The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable timer capable of producing accurate timing pulses from microseconds to hours. It has a monostable operation where the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. It also has an astable operation where the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. The timer has high current drive capability, adjustable duty cycle, and temperature stability of 0.005%/°C.
Este documento contiene preguntas y respuestas sobre conceptos fundamentales de amplitud modulada (AM). Brevemente resume lo siguiente:
1) Define los parámetros clave de onda necesarios para transmitir información de un punto a otro y cómo recuperar la señal original en presencia de ruido eléctrico.
2) Explica las ventajas e inconvenientes de comunicaciones analógicas usando la amplitud de la señal portadora y cómo se verían las señales AM en un osciloscopio y analizador de espectros.
Este documento describe los tipos más comunes de antenas, clasificándolas según su longitud eléctrica, el ancho de banda de frecuencias en el que operan y su inteligencia. Describe antenas resonantes como el dipolo y la Yagi, antenas de banda ancha como la log-periódica y la espiral, grandes antenas como las parabólicas, y agrupaciones de antenas controladas por fase.
El documento describe los fundamentos de las antenas para sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos. Las antenas convierten señales de RF en campos electromagnéticos y viceversa, actuando como interfaz entre transmisores/receptores y el espacio libre. Existen diferentes tipos de antenas basadas en conceptos clave como el dipolo de media longitud de onda, el cual genera un patrón de radiación en forma de dona.
1) Los circuitos electrónicos se utilizan para procesar señales mediante la manipulación de las señales para obtener la respuesta deseada, lo que incluye ganancias cuando se amplifica la señal o atenuaciones cuando se reduce la señal.
2) La ganancia y atenuación se expresan como cocientes de voltaje o potencia de salida a entrada y pueden calcularse en decibeles, que permiten sumar ganancias o atenuaciones de circuitos en cascada de forma más sencilla.
3) Los circuitos resonantes utiliz
El documento describe las jerarquías de multiplexación utilizadas para transportar grandes cantidades de información a través de fibra óptica, cable coaxial o microondas. Explica los diferentes niveles de velocidad en las jerarquías europea, norteamericana y japonesa, así como la organización de la trama E1 de 2.048 kb/s, incluyendo la señalización y el control de errores. También cubre conceptos como la justificación positiva/negativa y las alarmas de pérdida de señal, trama y mult
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la propagación de ondas de radio. Explica conceptos como ruido, desvanecimiento, interferencia y cómo afectan la calidad de las comunicaciones inalámbricas. También describe modelos de propagación empíricos como el método de Lee para predecir las pérdidas de propagación en diferentes entornos, así como factores que influyen en la variabilidad del canal radioeléctrico.
Este documento presenta una conferencia sobre modulación digital pasabanda. Explica conceptos clave como modulación analógica y digital, esquemas básicos de modulación como ASK, PSK y FSK, y representaciones como diagrama polar y formato I/Q. También discute consideraciones de diseño como eficiencia espectral y de potencia, y áreas de aplicación como telefonía y comunicaciones inalámbricas. El objetivo es introducir diferentes técnicas de modulación digital aplicables a la transmisión de señales.
Un acoplador direccional es un dispositivo de cuatro puertos que permite separar ondas incidentes y reflejadas en una línea de transmisión. Una porción de la onda que viaja entre puertos adyacentes se acopla a puertos opuestos pero no a puertos aislados. Se caracteriza por su acoplo, directividad y aislamiento. Los autores simularon un acoplador de seis puertos y observaron el comportamiento de la señal en cada puerto en un rango de frecuencias, notando
Este documento contiene preguntas y respuestas sobre conceptos fundamentales de amplitud modulada (AM). Brevemente resume lo siguiente:
1) Define los parámetros clave de onda necesarios para transmitir información de un punto a otro y cómo recuperar la señal original en presencia de ruido eléctrico.
2) Explica las ventajas e inconvenientes de comunicaciones analógicas usando la amplitud de la señal portadora y cómo se verían las señales AM en un osciloscopio y analizador de espectros.
Este documento describe los tipos más comunes de antenas, clasificándolas según su longitud eléctrica, el ancho de banda de frecuencias en el que operan y su inteligencia. Describe antenas resonantes como el dipolo y la Yagi, antenas de banda ancha como la log-periódica y la espiral, grandes antenas como las parabólicas, y agrupaciones de antenas controladas por fase.
El documento describe los fundamentos de las antenas para sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos. Las antenas convierten señales de RF en campos electromagnéticos y viceversa, actuando como interfaz entre transmisores/receptores y el espacio libre. Existen diferentes tipos de antenas basadas en conceptos clave como el dipolo de media longitud de onda, el cual genera un patrón de radiación en forma de dona.
1) Los circuitos electrónicos se utilizan para procesar señales mediante la manipulación de las señales para obtener la respuesta deseada, lo que incluye ganancias cuando se amplifica la señal o atenuaciones cuando se reduce la señal.
2) La ganancia y atenuación se expresan como cocientes de voltaje o potencia de salida a entrada y pueden calcularse en decibeles, que permiten sumar ganancias o atenuaciones de circuitos en cascada de forma más sencilla.
3) Los circuitos resonantes utiliz
El documento describe las jerarquías de multiplexación utilizadas para transportar grandes cantidades de información a través de fibra óptica, cable coaxial o microondas. Explica los diferentes niveles de velocidad en las jerarquías europea, norteamericana y japonesa, así como la organización de la trama E1 de 2.048 kb/s, incluyendo la señalización y el control de errores. También cubre conceptos como la justificación positiva/negativa y las alarmas de pérdida de señal, trama y mult
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la propagación de ondas de radio. Explica conceptos como ruido, desvanecimiento, interferencia y cómo afectan la calidad de las comunicaciones inalámbricas. También describe modelos de propagación empíricos como el método de Lee para predecir las pérdidas de propagación en diferentes entornos, así como factores que influyen en la variabilidad del canal radioeléctrico.
Este documento presenta una conferencia sobre modulación digital pasabanda. Explica conceptos clave como modulación analógica y digital, esquemas básicos de modulación como ASK, PSK y FSK, y representaciones como diagrama polar y formato I/Q. También discute consideraciones de diseño como eficiencia espectral y de potencia, y áreas de aplicación como telefonía y comunicaciones inalámbricas. El objetivo es introducir diferentes técnicas de modulación digital aplicables a la transmisión de señales.
