited low thermal stability and unfolded through three states with intermediate species formation. The first transition melting point was 40.3°C and the second was 49.1°C.
3) Intrinsic fluorescence and near-UV CD studies indicated that substrate binding did not cause major conformational changes in
This study aimed to develop the brook stickleback as a new model species for assessing endocrine disrupting compounds. The researchers first optimized a qPCR assay to measure expression of the androgen-regulated spiggin gene in kidney tissue and the estrogen-regulated vitellogenin gene in liver tissue. They found basal differences in expression between male and female brook stickleback. Fish were then exposed to model androgens and estrogens, which induced expression of spiggin in female kidney and vitellogenin in male liver, respectively. Exposure also altered organ weights and histopathology. Given the sensitivity of these responses, brook stickleback show potential as a new species for evaluating endocrine
This document summarizes research analyzing relationships between lysine ubiquitylation and acetylation sites in Arabidopsis thaliana proteins from proteomic datasets. The researchers compared ubiquitylation and acetylation sites identified in previous publications and found that 9 proteins experienced both post-translational modifications. Most of these proteins were located in energy-associated organelles, supporting the hypothesis that ubiquitylation and acetylation interactions could influence metabolic pathways. Future work is needed to identify more acetylation and ubiquitylation sites to better understand potential direct or indirect influences between the two modifications.
This document discusses research analyzing the cellular responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) to heavy metal-induced stress. The key points are:
1. Yeast is used as a model organism to study the cellular response to heavy metals like chromium, cadmium, and copper, which can generate oxidative stress and lead to apoptosis or autophagy.
2. Exposure to heavy metals is found to induce antioxidant defense mechanisms in yeast, as well as autophagy-related genes and the yeast caspase Yca1p.
3. Studies aim to determine if autophagy initiators are required for Yca1p cleavage and apoptotic response, and to
This document summarizes a study comparing hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non-reactor water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats. The following key findings are reported:
1) In buffaloes and cattle, tuberculosis caused decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, while increasing monocytes and lymphocytes.
2) In buffaloes, tuberculosis increased total serum proteins, albumin and globulins.
3) In sheep, packed cell volume was lower in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
4) In goats, basophil percentage was higher in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
Kupffer Cells Mediate Leptin-Induced Liver Fibrosis.
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2009;137:713–723
JIANHUA WANG,* ISABELLE LECLERCQ,‡ JOANNE M. BRYMORA,* NING XU,* MEHDI RAMEZANI–MOGHADAM,* ROSLYN M. LONDON,* DAVID BRIGSTOCK,§ and JACOB GEORGE*
*Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; ‡Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Faculty of
Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and §Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
瘦素(Leptin)是一由脂肪細胞(Adipocyte)所分泌之荷爾蒙,是調控體重及新陳代謝之重要因子。過去研究發現病態肥胖(Obese)、脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis)及酒精性肝炎(Alcoholic liver disease)等病患之血液循環中,Leptin量有明顯增加。而近期研究報告指出leptin具有促進肝臟纖維化(Liver fibrosis)之能力,當中分子機理並未明確。
在肝纖維化過程中,肝臟星狀細胞(HSC)會被活化增生及促進胞外基質(ECM)產生,而鄰近之Kupffer細胞(KC)則已知可透過促發炎因子(Proinflammatory factor)和促纖維化因子(Profibrogenic factors)例如TGF-β1和ROS影響HSC表現。雖然HSC是肝纖維化過程中重要角色,前人研究卻發現leptin似對HSC無任何調控作用。故本篇作者針對Leptin是否透過間接作用於HSC鄰近之KC,刺激其產生促纖維化因子,以活化HSC。
為探討leptin直接或間接影響HSC之分子機理,本篇作者透過RT-PCR、Immunoblot等分子生物學方法,分別測定leptin刺激後HSC及KC中Collagen I、TIMP1等促纖維化因子基因及蛋白表現,發現leptin雖可促使HSC增生,但對其纖維化能力之影響甚微。而leptin可刺激KC中TGF-β1及CTGF/CCN2等肝纖維化中重要之cytokines表現。另發現Leptin-treated KC-conditioned培養液可刺激HSC增生及增加其中Collagen I、TIMP1等表現,得出了leptin是透過刺激KC來活化HSC之推論。作者亦於後續實驗中,透過磷酸化測定、EMSA等方法探討leptin訊號傳遞作用,發現leptin可活化KC中STAT3、ERK1/2、AKT等路徑,及下游因子AP-1、NF-κB,而此兩種蛋白具有增強TGF-β1及CTGF/CCN2基因表現之能力。
This document describes two experiments that examined the effects of dietary zinc source and coccidial vaccine exposure on zinc homeostasis and immune status in broiler chickens. The experiments found that coccidial challenge decreased intracellular zinc levels and phagocytic capacity in the jejunum, while increasing phagocytic capacity in the caecal tonsils. Coccidial challenge also increased the ratio of zinc import to export transporters. Dietary zinc source had little impact except on one zinc transporter. The results suggest that during coccidial challenge, intestinal cells attempt to compensate for the drop in intracellular zinc by upregulating zinc import transporters.
