Abstract
Before attempting to the design of radial inflow turbine, some of the techniques used to describe and present the effect of coefficient
on geometry, need to be appreciated. The user of turbine will generally require parameters which readily describe the overall
dimension of the machine so that assessments and comparisons can be easily made. The designer requires parameters which will
enable him to select the correct machine and make valid comparisons between competing designs. This allows the designer to
compute more easily the dimension of the machine at different coefficient, to assess the performance of a range of geometrically
similar machines. A paper describes the basic design parameters and effect of coefficient on radial inflow turbine impeller geometry
for 25kW application.
Index Terms: radial turbine design, flow and loading coefficient
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
Pressure distribution around a circular cylinder bodies | Fluid Laboratory Saif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
A cylinder in a closed circuit wind tunnel will be experimented upon
to gather the pressure distribution acting on it
Laminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between the layers. In comparison to this Turbulent flow
has a much more disorganized pattern, it is characterized by
mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow.
The Reynolds number (Re), gives the measure for laminar and
turbulent flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number
is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater
than 3Ã-105.
The pressure is measured using the manometer, and then
therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the
pressure head.
The cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel.
The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the
tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
Pressure distribution around a circular cylinder bodies | Fluid Laboratory Saif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
A cylinder in a closed circuit wind tunnel will be experimented upon
to gather the pressure distribution acting on it
Laminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between the layers. In comparison to this Turbulent flow
has a much more disorganized pattern, it is characterized by
mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow.
The Reynolds number (Re), gives the measure for laminar and
turbulent flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number
is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater
than 3Ã-105.
The pressure is measured using the manometer, and then
therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the
pressure head.
The cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel.
The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the
tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
Design and Development of Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Rotor BladeIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- This paper is about a new computational fluid dynamics developed for the transonic flow in a compressor rotor. Due to 3-Dimensional blade modification the arrangements satisfying the required boundary condition. Engine compressor towards distorted inflow has to be taken in account which is already in the design phase. Flow separation over the blade surface reduction and elimination can improve better aerodynamic, performance, efficiency and stall margin. NASA transonic rotor tip critical in baseline blade rotor performance energizing the low momentum boundary layer, controlling the inception of stall. A Profile generator are attached on the inner casing of the rotor ahead to the loading edge of the rotor and it is influenced on the overall performance which has been studied.
Numerical Investigation of Single Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor for Effec...IJERA Editor
In present work, a compressor configuration is taken from literature which will be studied for aspect ratio (ratio between length of blade to chord length) influence over performance. Performance in the sense is pressure ratio of compressor. The aspect ratio of the blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. There are so many literatures available on influence of design parameters of axial flow compressor over its performance. Few literatures only are available for effects of aspect ratio of blade over performance of compressor. A study is proposed to be carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of single stage subsonic compressor through ANSYS-CFX software. The analysis will be carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and to obtain the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. Further increase in aspect ratio will lead to structural problem of compressor. Therefore, there will be optimum aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Simulation will be conducted to aspect ratios of 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 to find optimum ratio using ANSYS-CFX commercial CFD software.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
After insulating limited distance between jet hole and main
channel and find:
1. The static pressure distribution the along channel.
2. The velocity distribution on the section different dimensions.
3. The secondary flow rate discharge
4. The friction force F
Effect of tip clearance on performance of a centrifugal compressoreSAT Journals
Abstract The centrifugal compressor is to study the effect of tip clearance on the performance characteristics and the wall static pressure for a different flow co-efficient. The method of testing the compressor is run at a constant speed at 2000rpm. The tip clearance is varied by using spacers. The volume flow rate is varied with the help of throttling device to conduct the performance test. The performance characteristic of the centrifugal compressor showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate is plotted. Obtaining the performance characteristics showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate for different tip clearance, viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. Measurement of periodic pressure at various tip clearance viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. For each tip clearance pressure measured in radial location of impeller at 6 positions for different flow co efficient values. Five flow coefficients viz., ф =0.40, =0.34 (both above design flow), =0.28 (near design flow), =0.21=0.18 (both below design flow) and four values of non-dimensional tip clearance viz., =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%, are chosen for experimental work. The objective of the research work is to measure the periodic variation static pressure on the casing over the rotor at different values of tip clearance and flow coefficients. With the availability of these data, it is possible to improve the tip clearance flow in centrifugal compressor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of 3d model which has inlet port diameter 46mm,valve diameter 43mm and the length and diameter of the cy linder is 562mm and 93.65mm respectively which is developed to study the effect of valve lif t on the flow of fluid inside the cylinder. For different valve lifts velocity will change inside t he cylinder. Results of CFD simulation indicated th at valve lift affects velocity flow field inside the c ylinder. It also proved that CFD is a convenient to ol for designing and optimizing the flow field in the engine.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics as a tool for improved prediction of press...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Cfd simulation of single stage axial flow compressor for varying blade aspect...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aspect ratio of blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. The performance of axial flow compressors is known to be affected by the choice of aspect ratio (the ratio of blade height to axial chord length). A study has been carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of 1.2 pressure ratio single stage subsonic compressor through AxStream analysis using Axial flow compressor design. The analysis has been carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and obtained the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. This paper shows that the best operating conditions occur for the aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Keywords: Axial flow compressor, Aspect ratio, Computational Fluid Dynamic, AxStream
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis, Mixed Flow Pump, Overall Efficiency.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
Design and Development of Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Rotor BladeIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- This paper is about a new computational fluid dynamics developed for the transonic flow in a compressor rotor. Due to 3-Dimensional blade modification the arrangements satisfying the required boundary condition. Engine compressor towards distorted inflow has to be taken in account which is already in the design phase. Flow separation over the blade surface reduction and elimination can improve better aerodynamic, performance, efficiency and stall margin. NASA transonic rotor tip critical in baseline blade rotor performance energizing the low momentum boundary layer, controlling the inception of stall. A Profile generator are attached on the inner casing of the rotor ahead to the loading edge of the rotor and it is influenced on the overall performance which has been studied.
Numerical Investigation of Single Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor for Effec...IJERA Editor
In present work, a compressor configuration is taken from literature which will be studied for aspect ratio (ratio between length of blade to chord length) influence over performance. Performance in the sense is pressure ratio of compressor. The aspect ratio of the blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. There are so many literatures available on influence of design parameters of axial flow compressor over its performance. Few literatures only are available for effects of aspect ratio of blade over performance of compressor. A study is proposed to be carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of single stage subsonic compressor through ANSYS-CFX software. The analysis will be carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and to obtain the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. Further increase in aspect ratio will lead to structural problem of compressor. Therefore, there will be optimum aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Simulation will be conducted to aspect ratios of 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 to find optimum ratio using ANSYS-CFX commercial CFD software.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
After insulating limited distance between jet hole and main
channel and find:
1. The static pressure distribution the along channel.
2. The velocity distribution on the section different dimensions.
3. The secondary flow rate discharge
4. The friction force F
Effect of tip clearance on performance of a centrifugal compressoreSAT Journals