Un acoplador direccional es un dispositivo de cuatro puertos que permite separar ondas incidentes y reflejadas en una línea de transmisión. Una porción de la onda que viaja entre puertos adyacentes se acopla a puertos opuestos pero no a puertos aislados. Se caracteriza por su acoplo, directividad y aislamiento. Los autores simularon un acoplador de seis puertos y observaron el comportamiento de la señal en cada puerto en un rango de frecuencias, notando
Los acopladores direccionales son componentes pasivos de radiofrecuencia con cuatro puertos que permiten obtener una muestra de la señal de entrada a través del puerto acoplado con menor potencia. Se utilizan para redistribuir señales, proporcionar puntos de prueba y combinar señales. Los parámetros clave son el acoplamiento, aislamiento y directividad. Los duplexores y diplexores permiten transmitir y recibir señales a través de una misma antena en diferentes frecuencias y se usan en sistem
Este documento describe diferentes técnicas para la detección de errores en transmisiones digitales. Presenta los tipos de errores más comunes, como los errores de bit y de ráfaga. Luego describe métodos como la redundancia, codificación de cuenta exacta, chequeo de paridad vertical u horizontal, checksums y códigos de redundancia cíclica. El objetivo es añadir información redundante que permita al receptor determinar si los bits recibidos corresponden a los enviados originalmente.
El documento describe la historia y funcionamiento de los radares. Los radares se inventaron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial para detectar aviones enemigos. Existen dos tipos principales: radares de pulsos, que transmiten pulsos de energía electromagnética, y radares de onda continua, que transmiten señales continuas. Los radares se usan para navegación, vigilancia, control de tráfico aéreo y control de tiro de armas.
Pnf electrónica modelos de radiopropagación 1Zuleima Pérez
Este documento describe los principales mecanismos de propagación de ondas de radio a diferentes frecuencias. En VLF, la propagación se modela como una guía de onda esférica entre la Tierra y la ionosfera. En LF, MF y HF, la propagación ocurre a través de ondas de superficie terrestres y ondas ionosféricas. En VHF y frecuencias superiores, la propagación se describe como onda de espacio modificada por la troposfera. Finalmente, se presenta la ecuación general de propagación que tiene en
Este documento describe la profundidad de penetración de ondas electromagnéticas en un medio conductor. Explica que las ondas E y H se atenúan rápidamente al penetrar en un conductor, disminuyendo a menos del 1% de su valor inicial a una profundidad de 5 veces la profundidad de penetración δ. Luego calcula δ para el cobre a 100 MHz como 6.61 μm. Finalmente, señala que debido a esta rápida atenuación, las ondas no se propagan realmente dentro del conductor.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de antenas como antenas cuadradas, rombicas y de lazo. Explica sus características básicas como su patrón de radiación, impedancia de entrada, ganancia y cómo se ven afectadas por parámetros como la resistencia de carga, longitud, ángulo y altura. También analiza el efecto de variar estos parámetros en la ROE y ganancia de las antenas rombicas.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de arreglos de antenas, incluyendo arreglos lineales, planares y circulares. Explica conceptos clave como el patrón de radiación, factor de arreglo, ancho de haz y directividad. También describe parámetros de control como la configuración geométrica, distancia de separación, amplitud y fase de excitación de cada elemento. Finalmente, presenta ejemplos como arreglos broadside, endfire y la cruz de Mills, así como sus aplicaciones.
El documento describe diferentes técnicas de modulación digital M-aria, incluyendo QPSK, 8-PSK y 8-QAM. Explica que las modulaciones M-arias permiten mayores velocidades de transmisión al representar más de un bit por evento de portadora. Describe el funcionamiento de los moduladores y demoduladores para estas técnicas, incluyendo la generación de las señales moduladas y la recuperación de los bits originales.
El documento presenta un libro sobre antenas que cubre los principales parámetros y conceptos de antenas, la propagación de ondas electromagnéticas, los fundamentos de la radiación, el análisis de antenas básicas como dipolos y espiras, las agrupaciones de antenas, y las aperturas como ranuras y reflectores. El libro actualiza el contenido para servir de base en la enseñanza de antenas y propagación en ingeniería de telecomunicaciones.
Este documento presenta los objetivos y contenido de una conferencia sobre análisis de radiopropagación. La conferencia revisará la clasificación de los modos de propagación de ondas, introducirá los componentes de pérdidas de propagación a gran y pequeña escala, y elaborará el balance de potencia de un radioenlace. También comparará modelos de predicción de pérdidas y aplicará el modelo de propagación en espacio libre.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
1. Este documento explica el proceso de modulación por codificación de pulsos (PCM), el cual convierte una señal analógica en digital mediante cuantización y codificación. 2. La cuantización divide la señal continua en niveles discretos, lo que introduce ruido de cuantización. Cuanto mayor sea el número de niveles, menor será el ruido pero mayor el ancho de banda requerido. 3. La PCM ofrece ventajas como regeneración completa de la señal en repetidoras y circuitos digitales confiables
Este documento presenta un resumen de 5 prácticas de laboratorio sobre introducción a los medios de transmisión. La práctica 1 involucra el reconocimiento de equipos como generadores de RF, medidores de campo y puentes reflectométricos. La práctica 2 examina el uso del puente reflectométrico para medir tensión en la línea. Las prácticas 3-5 continúan estudiando equipos adicionales como líneas ranuradas y balunes, y realizando mediciones de coeficientes de reflexión y ondas estacionari
Este documento introduce las redes SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), que surgieron para superar las limitaciones de las redes PDH. Explica conceptos como la estructura de trama STM-1, la multiplexación SDH mediante mapeo, alineamiento y multiplexación de flujos tributarios, y las topologías lineales y en anillo que permiten las redes SDH.
FDMA asigna diferentes bandas de frecuencias a cada canal, TDMA asigna diferentes intervalos de tiempo a cada canal, y CDMA usa códigos únicos para cada canal, permitiendo que varios canales se transmitan simultáneamente en la misma banda de frecuencia y tiempo. CDMA parece ser la técnica más funcional ya que ofrece ventajas como resistencia a interferencias, eliminación del efecto de propagación multicamino, y privacidad debido a los códigos aleatorios.
Este documento describe los dispositivos de interconexión de redes, en particular los routers. Explica que los routers son dispositivos clave para la transmisión de datos entre redes al encaminar los paquetes a través de tablas de encaminamiento. También describe la arquitectura típica de un router, incluyendo componentes como procesadores, memoria y puertos de red, y presenta dos modelos de routers Cisco como ejemplos.
El documento describe el modelo de canal con distribución Rice, que es apropiado para comunicaciones al aire libre donde existe una línea de visión directa entre el emisor y receptor. La distribución Rice se caracteriza por tener una componente directa con mayor potencia que las señales multitrayecto. El factor k mide la relación entre las potencias de la componente directa y las multitrayecto, determinando si el canal se comporta como Rayleigh (k=0) u otro tipo (k>0). El modelo genera la señal de salida a partir de la señal de entrada
El documento describe los diferentes tipos y parámetros de las antenas. Explica que una antena transmite o recibe ondas electromagnéticas y que existen diferentes tipos como antenas de hilo, de apertura o planas. También describe parámetros clave como el diagrama de radiación, directividad, ganancia, impedancia de entrada y polarización.