Biological balance role of oxidative status for some bacterial speciesAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the oxidative stress of three bacterial species by analyzing culture broths. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were chosen. The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity compared to the others, indicating a stronger defense system against free radicals. Peroxynitrate levels and lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde, generally increased in the order of Klebsiella pneumoniae > Staphylococcus aureus > E. coli, suggesting more pathogenic bacteria produce more oxidative species. This supports the hypothesis that bacteria modulate antioxidant defenses in response to oxidative stress levels to protect against
The document describes an experiment where disulfide bonds were engineered into a1-antitrypsin (a1-AT) to lock the movement of helix F (hF) and the connecting loop (thFs3A) during protease inhibition. Disulfide bonds were introduced between thFs3A and strands 3A or 5A of the beta-sheet. The disulfide between thFs3A and strand 5A, but not 3A, eliminated inhibitory activity, suggesting displacement from strand 5A is required for inhibition. The disulfide between thFs3A and strand 3A slowed polymerization without affecting inhibition. This provides direct evidence that hF/thFs3A displacement from strand 5
This document describes a study probing the catalytic mechanism of the insulin receptor kinase (IRK) using a tetrafluorotyrosine-containing peptide substrate. Key findings include:
1) pH-rate profiles indicate the neutral phenol, not the phenoxide ion, is required for phosphorylation, supporting a dissociative transition state.
2) The pKa of the tetrafluorotyrosyl hydroxyl is elevated on the enzyme, and the phenoxide anion behaves as a weak competitive inhibitor.
3) Crystal structures show hydrogen bonding of the tetrafluorotyrosyl group to enzyme residues, consistent with its elevated pKa.
Crofton MS Thesis Lead Dvelopmental Neurotoxicity 1980KevinCrofton
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS IN EXPLORATION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN MALE RATS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVEL LEAD
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Zoology, Oxford Ohio
by Kevin M. Crofton
Delays in the development of exploratory and locomotor behavior in neonatal male rats (up to 21 days of age) are shown to accrue as a consequence of low level lead (Pb) exposure. Cross-fostering experiments indicate that these delays are primarily due to prenatal exposure. Circadian activity analysis demonstrates that Pb exposure chiefly effects nocturnal activity.
These Pb induced behavioral modifications appear to be associated
with de-lays in synaptogenesis and biochemical development
of the cereb.ra l cortex. A new behavioral bioassay for detecting
delays in brain development is described.
This study examines two species of photosynthetic sea slugs, Plakobranchus ocellatus and Elysia timida, that are able to retain functional chloroplasts from consumed algae for extended periods. The researchers sequenced expressed mRNA from actively photosynthesizing individuals of both species and found no evidence that nuclear genes specific to photosynthesis had been transferred from the algal food source to the slugs, despite the long-term maintenance of plastid function. This suggests the molecular basis for plastid longevity in these species does not involve lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes.
ASLO 2015: Eukaryotic metatranscriptome profiling at Station ALOHAhalexand
Eukaryotic metatranscriptome profiling identifies the unique response of phytoplankton to functional groups to deep water upwelling at Station ALOHA
http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/granada2015/viewabstract.asp?AbstractID=27246
Abstract: Despite their low biomass, large (> 5µm) eukaryotic phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling and export of carbon in the oligotrophic ocean, particularly in response to nutrient pulse events, like deep water (DW) upwelling. A series of simulated DW upwelling incubations were performed at Station ALOHA to assay the shifts in metabolism associated with these events in the large eukaryotic phytoplankton. The development and application of a novel bioinformatic pipeline, which employed the MMETSP data as a reference, enabled the taxonomic and functional annotation of metatranscriptome reads generated from these experiments, ultimately, mapping fivefold more reads compared to genome references and broadening the taxonomic representation. Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and haptophytes dominated the samples. There was little variation in the quantitative metabolic fingerprint of these phytoplankton functional groups over time in situ, but responses to DW were unique to each functional group. Modulation of transcripts associated with the metabolism and transport of metals, vitamins, phosphorus, and nitrogen suggests that re-supply of these resources in DW may be important drivers of the dynamics of these functional groups in this oligotrophic system.
This document discusses the analysis of microbial communities through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. It presents WATERS, a workflow system that automates and bundles various software tools for analyzing 16S rRNA sequence data. The goals of WATERS are to simplify the analysis process for users without specialized bioinformatics expertise and to facilitate reproducibility through tracking of data provenance. WATERS guides users through the typical sequence analysis steps of alignment, chimera filtering, OTU clustering, taxonomy assignment, phylogeny tree building, and ecological analyses and visualization. By integrating existing tools into a single automated workflow, WATERS aims to reduce the effort required for 16S rRNA data analysis and allow researchers to focus on biological interpretation of results.
ABSTRACT- Background and Objectives: Heavy metals exposure in animals can lead to profound effects in growth
and development. There have been incidences of various teratogenic effects in the past due to heavy metals exposure from
various sources. The present study was conducted to access the effect of chronic heavy metals exposure in animal models.
Materials and Methods: An experimental prospective study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrus
fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure. H. fulvipes was exposed with mercury and
lead; and effects monitored and documented in different times.
Results: Chronic heavy metal exposure had considerable effects in mother and fetus of H. fulvipes. The effects in mother
were represented by the loss of body weight and decrease in hepato-pancreatic weight and hepato-somatic index. Chronic
exposure in fetus resulted in decrement in the embryonic length with subsequent reduction in the length and weight of
embryos.
Discussion: These studies and results of heavy metals in animal have proved the harmful effects of chronic heavy metal
exposure with multitude of questions. The question of particular concern would be that how well animal teratology studies
will predict the human hazard. The primary area of focus could be on the prevention of the birth defects induced by
maternal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy, as well as early prevention of teratogenic effects.