Abstract The centrifugal compressor is to study the effect of tip clearance on the performance characteristics and the wall static pressure for a different flow co-efficient. The method of testing the compressor is run at a constant speed at 2000rpm. The tip clearance is varied by using spacers. The volume flow rate is varied with the help of throttling device to conduct the performance test. The performance characteristic of the centrifugal compressor showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate is plotted. Obtaining the performance characteristics showing the variation of discharge pressure with volume flow rate for different tip clearance, viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. Measurement of periodic pressure at various tip clearance viz. =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%. For each tip clearance pressure measured in radial location of impeller at 6 positions for different flow co efficient values. Five flow coefficients viz., ф =0.40, =0.34 (both above design flow), =0.28 (near design flow), =0.21=0.18 (both below design flow) and four values of non-dimensional tip clearance viz., =2.2%, 4%, 6.1% and 7.9%, are chosen for experimental work. The objective of the research work is to measure the periodic variation static pressure on the casing over the rotor at different values of tip clearance and flow coefficients. With the availability of these data, it is possible to improve the tip clearance flow in centrifugal compressor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of 3d model which has inlet port diameter 46mm,valve diameter 43mm and the length and diameter of the cy linder is 562mm and 93.65mm respectively which is developed to study the effect of valve lif t on the flow of fluid inside the cylinder. For different valve lifts velocity will change inside t he cylinder. Results of CFD simulation indicated th at valve lift affects velocity flow field inside the c ylinder. It also proved that CFD is a convenient to ol for designing and optimizing the flow field in the engine.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics as a tool for improved prediction of press...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Cfd simulation of single stage axial flow compressor for varying blade aspect...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aspect ratio of blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. The performance of axial flow compressors is known to be affected by the choice of aspect ratio (the ratio of blade height to axial chord length). A study has been carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of 1.2 pressure ratio single stage subsonic compressor through AxStream analysis using Axial flow compressor design. The analysis has been carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and obtained the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. This paper shows that the best operating conditions occur for the aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Keywords: Axial flow compressor, Aspect ratio, Computational Fluid Dynamic, AxStream
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis, Mixed Flow Pump, Overall Efficiency.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance and Fault diagnosis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Componentsijsrd.com
With recent surge in fossil fuel prices and demand for cleaner renewable energy sources, Wind Turbine has become an alternative approach for power generation technology. Therefore operation, maintenance and repair techniques will be developed for efficient wind power generation. Failure analysis can support operation, management of spare components and accessories in wind plants, maintenance and repair of wind turbine. In this paper author aiming at eye of wind plants i.e. structure, function and analysis of common faults to find out fault laws, fault causes and effect on their corresponding performance measures.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Effect of flow coefficient and loading coefficient on the radial inflow turbine impeller geometry
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 98
EFFECT OF FLOW COEFFICIENT AND LOADING COEFFICIENT ON
THE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE IMPELLER GEOMETRY
Samip Shah1
, Gaurang Chaudhri2
, Digvijay Kulshreshtha3
, S. A. Channiwala4
1,2,3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, C.K.Pithawalla College of Engineering and Technology,
Gujarat, India, 4
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.National Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
1
samip_mech@yahoo.com, 2
gaurang_chaudhari2005@yahoo.com, 3
casanovicdigs@hotmail.com, 4
sac@med.svnit.ac.in
Abstract
Before attempting to the design of radial inflow turbine, some of the techniques used to describe and present the effect of coefficient
on geometry, need to be appreciated. The user of turbine will generally require parameters which readily describe the overall
dimension of the machine so that assessments and comparisons can be easily made. The designer requires parameters which will
enable him to select the correct machine and make valid comparisons between competing designs. This allows the designer to
compute more easily the dimension of the machine at different coefficient, to assess the performance of a range of geometrically
similar machines. A paper describes the basic design parameters and effect of coefficient on radial inflow turbine impeller geometry
for 25kW application.
Index Terms: radial turbine design, flow and loading coefficient
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The design of a radial inflow turbine is calculated for different
range of flow coefficient and loading coefficient, using turbine
design methodology. These are most usefully presented in the
form of plots of flow coefficient and loading coefficient.
A number of methods have been suggested for obtaining the
overall dimensions of radial gas turbines; the most notable has
been that presented by Rohlik[1] in the form of charts related
to specific speed and defined slip as the ratio of the tangential
velocity at the rotor inlet to the rotor tip speed. Benson[2,3]
has analyzed the performance of radial turbines, the methods
used in these analysis will be used for the development of the
procedure for the prediction of the overall dimensions.
Stanitz's [4] formula for the relationship between the slip
factor and the number of blades for compressors will be used.
The aggregate losses due to friction in the blade passages,
clearance effects and disk friction are difficult to predict
except on past experience. Benson [5] has made an extensive
analysis of a number of radial turbines and has reported on a
method for evaluating these losses from test data. The method
of analysis developed by Benson to predict the performance
characteristics of radial gas turbines is the basis of the design
procedure. Baines[6,7] suggested an integrated approach to
design a radial inflow turbine.
2. DESIGN OF RADIAL INFLOW GAS TURBINE
IMPELLER FOR 25 kW CAPACITY
2.1 Basic Design Concepts for Turbine Rotor
The rotor is primarily a work transfer device, and any
consideration of its design will logically start with Euler turbo
machinery equation.
