Educational Psychology - Meaning, Significance, Dimensions of Human development and Stages of development.

1. Educational
Psychology
K.Thangavel,
Assistant Professor of Education,
Thiagarajar College of Preceptors,
Madurai.

2. It is the applied branch of psychology
The principles, laws and techniques of psychology are
applied to the teaching-learning situations.
The aims of education is to desirable change in behaviour.
It combines two features. (Education and Psychology)
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Educational Psychology

3. • Educational psychology is a study of experiences and
behaviour of the learner in relation to educational
environment.
• Educational psychology is a branch of applied psychology
which deals with teaching and learning by incorporating
psychological principles.
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Meaning of Educational Psychology

4. • “Educational psychology is the branch of psychology which
deals with teaching and learning”. - Skinner (1938)
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Definition of Educational Psychology

5. • Educational psychology describes and explains the learning
experiences of an individual from birth through old age.
• Crow and Crow (1973).
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Definition of Educational Psychology

6. • “Educational psychology is a subject to be studied, an area
or field of knowledge, a set of applications of laws and
principles from a field of knowledge to a social process, a
set of tools and techniques, and a field of research”.
- Anderson (1949)
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Definition of Educational Psychology

7. Nature of Educational Psychology
• It is a science following the scientific approach.
• It adopts the systematic enquiry and scientific approach to study
behaviour.
• It is not a perfect science but, it is a growing science.
• It is a positive science rather than the normative science.
• It is related to social science in a sense that it also studies the
human beings and their sociability.
• It is a research based study.
• It helps the teacher to understand themselves and learners.
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

8. Scope of Educational Psychology
The Learner
The Learning
Process
Learning
Experience
Learning
Environment
Teaching
and Learning
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

9. Significance of Educational Psychology
• To understand the learner
• To understand the problems of learner
• To understand the learning process
• To understand the developmental characteristics
• To select methods of teaching
• To improve quality of teaching
• To create conductive learning environment
• To understand the problems of learner
• To make socialization in classroom
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

10. Significance of Educational Psychology
• To maintain discipline
• To identify the special needs children
• To enable teachers for curriculum development
• To render guidance service
• To know the teacher himself
• To evaluate the performance
• To conduct the research.
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

12. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Introduction
•Human life starts with the conception in the
mother’s womb as a result of the process of
fertilisation of the ovum of the mother by the
sperm cell of the father.

13. • The mother’s womb then becomes the place for the growth and
development of the new life.
‘Foetus’ Baby
• weight increases by 11,00,000 times.
• Tiny ‘Zygote’ grows into a baby of about 50 cm long with a weight of
about 3.5 kg at the time of birth.

14. • It is quantitative changes of the body. It can be measured
in kg, pounds, meters, inches etc.
• The Encyclopedia of Britannica defines ‘growth’ as an
increase in the size or the amount of an entity. The word
growth is used for all those structural and physiological
changes that takes place within individual during the
process of maturation.
• Growth is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of
old features and acquisition of new ones (Hurlock).
Growth: Meaning

15. Characteristics of growth
• Growth refers to increase caused by becoming larger and heavier.
• It is quantitative, additive, augumental.
• It is objectively observable and measurable.
• Growth does not continue throughout life; it stops when maturity has
been obtained.
• Growth may or may not bring development.

16. • Rate of growth is not uniform. It proceeds more rapidly in the early
years of life but slows down in the later years of infancy. At puberty,
there is sudden rise in the speed of growth.
• There exist wide range of individual differences among children with
respect to growth.
• The rate of growth of different parts of the body is different.

17. Development: Meaning and Definition
• Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an
orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience.
(Hurlock).
• Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in
behavior which results from environmental situations (Anderson).

18. Characteristics of development
• Development is ‘directional’ and ‘sequential’.
• Development is continuous in all areas of mental activity. It does not
stop with puberty as in the case of growth.
• The goal of development is to enable the individual to adapt to the
environment in which he lives.
• It is a complex process of integrating may structures and functions.

19. • Rate of development is not uniform throughout the life
span of an individual.
• Development is influenced by maturation and learning.
• It is very much related to one’s environment.
Stimulating environment helps an individual to develop
many skills.
• Since development is qualitative in nature, it can not be
measured directly.
• Development is possible even without growth.
Characteristics of development

20. Comparison between Growth and Development
Growth Development
Growth is quantitative Development is both quantitative and
qualitative.
Growth could be objectively observed It is mainly qualitative it can not be
measured.
Growth does not continue throughout
the life span. It stops after maturation
is obtained
It is continuous in all areas of mental
activity; it does not stop after puberty
Growth is one aspect of development Development is complex and many
sided
Growth occurs in different parts of the
organism
Development describes the changes in
the organism as a whole
Growth is not directional Development is progressive and
sequential

21. Growth Development
Rate of growth is not uniform in all parts
of the organism
Rate of development is also not uniform
Individual differences exist in growth
among children
Children differ in their level of
development in different aspects
Growth is not affected very much by
learning
Learning and experience affect
development to a very great extent
Growth may or may not lead to
development
Development in one aspect promotes
development in other aspects ( among
physical, mental, social, emotional and
moral).