Conclusion: It is necessary that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented in humans, and adequate precaution should
be taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects in the long run.
Key-words- Heterometrus fulvipes, Heavy Metals, Hepato-somatic indices, Morphometry
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
This document describes the development of a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor for 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The researchers constructed the biosensor by fusing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), the 2OG-binding GAF domain of the NifA protein, and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) between restriction sites in a plasmid vector. They tested the biosensor in vitro and found it responded to 2OG concentrations within the physiological range observed in E. coli cells. They also optimized the peptide linker between domains. In vivo, the biosensor detected changes in 2OG levels in E. coli cells in response to different carbon sources added. The biosensor could image
- Esterases are an important family of enzymes found in insects that play roles in development, behavior, reproduction and digestion. They are involved in the metabolism of esters and can confer resistance to organophosphate insecticides in some insects.
- The document discusses different classifications of esterases and highlights their importance as potential drug targets for insecticide development. It also notes the problems of increasing insecticide resistance in arthropods and the need for resistance monitoring programs.
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
This study investigated whether S-methylcysteine (SMC), a metabolite of monohalomethanes, contributes to their neurotoxicity. The researchers found that:
1) High concentrations of SMC (10-2 M) reduced synaptic responses in hippocampal slices, an effect that was partially reversible.
2) In organotypic hippocampal cultures, 24 hour exposure to 5x10-5 M SMC compromised membrane integrity in the dentate gyrus, while lower concentrations increased population spike amplitudes and repetitive discharges without affecting membrane integrity.
3) In dissociated hippocampal neurons, SMC reduced GABA-induced currents, acting as a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist with
This document summarizes research analyzing relationships between lysine ubiquitylation and acetylation sites from proteomic datasets in Arabidopsis thaliana proteins. The research compared ubiquitylation and acetylation sites identified in previous publications and found that 9 non-nuclear proteins experienced both post-translational modifications. Most of these proteins were located in energy-associated organelles. While this provides support for potential cross-talk between ubiquitylation and acetylation, more acetylation and ubiquitylation data is still needed to further investigate these relationships and whether acetylation directly or indirectly influences ubiquitylation.
This study investigated the structural, thermodynamic and unfolding properties of the kappa class glutathione transferase (CdGSTK1-1) from Camelus dromedarius. The key findings were:
1) CdGSTK1-1 was expressed in E. coli and purified. Analytical gel filtration showed it has a unique trimeric structure.
2) CdGSTK1-1 exhibited low thermal stability and unfolded through three states with intermediate species formation. The first transition melting point was 40.3°C and the second was 49.1°C.
3) Intrinsic fluorescence and near-UV CD studies indicated that substrate binding did not cause major conformational changes in
This study aimed to develop the brook stickleback as a new model species for assessing endocrine disrupting compounds. The researchers first optimized a qPCR assay to measure expression of the androgen-regulated spiggin gene in kidney tissue and the estrogen-regulated vitellogenin gene in liver tissue. They found basal differences in expression between male and female brook stickleback. Fish were then exposed to model androgens and estrogens, which induced expression of spiggin in female kidney and vitellogenin in male liver, respectively. Exposure also altered organ weights and histopathology. Given the sensitivity of these responses, brook stickleback show potential as a new species for evaluating endocrine
This document summarizes research analyzing relationships between lysine ubiquitylation and acetylation sites in Arabidopsis thaliana proteins from proteomic datasets. The researchers compared ubiquitylation and acetylation sites identified in previous publications and found that 9 proteins experienced both post-translational modifications. Most of these proteins were located in energy-associated organelles, supporting the hypothesis that ubiquitylation and acetylation interactions could influence metabolic pathways. Future work is needed to identify more acetylation and ubiquitylation sites to better understand potential direct or indirect influences between the two modifications.
This document discusses research analyzing the cellular responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) to heavy metal-induced stress. The key points are:
1. Yeast is used as a model organism to study the cellular response to heavy metals like chromium, cadmium, and copper, which can generate oxidative stress and lead to apoptosis or autophagy.
2. Exposure to heavy metals is found to induce antioxidant defense mechanisms in yeast, as well as autophagy-related genes and the yeast caspase Yca1p.
3. Studies aim to determine if autophagy initiators are required for Yca1p cleavage and apoptotic response, and to
This document summarizes a study comparing hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non-reactor water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats. The following key findings are reported:
1) In buffaloes and cattle, tuberculosis caused decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, while increasing monocytes and lymphocytes.
2) In buffaloes, tuberculosis increased total serum proteins, albumin and globulins.
3) In sheep, packed cell volume was lower in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
4) In goats, basophil percentage was higher in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
Kupffer Cells Mediate Leptin-Induced Liver Fibrosis.