2 2 3 3
W
U C U C
m
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3
1
2
w wU U C C C C
2
Where subscripts 2 and 3 here denote the rotor inlet and exit
planes respectively. Each of three terms in equation makes a
contribution to the specific work output. For radial inflow
turbine the first term is positive. It also demonstrates why a
radial inflow is preferred to a radial outflow machine. For the
second term to be positive, CW3 must be greater than CW2,
that is to say the rotor should be designed so that the flow
relative to the rotor accelerates through the blade passage. The
third term is the reverse of the second, and demonstrates the
need to maximize the difference between the absolute
velocities at inlet C2 and outlet C3.
In general the aim is to keep the flow velocities as low a
reasonably possible, since many losses including friction and
exit kinetic energy increase as the square of velocity. The
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 99
general form of the velocity triangle at the entry and exit of
the rotor is to give an increase in relative velocity and a
decrease in absolute velocity through the rotor. The inlet blade
angle β2 of a radial inflow turbine is invariably set to zero at
initial stage. Strength limitations normally require that the
rotor blades are radially fibered that is to say, the blades are
radial in any section taken normal to the rotor axis. This
constraints the inlet blade angle to be zero. In order to arrive at
a simple evaluation of the optimum incidence angle at the inlet
of the runners, the relative flow has been described by the
superposition of through flow and relative eddy vortex. In
general, however, the optimum incidence of through flow
depends solely on the geometric characteristics of the runner,
i.e., blade curvature, thickness and solidity. In a well designed
turbine operating at its design point, the relative flow angle β2
at inlet will match to the rotor so that the flow enters the blade
passage with minimum disturbance. At inlet to turbine rotor,
the blades are radial. This is a highly stressed region of the
rotor, and if they would not be radial, there would be a
bending stress in the blades generated by the centrifugal force,
which could cause premature damage or failure of the rotor.
However, the optimum inlet flow angle is in the region of –
100 to –400. This has been deduced from many experimental
measurements of radial turbine performance, and occasionally
by direct measurement (Yeo and Baines[11] 1990), and it can
also be seen in flow visualizations of the inlet region, such as
those shown by Woollley and Hatton[10] (1973) in Figure 1.
Here streak lines of the working fluid were visualized by
means of entrained particles, and results for three different
approach angles are shown in the fig. The most uniform flow
distribution was found to be case (b) at an inlet flow angle of
–400. The radial inflow condition (a) shows a strong
recirculation on the blade suction surface, while the more
negative flow angle (c) results in a recirculation on the
pressure surface. It would appear from this that the optimum
flow condition is probably somewhere between these of cases
(a) and (b).
Direction of rotation.
Figure 1 Conditions for optimum incidence angle [17]
The cause of this behavior is primarily the pressure difference
between the pressure and suction surfaces of the rotor blades,
which causes the work extraction to occur. This same
mechanism causes incidence in axial stages, but now there is
an additionally the effect of the decreasing radius, which
causes the coriolis acceleration, acting across the passage to
diminish as the fluid moves radially inwards. A similar
accelerating force at lower radii does not match the strong
cross-passage force encountered near blade tips, and as a
result a secondary flow is set up in the blade passage in the
form of a circulation in the opposite direction to the passage
rotation as shown in Figure 1. If the circulation is sufficiently
large, the flow will stagnate and separate on the pressure
surfaces of the blades. This will happen at large negative
incidence. Zero or positive incidence will reduce the strength
of the circulation and reduce this tendency, but will have also
effect of reducing the cross passage pressure gradient and
make the flow more likely to separate on the suction surface.
Based on this they gave following calculation. The absolute
velocity at exit is normally designed to be axial and small in
magnitude. This is because the kinetic energy is lost if the exit
flow is not diffused effectively [7, 9].
2.2 Rotor Inlet Design
The preliminary design presented here is given as a means for
determining the outline dimensions of the rotor. The input to
the procedure is power, mass flow rate, and rotor speed and
expansion ratio. The output is the basic dimensions of the inlet
and exit of the rotor, in terms of diameter, blades height and
angle. For the given conditions, the mass flow rate was
calculated by cycle analysis. The basic assumption and the
result of cycle analysis is shown in table 1 and 2.