Este documento presenta un plan de estudios para sistemas de telecomunicaciones. Cubre temas como clasificación de sistemas, señales e información, procesos de codificación, modulación analógica y digital, multiplexación y sistemas ópticos y radioeléctricos. También describe varios métodos de modulación digital como PCM, DPCM, delta y modulación por codificación de pulsos, así como modulación con portadora como ASK, FSK y PSK. El objetivo es que los estudiantes conozcan, comprendan y
This document discusses small scale fading in mobile radio propagation systems. It begins by introducing radio wave propagation and the factors that influence it, such as buildings, foliage, and motion. It then discusses small-scale fading models which characterize rapid fluctuations over short distances or times. Large scale propagation models are also introduced. The document goes on to discuss specific topics relating to small-scale fading like Doppler shift, multipath propagation, and modeling the mobile radio channel using the impulse response.
Encryption: Who, What, When, Where, and Why It's Not a PanaceaResilient Systems
This document provides an overview of encryption and incident response management. It begins with an agenda for a presentation on encryption, practical considerations, and legal limitations. It then discusses cryptography concepts like encryption, decryption, and hashing. It covers the goals of cryptography including privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. Next, it discusses symmetric, asymmetric and hashing algorithms as well as encryption versus hashing. The document then covers practical considerations like key length, encryption in transit versus storage. It also discusses legal requirements for encryption in various jurisdictions and restrictions on encryption. Finally, it discusses secure implementation, key management, and incident response management.
Los acopladores direccionales son componentes pasivos de radiofrecuencia con cuatro puertos que permiten obtener una muestra de la señal de entrada a través del puerto acoplado con menor potencia. Se utilizan para redistribuir señales, proporcionar puntos de prueba y combinar señales. Los parámetros clave son el acoplamiento, aislamiento y directividad. Los duplexores y diplexores permiten transmitir y recibir señales a través de una misma antena en diferentes frecuencias y se usan en sistem
Este documento describe diferentes técnicas para la detección de errores en transmisiones digitales. Presenta los tipos de errores más comunes, como los errores de bit y de ráfaga. Luego describe métodos como la redundancia, codificación de cuenta exacta, chequeo de paridad vertical u horizontal, checksums y códigos de redundancia cíclica. El objetivo es añadir información redundante que permita al receptor determinar si los bits recibidos corresponden a los enviados originalmente.
El documento describe la historia y funcionamiento de los radares. Los radares se inventaron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial para detectar aviones enemigos. Existen dos tipos principales: radares de pulsos, que transmiten pulsos de energía electromagnética, y radares de onda continua, que transmiten señales continuas. Los radares se usan para navegación, vigilancia, control de tráfico aéreo y control de tiro de armas.
Pnf electrónica modelos de radiopropagación 1Zuleima Pérez
Este documento describe los principales mecanismos de propagación de ondas de radio a diferentes frecuencias. En VLF, la propagación se modela como una guía de onda esférica entre la Tierra y la ionosfera. En LF, MF y HF, la propagación ocurre a través de ondas de superficie terrestres y ondas ionosféricas. En VHF y frecuencias superiores, la propagación se describe como onda de espacio modificada por la troposfera. Finalmente, se presenta la ecuación general de propagación que tiene en
Este documento describe la profundidad de penetración de ondas electromagnéticas en un medio conductor. Explica que las ondas E y H se atenúan rápidamente al penetrar en un conductor, disminuyendo a menos del 1% de su valor inicial a una profundidad de 5 veces la profundidad de penetración δ. Luego calcula δ para el cobre a 100 MHz como 6.61 μm. Finalmente, señala que debido a esta rápida atenuación, las ondas no se propagan realmente dentro del conductor.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de antenas como antenas cuadradas, rombicas y de lazo. Explica sus características básicas como su patrón de radiación, impedancia de entrada, ganancia y cómo se ven afectadas por parámetros como la resistencia de carga, longitud, ángulo y altura. También analiza el efecto de variar estos parámetros en la ROE y ganancia de las antenas rombicas.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de arreglos de antenas, incluyendo arreglos lineales, planares y circulares. Explica conceptos clave como el patrón de radiación, factor de arreglo, ancho de haz y directividad. También describe parámetros de control como la configuración geométrica, distancia de separación, amplitud y fase de excitación de cada elemento. Finalmente, presenta ejemplos como arreglos broadside, endfire y la cruz de Mills, así como sus aplicaciones.
El documento describe diferentes técnicas de modulación digital M-aria, incluyendo QPSK, 8-PSK y 8-QAM. Explica que las modulaciones M-arias permiten mayores velocidades de transmisión al representar más de un bit por evento de portadora. Describe el funcionamiento de los moduladores y demoduladores para estas técnicas, incluyendo la generación de las señales moduladas y la recuperación de los bits originales.
El documento presenta un libro sobre antenas que cubre los principales parámetros y conceptos de antenas, la propagación de ondas electromagnéticas, los fundamentos de la radiación, el análisis de antenas básicas como dipolos y espiras, las agrupaciones de antenas, y las aperturas como ranuras y reflectores. El libro actualiza el contenido para servir de base en la enseñanza de antenas y propagación en ingeniería de telecomunicaciones.
Este documento presenta los objetivos y contenido de una conferencia sobre análisis de radiopropagación. La conferencia revisará la clasificación de los modos de propagación de ondas, introducirá los componentes de pérdidas de propagación a gran y pequeña escala, y elaborará el balance de potencia de un radioenlace. También comparará modelos de predicción de pérdidas y aplicará el modelo de propagación en espacio libre.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
1. Este documento explica el proceso de modulación por codificación de pulsos (PCM), el cual convierte una señal analógica en digital mediante cuantización y codificación. 2. La cuantización divide la señal continua en niveles discretos, lo que introduce ruido de cuantización. Cuanto mayor sea el número de niveles, menor será el ruido pero mayor el ancho de banda requerido. 3. La PCM ofrece ventajas como regeneración completa de la señal en repetidoras y circuitos digitales confiables
Este documento presenta un resumen de 5 prácticas de laboratorio sobre introducción a los medios de transmisión. La práctica 1 involucra el reconocimiento de equipos como generadores de RF, medidores de campo y puentes reflectométricos. La práctica 2 examina el uso del puente reflectométrico para medir tensión en la línea. Las prácticas 3-5 continúan estudiando equipos adicionales como líneas ranuradas y balunes, y realizando mediciones de coeficientes de reflexión y ondas estacionari
Este documento introduce las redes SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), que surgieron para superar las limitaciones de las redes PDH. Explica conceptos como la estructura de trama STM-1, la multiplexación SDH mediante mapeo, alineamiento y multiplexación de flujos tributarios, y las topologías lineales y en anillo que permiten las redes SDH.