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2009;137:713–723
JIANHUA WANG,* ISABELLE LECLERCQ,‡ JOANNE M. BRYMORA,* NING XU,* MEHDI RAMEZANI–MOGHADAM,* ROSLYN M. LONDON,* DAVID BRIGSTOCK,§ and JACOB GEORGE*
*Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; ‡Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Faculty of
Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and §Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
瘦素(Leptin)是一由脂肪細胞(Adipocyte)所分泌之荷爾蒙,是調控體重及新陳代謝之重要因子。過去研究發現病態肥胖(Obese)、脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis)及酒精性肝炎(Alcoholic liver disease)等病患之血液循環中,Leptin量有明顯增加。而近期研究報告指出leptin具有促進肝臟纖維化(Liver fibrosis)之能力,當中分子機理並未明確。
在肝纖維化過程中,肝臟星狀細胞(HSC)會被活化增生及促進胞外基質(ECM)產生,而鄰近之Kupffer細胞(KC)則已知可透過促發炎因子(Proinflammatory factor)和促纖維化因子(Profibrogenic factors)例如TGF-β1和ROS影響HSC表現。雖然HSC是肝纖維化過程中重要角色,前人研究卻發現leptin似對HSC無任何調控作用。故本篇作者針對Leptin是否透過間接作用於HSC鄰近之KC,刺激其產生促纖維化因子,以活化HSC。
為探討leptin直接或間接影響HSC之分子機理,本篇作者透過RT-PCR、Immunoblot等分子生物學方法,分別測定leptin刺激後HSC及KC中Collagen I、TIMP1等促纖維化因子基因及蛋白表現,發現leptin雖可促使HSC增生,但對其纖維化能力之影響甚微。而leptin可刺激KC中TGF-β1及CTGF/CCN2等肝纖維化中重要之cytokines表現。另發現Leptin-treated KC-conditioned培養液可刺激HSC增生及增加其中Collagen I、TIMP1等表現,得出了leptin是透過刺激KC來活化HSC之推論。作者亦於後續實驗中,透過磷酸化測定、EMSA等方法探討leptin訊號傳遞作用,發現leptin可活化KC中STAT3、ERK1/2、AKT等路徑,及下游因子AP-1、NF-κB,而此兩種蛋白具有增強TGF-β1及CTGF/CCN2基因表現之能力。
This document describes two experiments that examined the effects of dietary zinc source and coccidial vaccine exposure on zinc homeostasis and immune status in broiler chickens. The experiments found that coccidial challenge decreased intracellular zinc levels and phagocytic capacity in the jejunum, while increasing phagocytic capacity in the caecal tonsils. Coccidial challenge also increased the ratio of zinc import to export transporters. Dietary zinc source had little impact except on one zinc transporter. The results suggest that during coccidial challenge, intestinal cells attempt to compensate for the drop in intracellular zinc by upregulating zinc import transporters.
Biological balance role of oxidative status for some bacterial speciesAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the oxidative stress of three bacterial species by analyzing culture broths. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were chosen. The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity compared to the others, indicating a stronger defense system against free radicals. Peroxynitrate levels and lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde, generally increased in the order of Klebsiella pneumoniae > Staphylococcus aureus > E. coli, suggesting more pathogenic bacteria produce more oxidative species. This supports the hypothesis that bacteria modulate antioxidant defenses in response to oxidative stress levels to protect against
The document describes an experiment where disulfide bonds were engineered into a1-antitrypsin (a1-AT) to lock the movement of helix F (hF) and the connecting loop (thFs3A) during protease inhibition. Disulfide bonds were introduced between thFs3A and strands 3A or 5A of the beta-sheet. The disulfide between thFs3A and strand 5A, but not 3A, eliminated inhibitory activity, suggesting displacement from strand 5A is required for inhibition. The disulfide between thFs3A and strand 3A slowed polymerization without affecting inhibition. This provides direct evidence that hF/thFs3A displacement from strand 5
This document describes a study probing the catalytic mechanism of the insulin receptor kinase (IRK) using a tetrafluorotyrosine-containing peptide substrate. Key findings include:
1) pH-rate profiles indicate the neutral phenol, not the phenoxide ion, is required for phosphorylation, supporting a dissociative transition state.
2) The pKa of the tetrafluorotyrosyl hydroxyl is elevated on the enzyme, and the phenoxide anion behaves as a weak competitive inhibitor.
3) Crystal structures show hydrogen bonding of the tetrafluorotyrosyl group to enzyme residues, consistent with its elevated pKa.
Crofton MS Thesis Lead Dvelopmental Neurotoxicity 1980KevinCrofton
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS IN EXPLORATION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN MALE RATS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVEL LEAD
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Zoology, Oxford Ohio
by Kevin M. Crofton
Delays in the development of exploratory and locomotor behavior in neonatal male rats (up to 21 days of age) are shown to accrue as a consequence of low level lead (Pb) exposure. Cross-fostering experiments indicate that these delays are primarily due to prenatal exposure. Circadian activity analysis demonstrates that Pb exposure chiefly effects nocturnal activity.
These Pb induced behavioral modifications appear to be associated
with de-lays in synaptogenesis and biochemical development
of the cereb.ra l cortex. A new behavioral bioassay for detecting
delays in brain development is described.
This study examines two species of photosynthetic sea slugs, Plakobranchus ocellatus and Elysia timida, that are able to retain functional chloroplasts from consumed algae for extended periods. The researchers sequenced expressed mRNA from actively photosynthesizing individuals of both species and found no evidence that nuclear genes specific to photosynthesis had been transferred from the algal food source to the slugs, despite the long-term maintenance of plastid function. This suggests the molecular basis for plastid longevity in these species does not involve lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes.
