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Edu.03 assignment
- 1. CSI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, PARASSALA EDU.03: TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATION ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: TRENDS AND ADVANCEMENTS IN WWW: C.Web.3.0 SUBMITTED BY LUDIYA STANLY S.G B.ED SOCIAL SCIENCE ROLL NO:47
- 2. INTRODUCTION The semantic web, also known as web.3.0, is an extension of the world wide web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the semantic web is to make internet data machine readable. To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, technologies such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) are used. These technologies are used to formally represent metadata. Semantics offer significant advantages such as reasoning over data and operating with heterogeneous data sources. These standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the W3C,”The semantic web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise and community boundaries. The semantic web is therefore regarded as an integrator across different content and information applications and system.
- 3. WEB.3.0 Web.3.0 was first coined by John Mark off of the New YorkTimes and he suggestedweb.3.0 as third generation of the web in 2006. It can be also stated as “Executable Web.” The basic idea of 3.0 is define structure data and link them in order to more effective discovery, automation, integration and reuse across various applications. It is able to improve data management, support accessibility of mobile internet, simulate creativity and innovation, encourage factor of globalization phenomenon, enhance customers satisfaction and help to organize collaboration in social web. Web.3.0 is also known as semantic web. The term semantic web was coinedby Tim Berners– Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines- that is , one in which much of the meaning is machine readable. While it’s critics have questioned it’s feasibility, proponents argue that applications in library and information science, industry, biology and human sciences,researchhave already proventhe validity ofthe original concept.
- 4. Berners-Lee originally expressed his vision of the semantic web in 1999 as follows: I have a dreamfor the web (in which computers) become capable of analyzing all the data on the web- the content, links and transactions between people and computers. A “semantic web” ,which makes this possible,has yet to emerge,but when it does,the day to day mechanism of trade, bureaucracy and daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The “ intelligent agents” people have touted for ages will finally materialize. The 2001 Scientific American article by Berners Lee,Hendler and Lassila describedan expected evolution of the existing web to a semantic web. In 2013, more than 4 million web domains (out of roughly 250 million total) contained semantic web markup. COMPONENTS The term “SemanticWeb” is oftenused morespecifically to refer to the formats and technologies that enable it. The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data are enabled by technologies that provide a formal
- 5. descriptionof concepts, terms and relationshipswithin a given knowledge domain. These technologies are specifiedas W3C standards and include: Resource Description Framework (RDF),a general method for describing information. RDF Schema(RDFS) Simple Knowledge OrganizationSystem (SKOS) SPARQL,an RDF query language. Notation 3(N3),designed with human readability in mind. N-Triples,a formatforstoringand transmitting data. Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) Ontology Web Language (OWL),a family of knowledge representationlanguages. Rule Interchange Format (RIF), framework of web rule language dialects supporting rule interchange on the web. Java Script Object Notation For Linked Data (JSON- LD), a JSON- based method to describe data. Activity Pub, a generic way for client and server to communicate with each other. This is used by the popular decentralizedsocial network Mastodon.
- 6. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SEMANTIC WEB The semantic web stack illustrates the architecture ofthe semanticweb.The functions and relationships of the components can be summarizedas follows: XML: Provides an elemental syntax for content structure within documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the content contained within.XML is not at present a necessary component of semantic web technologies in most cases, as alternative syntaxes exist,such as Turtle. Turtle is a defacto standard, but has not been through a formal standardization process. XML Schema: It is a language for providing and restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML documents. RDF: It is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects (web resources) and theirrelationships.An RDF based modelcan be represented in a variety of syntaxes,eg:
- 7. RDF/XML,N3, Turtle and RDFa. RDF is a fundamental standard of the semantic web. RDF Schema: It extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF- based resources, with semantics for generalized- hierarchics of such properties and classes. OWL: It adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes, cardinality, equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties and enumerated classes. SPARQL:It is a protocol and query languages for semantic web data sources. RIF: It is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It’s an XML language for expressing web rules that computers can execute.RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It included a RIF Basic Logic Dialect(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF-PRD). 5 MAIN FEATURES OF WEB.3.0
- 8. 1.Semantic Web : The next evolution of the web involves the semantic web. The semantic web improves web technologies in order to generate, share and connect content through search and analysis based on the ability to understand the meaning of the words, rather than on keywords or numbers. 2.Artificial Intelligence: Combining this capability with natural language processing, in web.3.0, computers can understand information like humans in order to provide faster and more relevant results. They become more intelligent to satisfy the needs of users. 3.3D Graphics: The three dimensional design is being used extensively in websites and services in web.3.0. Museum, guides, computer games, e-commerce, geospatial contexts etc…are all examples that use 3D graphics. 4.Connectivity:With web.3.0,informationismore connected thanks to semantic metadata. As a result, the user experience evolves to another
- 9. level of connectivity that leverages all the available information. 5.Ubiquity: Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is connected to the web, the services can be used everywhere. CHALLENGES OF WEB.3.0 Someof the challengesfor the semanticweb include vastness, vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency and deceit. Automated Reasoning Systems will have to deal with all ofthese issuesin orderto deliveronthe promise of the semantic web. Vastness: The world wide web contains many billions of pages. The SNOMED CT medical terminology ontology alone contains 370,000 class names, and existing technology has not yet been able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will have to deal with truly huge inputs. Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like “young” or “tall”. This arises from the vagueness of
- 10. user queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms and of trying to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly different concepts. Fuzzy logicis the most commontechnique for dealing with vagueness. Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For eg: a patient might present a set of symptoms that correspond to a number of different distinct diagnoses each with a different probability. Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employedto address uncertainty. Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions that will inevitably arise during the developmentof large ontologies, and when ontologies from separate sources are combined. Deductive reasoning fails catastrophically when faced inconsistency, because “ anything follows froma contradiction.” Defeasible reasoning and paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques that can be employed to deal with inconsistency. Deceit: This is whenthe producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the cryptography techniques are currently utilized to
- 11. alleviate this threat. By providing a means to determinethe information’sintegrity,including that which relates to the identity of the entity that produced or published the information, however credibility issues still have to be addressed in cases of potential deceit. CONCLUSION As we move to a more centralized internet, with Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) playing key roles in defining our use- case scenarios, we can expect a new wave of the global internet revolution. What web.3.0 brings to the table is that it offers developers muchneededroom for innovation. On the other hand, users can expect better digital experiences and a more enhanced and refined internet altogether. If done right, web 3.0 can be the key to solving many problems that can put an end to red tape, save time, increase productivity and all this at a marginal cost. We can look forward to a smarter version of the internet, because believe it or not, it is here to stay.