Table 1 Assumptions for Cycle Analysis [13]
Compressor Inlet Pressure 1.013bar
Compressor inlet temperature 288 K
Compression ratio 3
Compressor efficiency 75 %
Compression index of air 1.4
Specific heat of air 1.005 kJ/Kg k
Pressure drop in combustion
chamber
6%
Turbine efficiency 75%
Expansion index of gas 1.302
Specific heat of gas 1.315 kJ/Kg k
Table 2 Cycle Analysis Results [13]
Inlet pressure P01 2.83 bar
Inlet temperature T01 1200 K
Outlet static pressure P3 1.1 bar
Outlet temperature T03 1023.75 K
mg 0.1028 Kg/s
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 100
The power co efficient is an important parameter. It is given
by
03 03
01 01 01
1 1
*
T
w
h TP
S
m h h T
3
Conventional stage loading and flow coefficients which are
non dimensional parameters are extensively used in axial
turbine design for correlating stage efficiency, but are been
used to the same extent in radial turbine design. In fact they
are potentially valuable concepts. Unlike axial turbines, in
which the blade speed is nearly constant through a blade row,
in radial turbines there is a wide variation in blade speed due
to the radius change between inlet and exit, and therefore
choice of blade speed is used to define these coefficients is
arbitrary. The stage loading coefficient here is based on the
inlet blade speed U2, and can be expressed using the Euler
turbo machinery equation as
0 2 3
2
2 2 2
h C C
r
U U U
4
Where,
3
2
Sr
r
r
is the rotor radius ratio. The exit swirl is
normally fairly small, so that the second term on the right
hand side can be neglected from which U2 can be found out.
The flow coefficient is defined in terms of the exit meridional
velocity, also non- dimensionalized by the inlet blade speed,
2
2
mC
U
5
Figure 2 shows a correlation of radial turbine efficiency with
these coefficients using test data taken from about forty
different stages and a variety of sources. The reported total to
static efficiency is shown in the figure proves to be
sufficiently good to allow lines of constant efficiency to be
drawn over a wide area of the map. The data used here comes
from a wide variety of stage designs, but this only serves to
emphasize the universality of the chart.
Figure 2 Correlation of measured efficiency of a range of
turbine designs with stage loading and flow coefficients (Chen
and Baines) [12]
Maximum efficiency occurs for flow coefficients in the range
0.2 - 0.3, and at loading coefficients between about 0.7 and
0.9. In many cases designers have used values significantly
different from these optima [12].
The design procedure begins by choosing suitable values of
the loading and flow coefficients, using figure 2 as a guide.
The design parameters then can be calculated as follows.
2 2*mC U 6
2 2
2 2 2mC C C
7
Taking consideration of the blade inlet flow angle (as
described by Figure 1) it can be shown as in Figure 3. At the
rotor inlet it is necessary to establish the magnitude and
direction of the absolute velocity vector so that an appropriate
volute can be designed to generate the requirements.
Establishment of the direction of the relative velocity will lead
to the design of the rotor inlet blade angle which will accept
this vector with minimum of incidence loss.
Figure 3 Velocity triangles at inlet [9]
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 101
The other parameters like absolute flow angle, relative
velocity, flow angle and Mach number at impeller inlet can be
calculate as
1 2
2
2
tan
m
C
C
8
2 2
2 2 2 2( )w mC C U C
9
1 2 2
2
2
tan
m
U C
C
10
2
01
u
U
M
a
11
The static temperature and pressure at the inlet to the rotor are
2
2
2 02
2* P
C
T T
C
12
1
2
2 02
02
n
n
T
P P
T
13
Where T02=T01 and P02=P01-ΔP0. Here ΔP0 is the total
pressure loss in the stator. The stator loss is usually only a
small fraction of the overall turbine loss, it may be justifiable
to ignore it and treat the stator as isentropic.
The inlet area follows
2 2 22* * *A r b
14
Applying continuity equation
2
2 2
2
* *
*
m
p
m C A
R T
15
2.3 Rotor Discharge Condition
From the rotor discharge conditions the designer must
establish the relative flow angle, from which the blade angle
can be derived, and exducer radius ratio r3S/r2. An
assumption of swirl at the discharge will be made. In practice
this may not occur over the full length of the blade, at any
operating condition, due to the secondary flows set up in the
rotor passage. Nonetheless the assumption of zero swirl at the
design condition is probably the best that can be made, unless
a deliberate decision is made for a specific degree of swirl
which will also be difficult to achieve in practice.