FDMA asigna diferentes bandas de frecuencias a cada canal, TDMA asigna diferentes intervalos de tiempo a cada canal, y CDMA usa códigos únicos para cada canal, permitiendo que varios canales se transmitan simultáneamente en la misma banda de frecuencia y tiempo. CDMA parece ser la técnica más funcional ya que ofrece ventajas como resistencia a interferencias, eliminación del efecto de propagación multicamino, y privacidad debido a los códigos aleatorios.
Este documento describe los dispositivos de interconexión de redes, en particular los routers. Explica que los routers son dispositivos clave para la transmisión de datos entre redes al encaminar los paquetes a través de tablas de encaminamiento. También describe la arquitectura típica de un router, incluyendo componentes como procesadores, memoria y puertos de red, y presenta dos modelos de routers Cisco como ejemplos.
El documento describe el modelo de canal con distribución Rice, que es apropiado para comunicaciones al aire libre donde existe una línea de visión directa entre el emisor y receptor. La distribución Rice se caracteriza por tener una componente directa con mayor potencia que las señales multitrayecto. El factor k mide la relación entre las potencias de la componente directa y las multitrayecto, determinando si el canal se comporta como Rayleigh (k=0) u otro tipo (k>0). El modelo genera la señal de salida a partir de la señal de entrada
El documento describe los diferentes tipos y parámetros de las antenas. Explica que una antena transmite o recibe ondas electromagnéticas y que existen diferentes tipos como antenas de hilo, de apertura o planas. También describe parámetros clave como el diagrama de radiación, directividad, ganancia, impedancia de entrada y polarización.
Este documento presenta un plan de estudios para sistemas de telecomunicaciones. Cubre temas como clasificación de sistemas, señales e información, procesos de codificación, modulación analógica y digital, multiplexación y sistemas ópticos y radioeléctricos. También describe varios métodos de modulación digital como PCM, DPCM, delta y modulación por codificación de pulsos, así como modulación con portadora como ASK, FSK y PSK. El objetivo es que los estudiantes conozcan, comprendan y
This document discusses small scale fading in mobile radio propagation systems. It begins by introducing radio wave propagation and the factors that influence it, such as buildings, foliage, and motion. It then discusses small-scale fading models which characterize rapid fluctuations over short distances or times. Large scale propagation models are also introduced. The document goes on to discuss specific topics relating to small-scale fading like Doppler shift, multipath propagation, and modeling the mobile radio channel using the impulse response.
Encryption: Who, What, When, Where, and Why It's Not a PanaceaResilient Systems
This document provides an overview of encryption and incident response management. It begins with an agenda for a presentation on encryption, practical considerations, and legal limitations. It then discusses cryptography concepts like encryption, decryption, and hashing. It covers the goals of cryptography including privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. Next, it discusses symmetric, asymmetric and hashing algorithms as well as encryption versus hashing. The document then covers practical considerations like key length, encryption in transit versus storage. It also discusses legal requirements for encryption in various jurisdictions and restrictions on encryption. Finally, it discusses secure implementation, key management, and incident response management.
How'd we do in 2013 from a data breach perspective? As we close out the year, are the cupboards / budgets bare and will it be a lean holiday season? Or should we be budgeting a holiday celebration with all of the trappings and a sumptuous New Year?
Borrowing themes from the Charles Dickens holiday classic, this webinar will review industry statistics and other indicators to evaluate how we did in 2013 from a privacy breach and security incident response perspective. Will our mythical CSO and CPO get the Scrooge-like CFO to approve their budget increases? And what will 2014 hold from a security, privacy, and regulatory perspective? Register below to find out.
Our featured speakers for this Dickensian webinar will be:
- Ebenezer Scrooge, Chief Financial Officer, Acme Inc. played by Ted Julian, Chief Marketing Officer, Co3 Systems
- Bob Cratchit, Chief Privacy Officer, Acme Inc. played by Gant Redmon, General Counsel, Co3 Systems
- Tiny Tim, Chief Security Officer, Acme Inc. played by "Tiny" Tim Armstrong, Incident Response Specialist, Co3 Systems
Cosmetic Practices - How to Add Up tp $ 1.057M in New Business with FB & Mob...Investment Capital Group
You will learn how to increase your dental or cosmetic annual revenues by $ 211k to $ 1.507M with and ROI of approximately 1,400% using Facebook, Mobile Videos, and Click-to-Call Technology.
If your practice is chosen to participate in the Beta program (see slides for details), you will be compensated $ 2,000 / month for participation, and any costs to you are 100% guaranteed.
To watch Joe Conroy present this info, please click on this link.
To contact Joe and see if your practice qualifies for the beta program, please email him at jconroy11@gmail.com, or call 617-903-0864.
If you have a business in another industry, we may be able to achieve similar results.
Using Tape on Multi-Part Items
The document provides instructions for using tape to attach multiple items such as a book and DVD case. The items are lined up with flush bottoms and spines and taped on the outside spine. Tape is then applied to the inside of the hinge to avoid exposed sticky parts. This allows the items to be attached as one piece and sit nicely on the shelf while still allowing the case to be replaced if damaged.
What to say and when to say it; the stakes don't get any higher than with public filings about cyber security risk and incidents. Learn what that SEC expects in the way of periodic filing disclosures, when you do and don't have to disclose a cyber incident, and how lawyers and security professionals can get on the same page so the right thing is disclosed at the right time.
Our featured speakers for this timely webinar will be:
-Rick Olin, CIPP/US; Counsel, GTC Law Group
-Gant Redmon, CIPP/US; General Counsel, Co3 Systems
Are you a CIPP holder? (CIPP/US, CIPP/C, CIPP/E, CIPP/G and CIPP/IT) Attend this webinar for CPE credit.
The document provides an overview of the rules and gameplay of basketball. It discusses the objective to score points by shooting the ball through the hoop, the court dimensions, timing of the game consisting of halves and overtime periods if needed, positions of players, types of shots and points awarded, fouls and violations, and methods of dribbling and movement with the ball. The game is played by two teams of five players who aim to score more points than the opposing team by legally putting the ball through the basket.
EU Cyber Attacks And The Incident Response ImperativeResilient Systems
Speaking at the recent Cyber Security Summit in London, Lee Miles, Deputy Head of the U.K. National Cyber Crime Unit said, "cybercrime is anonymous, sophisticated, and international." Gone are the days of hacking "to plant a flag for kudos... it's all about the money now," he said. Accounts like these highlight the inevitability of breaches and emphasize just how crucial a capable incident response capability is to survival.