ASLO 2015: Eukaryotic metatranscriptome profiling at Station ALOHAhalexand
Eukaryotic metatranscriptome profiling identifies the unique response of phytoplankton to functional groups to deep water upwelling at Station ALOHA
http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/granada2015/viewabstract.asp?AbstractID=27246
Abstract: Despite their low biomass, large (> 5µm) eukaryotic phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling and export of carbon in the oligotrophic ocean, particularly in response to nutrient pulse events, like deep water (DW) upwelling. A series of simulated DW upwelling incubations were performed at Station ALOHA to assay the shifts in metabolism associated with these events in the large eukaryotic phytoplankton. The development and application of a novel bioinformatic pipeline, which employed the MMETSP data as a reference, enabled the taxonomic and functional annotation of metatranscriptome reads generated from these experiments, ultimately, mapping fivefold more reads compared to genome references and broadening the taxonomic representation. Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and haptophytes dominated the samples. There was little variation in the quantitative metabolic fingerprint of these phytoplankton functional groups over time in situ, but responses to DW were unique to each functional group. Modulation of transcripts associated with the metabolism and transport of metals, vitamins, phosphorus, and nitrogen suggests that re-supply of these resources in DW may be important drivers of the dynamics of these functional groups in this oligotrophic system.
This document discusses the analysis of microbial communities through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. It presents WATERS, a workflow system that automates and bundles various software tools for analyzing 16S rRNA sequence data. The goals of WATERS are to simplify the analysis process for users without specialized bioinformatics expertise and to facilitate reproducibility through tracking of data provenance. WATERS guides users through the typical sequence analysis steps of alignment, chimera filtering, OTU clustering, taxonomy assignment, phylogeny tree building, and ecological analyses and visualization. By integrating existing tools into a single automated workflow, WATERS aims to reduce the effort required for 16S rRNA data analysis and allow researchers to focus on biological interpretation of results.
ABSTRACT- Background and Objectives: Heavy metals exposure in animals can lead to profound effects in growth
and development. There have been incidences of various teratogenic effects in the past due to heavy metals exposure from
various sources. The present study was conducted to access the effect of chronic heavy metals exposure in animal models.
Materials and Methods: An experimental prospective study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrus
fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure. H. fulvipes was exposed with mercury and
lead; and effects monitored and documented in different times.
Results: Chronic heavy metal exposure had considerable effects in mother and fetus of H. fulvipes. The effects in mother
were represented by the loss of body weight and decrease in hepato-pancreatic weight and hepato-somatic index. Chronic
exposure in fetus resulted in decrement in the embryonic length with subsequent reduction in the length and weight of
embryos.
Discussion: These studies and results of heavy metals in animal have proved the harmful effects of chronic heavy metal
exposure with multitude of questions. The question of particular concern would be that how well animal teratology studies
will predict the human hazard. The primary area of focus could be on the prevention of the birth defects induced by
maternal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy, as well as early prevention of teratogenic effects.
Conclusion: It is necessary that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented in humans, and adequate precaution should
be taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects in the long run.
Key-words- Heterometrus fulvipes, Heavy Metals, Hepato-somatic indices, Morphometry
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Dietary Supplementation with Calcium in Healthy Rats Administered with Artemi...IOSR Journals
Reports on the role of calcium on predisposition to cardiovascular disease have been rather inconsistent while studies on its interaction with other medications are ongoing. We therefore investigated the effect of separate and combine administration of calcium supplement with artemisinin-based combination drug on hepatic and serum lipid profile. Thirty two male wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight rats each. The control (group A) received normal saline. Group B and D were placed on 10mg/Kg calcium twice daily for four weeks. On the thirtieth day, therapeutic dose of artemisinin-based combination was simultaneously administered to group C and group D twice daily for three days. All the rats were then sacrificed after 12 hours fasting, blood was withdrawn and the liver removed and homogenized in an appropriate buffer. Biochemical analysis showed no significant (p>0.05) variation in hepatic triaacylglycerol in all the treated groups whereas calcium supplementation was observed to induce a significant (p<0.05) reduction in hepatic cholesterol. Significant elevations due to calcium supplementation were also observed in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol level and atherogenic risk index with a concomitant reduction in serum HDL cholesterol. No significant change was observed in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and serum lipoproteins in all other treatment groups. Our study suggests that calcium supplementation may predispose to cardiovascular disease and that its co administration with ACT may not aggravate nor reduced the predisposition risk.
This document summarizes research on sperm cell motility, viability, and calcium regulation. It discusses how sperm motility is regulated by calcium levels, which are controlled by ion channels such as CATsper. Modulating calcium channels and reducing motility may increase sperm cell viability by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. The document also reviews the roles of factors like temperature, membrane potential, and ion currents in modulating calcium concentrations and sperm cell functions like capacitation and the acrosome reaction.
Evaluation of salicin isolated from salix subserrata as a radioprotectorRam Sahu
1) The study investigated the radioprotective effects of salicin, a compound found in willow trees, against gamma radiation damage in rat spleen tissue.
2) Irradiation significantly increased lipid peroxidation in spleen tissue but salicin treatment reduced this effect.
3) Ultrastructural examination found no abnormalities in control or salicin groups but irradiation caused lesions and cell loss, which salicin provided some protection against.