(a).Velocity triangle for hub
(b) Velocity triangle for shroud
Figure 4 Velocity triangles at exit [9]
The rotor meridional velocity ratio
2
3
m
m
C
C
.
For the case of minimum inlet Mach number, this ratio is
given by
3 2
3
2 2
1 cos
* *
1 cos
s
R
r
W sin
r
16
The relative velocity ratio WR In this case the radius ratio is a
linear function of the relative velocity for any defined inlet
and exit relative flow angles. In above equation WR is the
relative velocity ratio CW3/CW2 Rohlik [1] assumed a value
of two, which has some justification since a value
substantially in excess of unity is required to ensure a good
expansion through the rotor. Also Rohlik suggested that the
relative Mach number is a minimum when the relative flow
angle (β3) is about -55 degrees.
Now, The relative mach number at shroud exit
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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3
3
3* *
w s
R s
C
M
n R T
17
Also exit static temperatures is
2
3
3 03
2* P
C
T T
C
18
Now the flow at the exit is axial. So C3 = Cm3.
For isentropic condition
1
3
3 03
03
*
n
n
T
P P
T
19
According to Glassman [14] as shown the number of blade
and solidity can be given by
2 2* 110 *
30
B
tan
Z
20
Solidity is defined as
2
B
sd
L
Z
21
Above equation has been solved for the different range of flow
coefficient and loading coefficient found in literature.
3. Results and Discussion
The graphs have been plotted for Impeller inlet diameter,
Impeller inlet width, Impeller shroud radius, Impeller hub
radius, Impeller axial length and No of Impeller blade vs.
Impeller speed for the different values of flow coefficient and
loading coefficient.
Figure 5 Impeller Inlet Diameter vs Impeller speed
Figure 6 Impeller Inlet Width vs Impeller Speed
The figure 5 shows that there is no change in inlet diameter by
changing the value of flow coefficient and blade loading
coefficient. The impeller inlet diameter is only varying by
changing the impeller speed. The impeller inlet diameter
decreases as impeller speed increases. The figure 6 shows that
as the impeller speed increases the impeller inlet width
increases. Also it can be seen that impeller inlet width varies
by changing the flow coefficient and loading coefficient. As
the value of flow coefficient increases inlet width decreases
because the value of mean velocity proportional to the flow
coefficient. In equation 15 the mass flow rate, static pressure
and static temperature at inlet are fixed, only variables are
mean velocity and impeller inlet area. So, as the mean velocity
increases the inlet area decreases which leads to decrease inlet
width. By increasing the value of loading coefficient the inlet
width also increases because by increasing the value of
loading coefficient the value of whirl component is increases,
that increase the absolute velocity and decrease the static
pressure which ultimately increase the inlet area so that the
inlet width of impeller.
Figure 7 Impeller Shroud Radius vs Impeller Speed
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 103
Figure 8 Impeller Hub Radius vs Impeller Speed
The figure 7 shows that by increasing the value of flow
coefficient and loading coefficient the value of shroud radius
decreases. This is because the value of impeller shroud radius
is proportional to inlet flow angle i.e. β2 (equation 16). As the
value of flow coefficient and loding coefficient increases the
value of β2 decreases which leads to decrease the impeller
shroud radius.
By increasing the value of flow coefficient and loading
coefficient the value of hub radius decreases as the hub radius
is directly proportional to the impeller shroud radius (Figure
8).
Figure 9 Number of Impeller Blade vs Impeller Speed
Figure 10 Impeller Axial Length vs Impeller Speed
The figure 9 shows that there is no change in number of blades
by changing the impeller speed but by increasing the value of
loading coefficient the number of blade increases and by
increasing the value of flow coefficient the number of blade
decreases. The figure 10 shows that there is no chnage in axial
length by changine the value of flow coefficient and blade
loading coefficient. The impeller axial length is only varying
by changing the impeller speed. The axial length is decreases
as the impeller speed increases as it is directly proportional to
the impeller inlet diameter.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of flow coefficient, loading coefficient and impeller
speed on the overall dimensions of radial turbine impeller has
been studied in the present paper and the salient feature of the
results obtained are concluded as follows:
1. Impeller inlet diameter will not change by changing the
value of flow coefficient and loading coefficient, but it
decreases by increasing the impeller speed.