This webinar will review the major components of a modern incident response function, highlighting what organizations can do to quickly improve their program. It will use the Co3 platform to demonstrate how firms can dramatically improve incident response without requiring a significant investment in staff, professional services, or infrastructure.
Our featured speakers for this webinar will be:
- Ted Julian, Chief Marketing Officer, Co3 Systems
- Tim Armstrong, Security Incident Response Specialist, Co3 Systems
Are you a CIPP holder? (CIPP/US, CIPP/C, CIPP/E, CIPP/G and CIPP/IT) Attend this webinar for CPE credit.
HAKKIMIZDA
NLPDAP
“NLPDAP farklı düşündüğü için değil, farklı bir şeyler yapmaya cesaret ettiği için başarılıdır.”
‘M.Kılınç’
NEDEN DAP?
Yaşam kalitenizi artırmak, olumlu, ulaşılabilir gerçekçi, kendine ve başkalarına faydalı, iyi yapılanmış dengeli ve amaçlarının çatısını kurmuş bir birey haline gelmek ve hedefe geçmek için güç için, başarı için ve mükemmel bir sevgi için DAP….
NE DAP?
“Daha nasıl mükemmel olabilirim ” dediğiniz her alanda davranışlarınızı hedeflerinizle bütünleştirmek ve sizi mükemmele, başarının hazzını yaşamaya, odaklı bir gözlem, iletişim ve kontrol merkezidir. DAP….”
“İNSAN DÜŞÜNDÜĞÜ KADAR GÜÇLÜ, İNANDIĞI KADAR DEĞERLİDİR.”
Bilgi beraberinde güç getirir. Güç ise sorumluluk.
BİLGİ + GÜÇ = SORUMLULUK
NE DAP? SORUMLULUK ÜSTLENME MERKEZİDİR.
Yaşam yolculuğunuz, ancak değerlerinizi ifade ettiğiniz bir yaşama yol açtığında anlamlı bir hale gelecek. Bizim için değerli olan şeyler yaşamımızda olmayacaksa, nasıl bizim için mümkün olanın en iyisine ulaşabiliriz ki?
Bizim hedefimiz kendimizi cehaletin karanlığına hapsetmek değil, gittikçe zorlaşan ve düşmanlığı arttıran bir dünyada iş arkadaşlarımız, yöneticilerimiz, dostlarımız ve komşularımızı daha iyi anlamamızı sağlayacak yolu aydınlatmaktır.
İletişimin anlamı her zaman aldığınız tepkide saklıdır. İnsanlar kendilerine göre düşünürler, bize göre değil. "Bundan 20 yıl sonra yapmadıklarınızdan dolayı duymuş olduğunuz hayal kırıklığı, yaptıklarınızın verdiği hayal kırıklığından çok daha büyük olacaktır. Öyleyse zincirlerinizi kırın, halatlarınızı atın. Güvenli limandan uzaklara yelken açın. Yelkenlerinizi güçlü rüzgarlarla doldurun"
Hedefinizi bilin - Eyleme geçin - Duyusal keskinliğe sahip olun
- ESNEKLİK kazanın... "GÜÇ - BAŞARI VE SEVGİ İÇİN" BENİ TAKİP EDİN
The document lists properties for sale and rent in various residential projects in Gurgaon. For sale properties include independent houses, plots, apartments of different sizes in various projects. Rental properties listed are apartments in Vipul Green and independent houses. Price ranges are provided for most properties.
Bu Ghandoeng's merupakan kantin di SMK N 1 Sukoharjo yang menyediakan berbagai makanan dan minuman untuk siswa. Kantin ini terletak di pojok barat sekolah dengan suasana yang ramai saat istirahat karena banyak siswa yang membeli makanan disana.
Notable quotations work and workers rightsDenni Domingo
This document contains summaries of Catholic social teaching on work and workers' rights. It discusses the dignity of work and how work allows people to fulfill their potential and contribute to society. Workers have a right to fair wages and good working conditions that allow them to live fulfilling lives and support their families. The document emphasizes that the economy should prioritize human dignity over profits and that workers deserve to have a say in their work.
You're Breached: Information Risk Analysis for Today's Threat LandscapeResilient Systems
If you would like a copy of the slide in the form of a self-playing PowerPoint Show, please contact jtroisi@co3sys.com
IT security executives have used information risk analysis for decades. From basic objectives such as ensuring critically sensitive data gets protection commensurate with its value, to more sophisticated uses such as determining when certain risks can be accepted, these risk management frameworks help align security with the business. Changes in the "threat landscape", which includes the technical operating environment, the motivation and capability of threats, and even business context can have dramatic implications on the application of analysis techniques. And in information technology, from BYOD, to cloud, to mobile, to state-sponsored actors; plenty has changed in the last 3 years alone.
This webinar will review the conceptual underpinnings of information risk analysis that remain widely used today. We will then examine important changes in the threat landscape over the last few years and assess their impact on risk assessment and its application in risk management. Finally, we will offer recommendations for how, in light of these changes, organizations should think differently about risk and as a result, their security program as a whole.
Our featured speakers for this timely webinar will be:
- Bill Campbell, CISSP, Director at i-fact@nalysis, former security executive at MITRE, Union Bank, Symantec and Fidelity Investments.
- Ted Julian, Chief Marketing Officer, Co3 Systems. Serial security and compliance entrepreneur.
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable single timer capable of producing accurate timing pulses from microseconds to hours. It has two main operating modes - monostable and astable. In monostable mode, it generates a single output pulse when triggered, with the width determined by an external resistor and capacitor. In astable mode, it produces a continuous train of pulses with adjustable duty cycle and frequency set by two external resistors and one capacitor. Key applications include precision timing, pulse generation, time delay generation and sequential timing.
This document provides information on the LPC662 low power CMOS dual operational amplifier:
- It is ideal for single supply operation from +5V to +15V with rail-to-rail output swing and input common-mode range including ground.
- Key features include micropower operation (<0.5mW), high voltage gain (120dB), low input offset voltage (3mV), and ultra low input bias current (2fA).
- Applications include high-impedance buffer, precision current-to-voltage converter, long-term integrator, high-impedance preamplifier, active filter, sample-and-hold circuit, and peak detector.
The LM555 is a highly stable integrated circuit used for generating precise time delays or oscillation. It can operate in both monostable (one-shot) and astable (oscillator) modes using only external resistors and capacitors. In monostable mode, the output is triggered on for a precise time determined by a single resistor and capacitor. In astable mode, the output oscillates at a frequency and duty cycle set by two resistors and one capacitor. The LM555 has applications in precision timing, pulse generation, and frequency modulation.