4) Changes to protein and enzyme patterns from irradiation were detected electrophoretically and salicin treatment prevented some of these qualitative effects.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
EFFECT OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE(anticancer drug) ON TESTIS Mohd Asif Kanth
This document describes a study that examined the histological effects of the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) on the testes of male rats (Rattus rattus). Adult male rats were injected with CPA at 40mg/kg body weight alternately for 15 days. Histological analysis of the testes found several changes compared to controls, including a reduced number of spermatozoa in the lumen, disorganized spermatogenic cells with fewer spermatids, and prominent Leydig cells. The lumens also contained relatively fewer spermatozoa. The study suggests CPA can induce histological changes in the testes that may impact fertility.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of cypermethrin pesticide on rabbit biochemistry and liver/kidney histology. Rabbits received low, medium, or high doses of cypermethrin intraperitoneally over 71 days. Blood samples were analyzed for liver and kidney enzymes/proteins. Liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. Results showed cypermethrin increased liver enzymes and urea/creatinine levels in blood in a dose-dependent manner, indicating liver and kidney damage. Histological examination found corresponding dose-dependent lesions in the liver (degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia) and kidneys (necrosis, cast deposition, increased urinary space), confirming cyper
Super Males: Antioxidants boost male fertility and sperm viability in fruit f...Weily Lang
Antioxidants may improve male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. The study investigated the effects of melatonin and lipoic acid antioxidants on sperm viability, mating behavior, and offspring production. Males fed antioxidants had higher sperm viability, increased mating rates, and produced more offspring than control-fed males. The antioxidants likely protected sperm from oxidative damage induced by paraquat, demonstrating their potential to boost male fertility.
Antioxidants and Fertility in The Common Fruit FlyWeily Lang
Antioxidants may improve male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. The study investigated the effects of melatonin and lipoic acid antioxidants on mating behavior, sperm viability, and fertility when males were exposed to the oxidative stress of paraquat. Males fed antioxidants had higher mating rates, sperm viability over 70%, and produced more offspring than controls fed ethanol. The results suggest antioxidants protect sperm from oxidative damage and help maintain male fertility under stress.
Effects of electric field on histopathological study, electrical properties a...inventy
The present work was undertaken in order to investigate the effects of electric field (EF) of strength 50Hz-3KV/m on the histopathology, dielectric properties and liver function tests in albino rats. Fifty male albino rats were equally divided into three groups namely A, B, and C. Animals of group A used as control group which didn't receive any treatment . Animals of group B was divided into two subgroups namely B1 and B2 which were discretely exposed to 50HZ, 3KV/m electric field for a period of 15 day (8 hours/day, 5day/week). Group B2 animals were left to survive and housed at normal environmental conditions similar to control group A for a period of 15 day post exposed. Animals of group C are divided into two subgroups namely C1 and C2 were discretely exposed to the electric field for a period of 30 day (8 hours/day, 5day/week). Group C2 animals were left to survive and housed at normal environmental conditions similar to control group A for a period of 15 day post exposed. At the end of this period, blood and tissues samples were collected from all groups for experimental investigations. The dielectric constant (έ), electrical conductivity (σ) was measured in frequency range 42Hz-5MHz to investigate any changes in liver structure through studding histopathological examination. Also, the liver function was studied through analysis of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvie transaminase (GPT) and total protein (TP) after exposure to electric field this biochemical parameters have been evaluated in the blood serum of rats. The obtained results show high significant changes in the value of έ and σ of liver tissues for all groups exposed to EF as compared with control group. The levels of GOT and GPT were increased up to four times their values during the period of exposure to EF. These variations were recovered during two week after stopping exposure but they did not return to its original control values before exposure. On microscopic level; liver histological observations in liver cells which revealed some alterations including hepatic tissue with two portal tracts showing mild florous expansion and a dilated central vein, also ghosts of hepatocytes denoting necrotic changes also shows hepatic tissue with dilated central veins engorged with blood and splitting out to adjacent hepatocytes.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hydrogen Sulfide Donor): Ameliorates the Pituitary-testic...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the protective effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS) on the pituitary-testicular axis dysfunction caused by cyclophosphamide (CYP) and/or ionizing gamma radiation (IR) in rats. Rats received STS before and during treatment with CYP and/or IR, while control groups received CYP and/or IR only. STS significantly reduced oxidative stress in the pituitary gland and testes by lowering malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. It also elevated reduced luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels. Furthermore, STS reduced pathological changes and apoptosis in the pituitary and testes induced by CYP and/or IR. This study demonstrates
Protective Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) on the Liver Tissue o...BRNSS Publication Hub
Arsenic in its inorganic form is toxic and can cause severe health effects including cancers. In several
in vitro experiments, arsenic exposure has shown multiple effects at the molecular level. However, the
proper understanding of the role of arsenic in the cause of these diseases is still limited. In this work, we
demonstrated the toxicity effect of sodium arsenite in the liver tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus
and observed the histopathological as well as surface ultrastructural changes on it. A simultaneous study
was performed to observe the protective effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on the liver tissue of
arsenic-induced C. punctatus. The liver tissue of the control group showed a normal histoarchitecture.
The arsenic-exposed liver tissue revealed hepatic lesions in the form of cloudy swelling of hepatocytes,
vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, dilation of sinusoids, and nuclear hypertrophy. Lesser hepatic
alternation was observed in the liver tissue of arsenic-exposed C. punctatus concurrently treated with
garlic extract. The protective effect of garlic was shown in the normalization of hepatocytes in the
arsenic-induced liver tissue.