2. Impeller inlet width decreases by increasing the value of
coefficient and it increases by increasing the value of
loading coefficient and impeller speed.
3. Impeller shroud radius and Impeller hub radius decreases
by increasing the value of coefficient, loading coefficient
and impeller speed.
4. Number of impeller blades decreases by increasing the
value of coefficient, increases by increasing the value of
loading coefficient and unchanged by increasing the value
of impeller speed.
5. Axial length of impeller remained unchanged by
increasing the value of coefficient and loading coefficient,
but decreases by increasing the impeller speed.
NOMENCLATURE
A Area
a Speed of sound
b Blade width
C absolute velocity
Cp Specific heat at constant pressure
Cs Isentropic velocity (Spouting velocity)
CV Specific heat at constant volume
d Diameter of rotor
h enthalpy
L Passage length
M Mach number
m mass flow rate
N Speed of rotation
P Pressure
Rg Gas constant
Re Reynolds number
r Rotor radius
r3S/r2 Radius ratio
SW Non dimensional power ratio
S Solidity, Swirl co efficient
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 104
T Temperature
U Blade speed
CW Relative velocity
WR Relative velocity ratio
Z Axial length
ZB Number of blades
α Absolute flow angle
β Relative flow angle
n Specific heat ratio
η Efficiency
ρ Density
φ Flow coefficient
ψ Blade loading coefficient
ξ Meridional velocity ratio
r Exducer hub to shroud ratio
SUBSCRIPTS
0 Stagnation, Stator inlet
1 Turbine inlet
2 Rotor inlet
3 Rotor exit
REFERENCES
[1] H. E. Rohlik, “Analytical determination of radial inflow
turbine design geometry for maximum efficiency”.
NASA TN 4384 (1968).
[2] R. S. Benson, “An analysis of the losses in a radial gas
turbine”, Proc. L Mech. E. IN, (Part 3J), 41-53 (1965--
66).
[3] R. S. Benson, W. G. Cartwright and S. K. Das, “An
analysis of the losses in the rotor of a radial flow gas
turbine at zero incidence”. Proc. L Mech. E. 182, (Part
3H), (1967--68).
[4] J. D. Stanitz and G. O. Ellis, “Two-dimensional
compressible flow in centrifugal compressors with
straight blades”. NACA Report No. 954.
[5] R. S. Benson, “Prediction of performance of radial gas
turbines in automotive turbochargers”. A, S.M.E. Gas
Turbine Conference, Houston, Texas. Paper No. 71-Gt-
66 (28 Mar.-I Apr. 1971).
[6] Nick Baines, “Radial turbines: an integrated design
approach” Concepts NREC Chipping Norton, UK.
[7] N.C. Baines and A. Whitfield, “Design of radial
turbomachines”. Longman Scientific & Technical, John
Wiley & Sons, NY.
[8] Mehul P. Pandya, Dr. S. A. Channiwala 2004, “Design,
Optimization And Simulation Of Radial Inflow Gas
Turbine In Small Capacity Range”, deprtement of
mechanical engg., SVNIT.
[9] Hany Moustapha, N.C.Baines, David Japiske 2003,
“Axial and Radial Turbines”, Concepts , NREC
[10] Wooley N.H., Hatton 1973, “ Viscous flow in radial
turbo machines blade passages”. Inst Mach Engineers
Conference proceeding, 1973-3.
[11] Yeo J. H.,Baines N.C. 1990, “ Pulsating flow behavior
in twin entry vane less radial inflow turbine in turbo
charging and turbo chargers”, Inst of Mechanical
Engineers, 113-22.
[12] Chain H.,Baines N.C.,1992, “ Performance parameters
and assessment”, Lecture series, V.K.I., U.K.
[13] Mehta Sumit S, Shah Bhavin, Singh B., Trivedi H.,
“Design of Radial Inflow Turbine for Micro Gas
Turbine Applications”,Project Report, C.K.Pithawalla
College of Engg. and Tech., 2009.
[14] Glassman A.J. 1976, “Design and analysis of radial gas
turbines”. NASA-TN 8164.