This document provides information on the MJE13003 NPN silicon transistor from Unisonic Technologies Co., Ltd. It describes the transistor as being designed for high-voltage, high-speed power switching in inductive circuits. Key features include a reverse biased safe operating area with inductive loads up to 1.5 amps and a typical fall time of 290ns at 1 amp and 100°C. The transistor has applications in switching regulators, inverters, motor controls, solenoid drivers, and deflection circuits. Electrical characteristics and maximum ratings are provided in tables and graphs.
The document provides specifications for the UC2842/3/4/5 and UC3842/3/4/5 family of current mode PWM controller ICs. The controllers are optimized for offline and DC-DC converters with features such as low start-up current, automatic feed forward compensation, current limiting, and undervoltage lockout. Key specifications include a switching frequency up to 500kHz, current sense gain of 2.8-3.2V/V, and maximum duty cycles from 0-100% depending on the specific model. Application diagrams show examples of using the ICs in offline flyback converter and DC-DC converter designs.
This phase control IC is intended to control thyristors, triacs, and transistors. It can shift the trigger pulses within a phase angle between 0° and 180°. Typical applications include converter circuits, AC controllers and three-phase current controllers. The IC provides reliable recognition of zero passage, has a large application scope, and can be used for three-phase operation with three ICs. It replaces previous types TCA 780 and TCA 780 D.
The LM555 is an integrated circuit used for generating accurate time delays or oscillations. It can be used in monostable or astable configuration. In monostable mode, the time delay is controlled by one resistor and capacitor. In astable mode, the frequency and duty cycle are controlled by two resistors and one capacitor. The circuit can be triggered and reset. The output can source or sink up to 200mA. It has applications in precision timing, pulse generation, and sequential timing.
P700 Solid State Power Controller (SSPC) is a fully rated 150 Amperes device available for use in today\’s and tomorrow\’s Power Systems. Features reliable trouble free switching together with real short circuit
protection. Load current is sensed and shutdown initiated within microseconds.
This document summarizes the specifications and characteristics of the Toshiba TLP2309 photocoupler. The TLP2309 consists of a GaAlAs infrared LED coupled with a high-speed photo diode-transistor chip housed in an SO6 package. It guarantees operation up to 110°C with supply voltages of 3.3V or 5V. Key features include an inverter logic output, data transfer rate up to 1Mbps, common-mode transient immunity of 15kV/μs, and isolation voltage of 3750Vrms. Electrical characteristics, switching characteristics, isolation characteristics and test circuits are provided.
This document provides an overview of the LM118/LM218/LM318 operational amplifiers. It describes them as precision high speed operational amplifiers designed for applications requiring wide bandwidth and high slew rate, offering improved AC performance over general purpose devices. Key features highlighted include 15 MHz bandwidth, 50V/μs slew rate, and internal frequency compensation. Typical applications discussed include oscillators, active filters, sample and hold circuits, and general purpose amplifiers.
This document summarizes the NE555, SA555, and SE555 monolithic timing circuits. It provides:
1) Pin connections, electrical characteristics including timing accuracy, input/output voltage levels, and operating conditions.
2) Descriptions and schematics for operating the NE555 in monostable (one-shot) and astable (oscillator) modes using external resistors and capacitors to control timing.
3) Examples of applications including pulse width modulation, linear ramp generation, and a 50% duty cycle oscillator. Tables, figures and waveforms illustrate the timer's operation and specifications.
The document summarizes the features and specifications of the SPX29300/01/02/03 3A low dropout voltage regulators. Key points:
- They are 3A voltage regulators with a low dropout voltage of 450mV at 3A output current, designed for low voltage applications requiring fast response times.
- Features include adjustable and fixed output options, reverse battery and overcurrent protection, tight load and line regulation, and fast transient response.
- Electrical specifications include 1% output accuracy, low quiescent current, and temperature coefficients.
- Applications include powering computer components, high efficiency power supplies, and battery chargers.
- Typical circuits shown regulate the output voltage via feedback resistors
This document summarizes the specifications of the TDA7386, a quad channel 40W car audio amplifier integrated circuit. It can provide up to 4 x 45W of power into 4 ohm loads with low distortion. It has protections for overheating, short circuits, inductive loads, and overvoltage. It requires few external components due to its integrated gain and compensation.
The document describes the UCC3895 BiCMOS advanced phase-shift PWM controller. It has features such as programmable output turn-on delay, adaptive delay set, bidirectional oscillator synchronization, and voltage-mode or current-mode control. It can operate at frequencies up to 1 MHz with typical operating current of 5 mA at 500 kHz. The UCC3895 is a phase-shift PWM controller that implements full-bridge power stage control by phase shifting one half-bridge with respect to the other, allowing constant frequency pulse-width modulation with zero-voltage switching for high efficiency at high frequencies. It improves on previous controller families with additional features such as enhanced control logic and adaptive delay set.
This document provides product specifications for Philips Semiconductors' BY329F and BY329X series of rectifier diodes. The key points are:
1. The BY329F and BY329X series feature low forward voltage drop, fast reverse recovery, and soft recovery characteristics, making them suitable for use in TVs, monitors, and switched mode power supplies.
2. The diodes offer low forward voltage, fast switching speeds, soft recovery characteristics, high thermal cycling performance, and isolation from the mounting tab.
3. Limiting electrical values, thermal characteristics, isolation characteristics, static and dynamic parameters are provided to specify the performance of these rectifier diodes.
The TOSHIBA MG75J2YS50 is a silicon n-channel IGBT module suitable for high power switching and motor control applications. It includes a complete half bridge in one package and has features such as enhancement-mode operation, low saturation voltage, and high speed switching times. The document provides maximum ratings, electrical characteristics, and notes regarding its intended use and limitations of liability.
The document provides information on the LM741 operational amplifier from Fairchild Semiconductor. Some key points:
- The LM741 is a general purpose operational amplifier intended for a wide range of analog applications such as integrators, summing amplifiers, and feedback circuits.
- It has features such as short circuit protection, excellent temperature stability, internal frequency compensation, and a high input voltage range.
- The document provides detailed specifications, electrical characteristics, and performance graphs of the LM741 as well as packaging and ordering information.
The document provides information on the LM555 timer integrated circuit. It can be used to generate accurate time delays or oscillations. In monostable mode, the time is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. In astable mode, frequency and duty cycle are controlled by two resistors and one capacitor. It has applications in precision timing, pulse generation, and more. Key specifications and electrical characteristics are provided.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small BusinessesYourLegal Accounting
Maintaining a proper record of your money is important for any business whether it is small or large. It helps you stay one step ahead in the financial race and be aware of your earnings and any tax obligations.
However, managing finances without an entire accounting staff can be challenging for small businesses.
Accounting apps can help with that! They resemble your private money manager.
They organize all of your transactions automatically as soon as you link them to your corporate bank account. Additionally, they are compatible with your phone, allowing you to monitor your finances from anywhere. Cool, right?
Thus, we’ll be looking at several fantastic accounting apps in this blog that will help you develop your business and save time.
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
[To download this presentation, visit:
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
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Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
2. LM555/NE555/SA555
Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25°C)
25°
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Supply Voltage VCC 16 V
Lead Temperature (Soldering 10sec) TLEAD 300 °C
Power Dissipation PD 600 mW
Operating Temperature Range
LM555/NE555 TOPR 0 ~ +70 °C
SA555 -40 ~ +85
Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 °C
2
3. LM555/NE555/SA555
Electrical Characteristics
(TA = 25°C, VCC = 5 ~ 15V, unless otherwise specified)
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Supply Voltage VCC - 4.5 - 16 V
VCC = 5V, RL = ∞ - 3 6 mA
Supply Current (Low Stable) (Note1) ICC
VCC = 15V, RL = ∞ - 7.5 15 mA
Timing Error (Monostable)
Initial Accuracy (Note2)
ACCUR - 1.0 3.0 %
Drift with Temperature (Note4) RA = 1kΩ to100kΩ
∆t/∆T 50 ppm/°C
Drift with Supply Voltage (Note4) C = 0.1µF
∆t/∆VCC 0.1 0.5 %/V
Timing Error (Astable)
-
Intial Accuracy (Note2) ACCUR RA = 1kΩ to 100kΩ 2.25 - %
Drift with Temperature (Note4) ∆t/∆T C = 0.1µF 150 ppm/°C
Drift with Supply Voltage (Note4) ∆t/∆VCC 0.3 %/V
VCC = 15V 9.0 10.0 11.0 V
Control Voltage VC
VCC = 5V 2.6 3.33 4.0 V
VCC = 15V - 10.0 - V
Threshold Voltage VTH
VCC = 5V - 3.33 - V
Threshold Current (Note3) ITH - - 0.1 0.25 µA
VCC = 5V 1.1 1.67 2.2 V
Trigger Voltage VTR
VCC = 15V 4.5 5 5.6 V
Trigger Current ITR VTR = 0V 0.01 2.0 µA
Reset Voltage VRST - 0.4 0.7 1.0 V
Reset Current IRST - 0.1 0.4 mA
VCC = 15V
ISINK = 10mA - 0.06 0.25 V
Low Output Voltage VOL ISINK = 50mA 0.3 0.75 V
VCC = 5V
- 0.05 0.35 V
ISINK = 5mA
VCC = 15V
ISOURCE = 200mA 12.5 - V
High Output Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 100mA 12.75 13.3 V
VCC = 5V
2.75 3.3 - V
ISOURCE = 100mA
Rise Time of Output (Note4) tR - - 100 - ns
Fall Time of Output (Note4) tF - - 100 - ns
Discharge Leakage Current ILKG - - 20 100 nA
Notes:
1. When the output is high, the supply current is typically 1mA less than at VCC = 5V.
2. Tested at VCC = 5.0V and VCC = 15V.
3. This will determine the maximum value of RA + RB for 15V operation, the max. total R = 20MΩ, and for 5V operation, the max.
total R = 6.7MΩ.
4. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.
3
4. LM555/NE555/SA555
Application Information
Table 1 below is the basic operating table of 555 timer:
Table 1. Basic Operating Table
Threshold Voltage Trigger Voltage Discharging Tr.
Reset(PIN 4) Output(PIN 3)
(Vth)(PIN 6) (Vtr)(PIN 2) (PIN 7)
Don't care Don't care Low Low ON
Vth > 2Vcc / 3 Vth > 2Vcc / 3 High Low ON
Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 High - -
Vth < Vcc / 3 Vth < Vcc / 3 High High OFF
When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low regardless of the threshold voltage or
the trigger voltage. Only when the high signal is applied to the reset terminal, the timer's output changes according to
threshold voltage and trigger voltage.
When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high, the timer's internal discharge Tr.
turns on, lowering the threshold voltage to below 1/3 of the supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is maintained
low. Later, if a low signal is applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes 1/3 of the supply voltage, the timer's internal
discharge Tr. turns off, increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at high.
1. Monostable Operation
+Vcc
2
10
4 8 RA
RESET Vcc 10
1
kΩ
Ω
Trigger
Ω
kΩ
DISCH 7
Ω
=1
M
0k
10
1M
10
10
A
A
R
2
Capacitance(uF)
TRIG 10
0
THRES 6
-1
10
3 OUT C1
CONT 5 -2
10
GND
RL 1 C2
-3
10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Time Delay(s)
Figure 1. Monoatable Circuit Figure 2. Resistance and Capacitance vs.
Time delay(td)
Figure 3. Waveforms of Monostable Operation
4
5. LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 1 illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the trigger voltage falls
below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low, the timer's
internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor C1
and setting the flip-flop output at the same time.
The voltage across the external capacitor C1, VC1 increases exponentially with the time constant t=RA*C and reaches 2Vcc/3
at td=1.1RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor RA. The greater the time constant RAC, the longer it takes
for the VC1 to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the output pulse width.
When the applied voltage to the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-flop,
turning the discharging Tr. on. At this time, C1 begins to discharge and the timer output converts to low.
In this way, the timer operating in the monostable repeats the above process. Figure 2 shows the time constant relationship
based on RA and C. Figure 3 shows the general waveforms during the monostable operation.
It must be noted that, for a normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3 before the timer
output turns low. That is, although the output remains unaffected even if a different trigger pulse is applied while the output is
high, it may be affected and the waveform does not operate properly if the trigger pulse voltage at the end of the output pulse
remains at below Vcc/3. Figure 4 shows such a timer output abnormality.
Figure 4. Waveforms of Monostable Operation (abnormal)
2. Astable Operation
+Vcc
100
RA (R A+2R B)
4 8 10
1k
1
Ω
RESET Vcc
10
7
Capacitance(uF)
kΩ
DISCH 1
10
2 TRIG
00
0
0
kΩ
RB
1M
1
Ω
Ω
Ω
THRES 6
Ω
0.1
10
0M
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
3 OUT C1 0.01
CONT 5
GND
RL 1 C2 1E-3
100m 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
Fr equency(Hz)
Figure 5. Astable Circuit Figure 6. Capacitance and Resistance vs. Frequency
5
6. LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 7. Waveforms of Astable Operation
An astable timer operation is achieved by adding resistor RB to Figure 1 and configuring as shown on Figure 5. In the astable
operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a multi
vibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential
function with the time constant (RA+RB)*C.
When the VC1, or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high,
resetting the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges
through the discharging channel formed by RB and the discharging Tr. When the VC1 falls below Vcc/3, the comparator
output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes high again. The discharging Tr. turns off and the
VC1 rises again.
In the above process, the section where the timer output is high is the time it takes for the VC1 to rise from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3,
and the section where the timer output is low is the time it takes for the VC1 to drop from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. When timer output
is high, the equivalent circuit for charging capacitor C1 is as follows:
RA RB
Vcc C1 Vc1(0-)=Vcc/3
dv c1 V cc – V ( 0- )
C ------------ = ------------------------------
- - (1)
1 dt RA + RB
V ( 0+ ) = V ⁄3 (2)
C1 CC
t
- – ------------------------------------
( R + R )C1
2 A B
V C1 ( t ) = V CC 1 – -- e
- (3)
3
Since the duration of the timer output high state(tH) is the amount of time it takes for the VC1(t) to reach 2Vcc/3,
6
7. LM555/NE555/SA555
t
- – ------------------------------------
H
2 2 ( R A + R B )C1
V ( t ) = -- V
- =V 1 – -- e
- (4)
C1 3 CC CC 3
t = C ( R + R )In2 = 0.693 ( R + R )C (5)
H 1 A B A B 1
The equivalent circuit for discharging capacitor C1, when timer output is low is, as follows:
RB
C1 VC1(0-)=2Vcc/3 RD
dv 1
C1
C 1 -------------- + ---------------------- V C1 = 0
- (6)
dt R +R
A B
t
- ------------------------------------
-
2 ( R A + R D )C1
V C1 ( t ) = -- V
- (7)
3 CC e
Since the duration of the timer output low state(tL) is the amount of time it takes for the VC1(t) to reach Vcc/3,
tL
- ------------------------------------
( R A + R D )C1
-
1 2
-- V
- = -- V
- (8)
3 CC 3 CC e
t = C ( R + R )In2 = 0.693 ( R + R )C (9)
L 1 B D B D 1
Since RD is normally RB>>RD although related to the size of discharging Tr.,
tL=0.693RBC1 (10)
Consequently, if the timer operates in astable, the period is the same with
'T=tH+tL=0.693(RA+RB)C1+0.693RBC1=0.693(RA+2RB)C1' because the period is the sum of the charge time and discharge
time. And since frequency is the reciprocal of the period, the following applies.
1 1.44
frequency, f = -- = ---------------------------------------
- - ( 11 )
T ( R + 2R )C
A B 1
3. Frequency divider
By adjusting the length of the timing cycle, the basic circuit of Figure 1 can be made to operate as a frequency divider. Figure
8. illustrates a divide-by-three circuit that makes use of the fact that retriggering cannot occur during the timing cycle.
7
8. LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 8. Waveforms of Frequency Divider Operation
4. Pulse Width Modulation
The timer output waveform may be changed by modulating the control voltage applied to the timer's pin 5 and changing the
reference of the timer's internal comparators. Figure 9 illustrates the pulse width modulation circuit.
When the continuous trigger pulse train is applied in the monostable mode, the timer output width is modulated according to
the signal applied to the control terminal. Sine wave as well as other waveforms may be applied as a signal to the control
terminal. Figure 10 shows the example of pulse width modulation waveform.
+Vcc
RA
4 8
RESET Vcc
7
Trigger DISCH
2 TRIG
6
THRES
Output
3 OUT
Input
GND
CONT 5 C
1
Figure 9. Circuit for Pulse Width Modulation Figure 10. Waveforms of Pulse Width Modulation
5. Pulse Position Modulation
If the modulating signal is applied to the control terminal while the timer is connected for the astable operation as in Figure 11,
the timer becomes a pulse position modulator.
In the pulse position modulator, the reference of the timer's internal comparators is modulated which in turn modulates the
timer output according to the modulation signal applied to the control terminal.
Figure 12 illustrates a sine wave for modulation signal and the resulting output pulse position modulation : however, any wave
shape could be used.
8
9. LM555/NE555/SA555
+Vcc
RA
4 8
RESET Vcc
7
DISCH
2 TRIG
RB
6
THRES
Output
3 OUT
Modulation
GND
CONT 5 C
1
Figure 11. Circuit for Pulse Position Modulation Figure 12. Waveforms of pulse position modulation
6. Linear Ramp
When the pull-up resistor RA in the monostable circuit shown in Figure 1 is replaced with constant current source, the VC1
increases linearly, generating a linear ramp. Figure 13 shows the linear ramp generating circuit and Figure 14 illustrates the
generated linear ramp waveforms.
+Vcc
RE R1
4 8
RESET Vcc
DISCH 7
2 TRIG Q1
THRES 6 R2
Output
3 OUT C1
CONT 5
GND
1 C2
Figure 13. Circuit for Linear Ramp Figure 14. Waveforms of Linear Ramp
In Figure 13, current source is created by PNP transistor Q1 and resistor R1, R2, and RE.
V –V
I CC E
= --------------------------
- ( 12 )
C R
E
Here, V
E is
R2
V = V + --------------------- V
- ( 13 )
E BE R 1 + R 2 CC
For example, if Vcc=15V, RE=20kΩ, R1=5kW, R2=10kΩ, and VBE=0.7V,
VE=0.7V+10V=10.7V
Ic=(15-10.7)/20k=0.215mA
9
10. LM555/NE555/SA555
When the trigger starts in a timer configured as shown in Figure 13, the current flowing through capacitor C1 becomes a
constant current generated by PNP transistor and resistors.
Hence, the VC is a linear ramp function as shown in Figure 14. The gradient S of the linear ramp function is defined as
follows:
Vp – p
S = ---------------- ( 14 )
T
Here the Vp-p is the peak-to-peak voltage.
If the electric charge amount accumulated in the capacitor is divided by the capacitance, the VC comes out as follows:
V=Q/C (15)
The above equation divided on both sides by T gives us
V Q⁄T
--- = -----------
- - ( 16 )
T C
and may be simplified into the following equation.
S=I/C (17)
In other words, the gradient of the linear ramp function appearing across the capacitor can be obtained by using the constant
current flowing through the capacitor.
If the constant current flow through the capacitor is 0.215mA and the capacitance is 0.02µF, the gradient of the ramp function
at both ends of the capacitor is S = 0.215m/0.022µ = 9.77V/ms.
10
13. LM555/NE555/SA555
Ordering Information
Product Number Package Operating Temperature
LM555CN 8-DIP
0 ~ +70°C
LM555CM 8-SOP
Product Number Package Operating Temperature
NE555N 8-DIP
0 ~ +70°C
NE555D 8-SOP
Product Number Package Operating Temperature
SA555 8-DIP
-40 ~ +85°C
SA555D 8-SOP
13
14. LM555/NE555/SA555
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FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
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FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component in any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be
or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
perform when properly used in accordance with device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be
reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the
user.
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