The document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effects on boar sperm physiology. It notes that ROS can negatively impact sperm motility, viability, and fertilization potential by damaging lipids, proteins, DNA, and inducing premature capacitation. This is detrimental to sperm quality and lifespan. The document also examines the use of seminal fluid diluents for short or long-term sperm preservation. Diluents aim to maintain sperm concentration and viability during storage and transport. However, ROS levels may still increase and damage sperm over time. The inclusion of macromolecules that stabilize sperm membranes could help protect sperm from ROS effects and better maintain motility and function during preservation.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Pallisentis nagpurensis infection on protein and free amino acid metabolism in two commercially important fish species, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. The study found that total protein content and free amino acid levels increased in the liver and intestine tissues of both infected fish species compared to normal uninfected fish. This suggests the parasitic infection altered the protein metabolism of the fish, likely to support tissue repair mechanisms in response to the parasite invasion. Overall, the study demonstrates that P. nagpurensis infection biochemically impacts the host fish by changing their protein and amino acid metabolism.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
This study compared liver enzyme levels in normal subjects and those with sickle cell disease. The enzymes examined were alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Blood samples were obtained from normal subjects (HbAA), heterozygous sickle cell trait carriers (HbAS), and homozygous sickle cell patients (HbSS). The activities of all three enzymes were higher in sickle cell subjects compared to normal, and highest during sickle cell crises. ALP showed the greatest differences between normal and sickle cell samples. The results indicate liver dysfunction or damage in sickle cell disease patients.
Similar to Effect of Heavy Metals on the Activity Levels of Hepatic Enzymes in the Maternal and Embryonic Tissues of Viviparous Scorpion (H. fulvipes) (20)
Background: Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into the surrounding tissue. Changes to DNA cause cancer. It is one of the most common and largest killer diseases in the world. It usually affects physically, and the disease can alter one’s perspective on life and personality. Many treatment options are there to treat cancer. Among them, chemotherapy treatment may have more side effects like lethargy, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, Fatigue, and insomnia, the most common problems among chemotherapy patients in India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a sample size of 60, out of which 30 subjects were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. A convenient sampling method was used to select the subjects. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect the data. Result: The result of the study showed that, during pre-test in the study group, among 30 subjects 3(10%) had moderate Fatigue, 22(73.33%) had severe Fatigue, 5(16.67%) had worst Fatigue and 12(40%) had moderate insomnia, 18(60%) had severe insomnia and in control group among 30 subjects, 6(20%) had moderate Fatigue, 13(43.33%) had severe Fatigue, 11(36.67%) had a worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. With post-test, in experimental group, 14(46.67%) had no fatigue, 16(53.33%) had mild fatigue, 14(46.67%) had no insomnia, 16(53.33%) had mild insomnia, and in control group, 6(20%) had moderate fatigue, 13(43.33%) had extreme fatigue, 11(36.67%) had worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. Conclusion: The study concluded that clients who were receiving chemotherapy had fatigue and insomnia problems. The Warm water foot bath therapy is very effective in clients undergoing chemotherapy in reducing Fatigue and insomnia. A positive correlation between pre-test and post-test was found by using the Mann-Whitney test.
Key-words: Cancer, Chemotherapy, Foot bath, Health, Warm water
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
Background: One of the most common disorders in this age group, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), is the primary cause of most gynaecological problems in adolescents. Unfortunately, epidemiological data on AUB in teenagers is scarce, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The PALM-COEIN classification, where PALM stands for structural reasons and COEIN for functional causes, was employed in this single-center prospective observational study to evaluate the relative contributions of several etiological factors in AUB. To comprehend the etiological, dermographic, and therapeutic factors affecting menorrhagia in patients going through adolescence. Methods: Enrollment for females with AUB between 10 and 19 occurred between January and December 2022. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation, which in every case comprised standard testing, hormone analysis, and abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography were used to determine the cause of AUB. MRIs and CT scans were performed when needed. Results: There were 190 patients enrolled in total. Functional factors comprised the predominant aetiology of AUB among adolescent females: Adenomyosis=01 (0.52%), Polyp=1 (0.52%). Coagulopathy=2 (1.05%), Leomyoma=01 (0.52%), Malignancy=1 (0.52%), and PALM=4 (2.11%). COEIN=186 (97.89%), ovulation disorder=175 (92.15%), endometrial=01 (0.52%), iatrogenic=6 (3.15%), non-specified=2 (1.05%), and iatrogenic=6 (3.15%). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of AUB in the adolescent population is ovulatory abnormalities. Even though they are extremely rare, structural factors must be ruled out. A helpful technique for evaluating patients with AUB systematically is the PALM-COEIN classification.
Key-words: PALM-COEIN, Leiomyoma, AUB, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hormonal therapy
Derived from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris , chondroitin ABC lyase is an enzyme that can be used in treating proteoglycans that
affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase can be used for vision abnormalities and spinal injuries. The
biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which are required for
normal functioning. Th is study aim s to examine various types and routes of administration of Chondr oitina se e n zymes. There is an
increasing application of chondro itin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury, vit reous attachment, and the management of
various carcinogenic conditions. Research must be done to create an effective chondroitinase delivery mech anism so that the
pharmacological activity seen in vitro and in preclinical research may be applied in the clinic. More studies are required to widen
the application of chondroitinase in therapeutics. In this review, chondroitinase ABC, B, and C are all di scuss ed. T he routes of
administration like caudal or ros tral, intracerebroventricular, hydrogels, and intrath ecal have been detailed. The current review
article highlights the different medical uses for chondroitinase, drug delivery methods for the enzym e, and chondroitinase
dispersion across bacteria. In conclusion, this study can reduce the chance of edema by the intracerebroventric ular route.