22. • Growth and development are a joint product of both
heredity and environment.

23. Maturation
• Maturation is a natural process.
• It is the growth which takes place
within the individual.
• Maturation is
the process of becoming completely
developed mentally or emotionally.

24. Relationship among Maturation, Learning and
Environment
• Development occurs as a result of maturation and experience.
• Infant boy Vs Infant Chimbanzee – The aim of the experiment was to
see to what extent, the chimpanzee could be humanised by the
human environment.
• Gesell and Thomson’s Co-twin study.

25. Heredity
• Heredity is defined as the totality of biologically transmitted factors
that influence the structure of the body. Everything the child begets
biologically from his parents belongs to heredity.
• The child inherits the traits and characteristics of his parents and
forefathers through ‘Chromosomes’.
• ‘Genes’ are the real genetic units.

26. Environment
•The term ‘Environment’ influences belonging to
different categories which affect the growth
process of the individual making him what he is.

27. • Transmission Mechanism of Heredity
Fraternal twins Identical twins

28. Dimensions of Development
• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
• Emotional Development
• Social Development
• Moral Development and
• Language Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

29. Physical Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Development of
internal and external
organs of an individual.
External – Height,
weight, body
proportions
Internal –
Neuromuscular system
Endocrine glands
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Reproductive system

30. Physical Development
• Anatomical growth
• Physiological growth
• Motor Development

31. Cognitive Development

32. Cognitive Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Development of
Intellectual abilities like
Sensation, perception,
thinking, reasoning,
memory, imagination,
creativity etc.
Concept Development –
It involves both
discrimination and
generalization.

33. Cognitive Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Development of
language – Speech,
vocabulary and written
communication.
Memory Level
Problem solving ability
Concrete Thinking
Abstract thinking

34. Emotional Development

35. Emotional Development

37. Fear

38. Anger

39. Emotional Development
• Primary emotions: Angry, Fear and Joy.
• Positive emotions: Delight, Elation, Affection, Joy
• Negative emotions: Distress, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Jealousy
• Pre-school children tend to express their emotion freely and
openly

40. Emotional Development
• Often hurt the feeling of others (6 to 9)
• They are very sensitive to criticism and need praise and
recognition.
• Conflict occurs after 9
• Small infancy – crying, beating and biting others
• At the age of 6 they vent their anger through verbal abuses.
Jealousy

41. • According to freud there seems to be twin facted emotional
behaviour of individuals during infancy and childhood.
• Male children much affection towards mother – Oeidipus
complex
• Female children opposing emotions of their mother. – Electra
complex.

42. Social Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Social development means acquisition of the ability to
behave in accordance with social expectations or attaining
of maturity in social relationship.
Hurlock (1950)
 Infant is not social at birth.
 Infant is not able to distinguish between person and
object.
 Child’s interest - Upto 12 months – Toys

43. Social Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
 Later child’s interest – Play
materials to play mates.
 7-8 years – Make
friendship regardless of
gender difference.
 Adolescence – Social
behavior is dominated by
desires.

44. Social Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai
Social contact
widened.
At the end of
adolescence the
individual attains
social maturity.

45. MORAL Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

46. MORAL Development
K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of
Preceptors (Aided) Madurai

47. Important Developmental Stages
• I Prenatal Stages
(From conception to birth)
1. Germinal period (First 2 weeks)
2. Embryonic stage ( III to VIII week)
3. Fetal stage (IX week to birth)

48. II Postnatal stages
1. Infancy - From birth to 2 years
2. Childhood – Early childhood (From 3 to 6 yrs)
- Later childhood (from 7 to 11 yrs).
3. Pre-adolescence (From 11 to 13 yrs)
4. Adolescence (from 14 to 17 yrs.)
5. Adulthood - Early adulthood 20 -40 yrs.)
6. Middle age (From 40-60 Years)
7. Old age (Above 60 years)

49. Developmental Stages -
Hurlock
• Infancy – birth to 5 years
• Childhood – 5 to 12 years
• Adolescence – 12 to 18/20
• Adulthood – After 20 years