However, it is not effective for people due to the gyrencephalic anatomy of brain
Key-words: Chondroitinase, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Injuries, Ocular Abnormalities, Proteoglycans
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
Background: The research demonstrates that water birth comports and loosens mothers actually and intellectually. The buoyance lessens body weight and permits free development and situating to the mother. Buoyance and warm water upgrade uterine withdrawal and better blood flow, which builds uterine muscles' oxygenation, diminishes the mother's torment and increases maternal oxygenation of the child. Submersion of water assists with decreasing circulatory strain and additionally gives security, which hinders uneasiness or dread. Methods: The current review pre-trial study with 50, 4th-year B.Sc. Nursing is chosen through basic arbitrary methods. One gathering pre-test without control bunch configuration was utilized. Information was gathered through a self-directed, organized, shut, finished information survey. Data was examined by involving distinct and inferential measurements concerning mean rate by conveyance, matched "t" test, and Chi-square test for affiliation. Results: The pre-test reveals that out of 50 BSc 4th-year nursing students, the highest pre-test (62%) of BSc 4th-year nursing students had poor knowledge. Overall, the post-test knowledge score (22.6±4.19), 70.62% of the total score, was more than the pre-test knowledge score (8.76±3.95), 23.3%. The effectiveness of the assisted teaching programme, in this area, the mean knowledge score was 13.84 with SD±0.24, which was 43.25% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the knowledge of BSc 4th-year nursing students. Conclusion: This study concluded that video-assisted teaching programmes on knowledge regarding waterbirth among B.Sc 4th year Nursing students was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Fourth year B.Sc. Nursing students, Knowledge, VATP, Water birth
Background: Post-menopausal women experience many physical, emotional, and mental symptoms during the post-menopausal period, and reflexology has grown into a complex therapeutic modality and has a range of effects. Reflexology will help put hormones back into a normal state and act like a process of emotional cleansing, relieving stress and restoring harmony to the body and soul. Hence, foot reflexology seems to be effective in treating post-menopausal symptoms. Methods: In the present study, pre-experimental i.e. one group pretest-posttest design, was adopted. The study was conducted on 30 post-menopausal women to assess their knowledge regarding foot reflexology. Samples were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean percentage of the pre-test score was 28%, and the post-test score was 76.65%. The mean and the standard deviation of the pre-test score were 5.60±1.71, and the mean and the standard deviation of the post-test score were 15.33±1.15. The total mean and standard deviation are 9.73±2.07 by comparing the pre-test and post-test scores. Hence, it was found that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of post-menopausal women regarding foot reflexology. No significant association was found between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables on foot reflexology. Conclusion: The study concluded that a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding foot reflexology for post-menopausal women was a scientific, logical, and cost-effective strategy to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Foot reflexology, Post-menopausal women, Planned teaching program, Socio-demographic variables
Background: A 51-year-old woman had left lower abdomen pain for 18 hours with nausea and vomiting. Prior CT scans suggested pelvic neoplasms. Our hospital's emergency CT showed an enlarged uterus with cystic shadows, right adnexal cysts, and stomach fluid. Physical examination revealed left lower abdomen discomfort. A gynaecological examination revealed a painful, firm pelvic mass of 151210 cm. Further diagnosis is underway. Method: The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, discovering a twisted, swollen left ovary with a 540° rotation, classified as a benign cyst. It was found that the patient had congenital upper vaginal atresia and bilateral initial uteri. Pain was reduced after surgery, thanks to symptomatic treatment. An abnormal karyotype of 46, XX,1qh+ was found during genetic testing. Result: Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina develop from the embryonic accessory mesonephric duct. MRKH syndrome is caused by bilateral accessory mesonephric duct dysplasia and disappearance of the uterus or vagina. MRKH has three types, with Type 1 lacking uterus or vagina. Due to ovarian cyst torsion, this Type 1 MRKH with double initial uterus and upper vaginal atresia needed left adnexa resection. Genetic testing showed a typical female karyotype. MRKH's complex aetiology incorporates chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing early cytogenetic evaluation for personalized treatment and fertility assistance. Conclusion: Early cytogenetic testing for MRKH syndrome patients is crucial for determining the underlying cause and guiding personalized treatment plans to restore reproductive function and improve quality of life.
Key-words: Double primordial uterus; MRKH syndrome; Upper vaginal atresia; Torsion of left ovarian cyst pedicle
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
Background: The third most common musculoskeletal symptom in orthopaedic clinical practice is a sore shoulder, which can cause significant morbidity. It has been reported that 7–27% of the general population has it, and 36–66% of overhead arm athletes have it. Pathophysiology includes functional, degenerative, and mechanical factors. Most shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), often known as ‘shoulder impingement syndrome’. Impingement hypothesis: shoulder joint structures mechanically clash. SAPS accounts for 36–48% of shoulder discomfort. Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, among Eastern Indian outpatients. The study included adult patients (ages 18–75) of both sexes who presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital's OPD with shoulder pain from December 2020 to November 2022 and were diagnosed with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Thorough histories and clinical exams were done. The Department of Radiology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, performed conventional shoulder MRIs on the selected participants. Results: Most cases and controls were Type-II (43.3%), followed by Type-I (28.3% and 30%, 29.2% of the total group). The study's least common acromial shape was type-IV, seen in 5% of cases and 10% of controls (7.5% of the sample). Fisher's exact test showed no significant connection between subacromial impingement and acromial shape (p=0.65). With a p-value of 0.045, cases had a significantly greater acromial width (8.12±2.16 mm) than controls (7.51±0.81 mm). Conclusion: Sub-acromial impingement was unrelated to acromion morphology. There was no correlation between acromial morphology and rotator cuff injuries.
Key-words: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Acromion Morphology, MRI
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
Seasonal Incidence and Varietal Response of Gram against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.3
More from SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis