This document discusses educational management and planning. It covers the key characteristics of planning including being anticipatory, focusing on desired results, and being future-oriented. Some benefits of planning are goal setting, reducing uncertainties, and coordinating activities. Limitations include lack of information and time consumption. Different types of plans are described such as strategic plans, operational plans, standing plans, and single use plans. The strategic planning process is then outlined, including formulating a vision and mission, analyzing the current situation, identifying strategic issues, setting goals and objectives, developing an action plan, monitoring, and evaluating.

1. Educational management
&Planning, Ed 3202
Key management functions:
Planning
Course Instructor: Abdallah A. Suleiman

2. PLANNING
Characteristics of Planning:
- planning is anticipatory. Decisions are made
on what and how to do before they are
implemented
- Planning focuses on desired results
- Planning is future oriented. It involves
making decisions that will be achieved
in future

3. Planning cont..
Benefits of Planning
- Planning helps in goal setting. The goals
define the desired outcomes for an organization
which can be used as performance criteria
- Planning process reduces uncertainties and
moribund (death) of an organization
- Planning helps to coordinate activities in the
organization. Various units/departments work
in accordance with overall plan of an
organization

4. Planning cont…
- Planning reduces costs. Since there are best
alternatives choices of actions there is a
possibility to achieve the intended results at
the reduced costs
- planning raises motivation and moral of
workers if they were involved in the planning
process. Workers feel that the plan is theirs
and direct their efforts to accomplish it.

5. Planning cont..
Limitations of Planning
- lack of information from various sources may
lead to poor or immature planning process
- lack of a accurate forecast/anticipation may
also result poor or vague long term plan
- planning process is time consuming. If done
properly it requires substantial amount of
managerial time

6. Planning cont..
- planning process demands adequate
possession of planning skills. A planner must
also possess breadth of vision especially for
long term planning process
- planning may create rigidity. In a changing
environment managers may hesitate to
review the plans, policies and procedures

7. Planning cont..
Types of organization plans
Strategic plans :Strategic plan is intended for
the entire organization.
It is formulated by the top management and it
is a long term plan of organization covering a
period of five years and reviewed every year.
It involves making environmental analysis,
identifying vision, mission goals and objectives
of organization.

8. Planning cont..
Operational plans : Cover only a portion of
strategic plan by showing in detail the long term
goals in the strategic plan will be achieved. The
operational plans cover a period of one year. It
is formulated by the middle managers.
Standing plans (repeat use plans): These are
ongoing plans- they provide guidance for
repeatedly performed actions/operations in the
organization.

9. Planning cont…
Examples of standing plans are: policy,
Procedure and rules. A policy provides general
guidance to be followed when making decisions.
A procedure is a sequence of actions to be
followed to accomplish the task. Rules: state
exactly what should be done and what should
not be done. Standing plans are usually
formulated by the top management.

10. Planning cont..
Single use plans: Are meant to be used only
once to meet the requirements of a particular
or unique situation. Examples of single use
plans are programs and budgets. A program is a
set of activities intended to accomplish
a specific objective within a specified period of
time. A budget is the funds allocated to a
specific purpose for a fixed period of time

11. Strategic planning process
Main stages
Formulating a Vision and Mission
Formulating a Vision Statement:
Vision is a statement of intended change. It is
the optimal desired future state- the mental
picture of what you want your organization/
school to be in five years to come.
Example of a school Vision statement:

12. Strategic planning process
To be a centre of quality teaching and learning
in the region.
Formulating a mission statement
A mission is a broad statement of purpose of
an organization/school, it spells out the
overall goal of school
Example of a mission statement of a school
The school will promote intellectual, moral,
and physical well being of all children

13. Strategic planning process cont..
Analysis of the current situation of the school
This exercise is aimed at getting the accurate
picture of the organization/school .It involves
analyzing the strength, the weaknesses,
opportunities and the challenges of the
school. This analysis is commonly known as
SWOC/T analysis
Strength of a school : the good or advantageous
things of the school

14. Strategic planning process cont..
Weaknesses of the school: these are the retarding
factors on the success of the school they make
the school less successful/effective than it
should be
Opportunities of the school: Are favorable
states or chances which can make a school do
much better. Mere presence of opportunities or
capacities do not lead to a change or growth in
the school they must put in use

15. Strategic planning process cont..
Challenges of the school /threat : Factors
threatening the school ability to survive and
become successful in future
Identification of strategic issues : This involves
identification of issues to be addressed in order
to rectify the inadequacies identified in the
environmental analysis (SWOC/T) analysis
Setting strategic goals and objectives:
Strategic goals and objectives should address

16. Strategic planning process cont..
the strategic issues identified in the
SWOC/T analysis
Goals: - should be broad and long term
- reflect the SWOC/T analysis
- support the school vision and mission
- be accomplished in five years period
Strategic objectives:
- should flow from strategic goals

17. Strategic planning process cont..
- should operate in short term by quantifying
the goals
- should be SMART
action Plan /operational plan
Action plan/ Operational plan shows
in a time table form how the plan will be
implemented. Action plan shows the following
aspects:

18. Strategic planning process cont..
-Objectives to be achieved
- activities to be undertaken in a given period
- resources to be used
- timescale for each activity
- costs for each activity
- person in charge
- monitoring review

19. Strategic planning process cont..
Monitoring :
- monitoring is a process of examining the
implementation of the plan to ensure it is
succeeding in achieving its goals and objectives
- Departments/sections are supposed to prepare
reports performance on the implementation
of plan

20. Strategic planning process cont…
Evaluation
Evaluation is a continuous process intended
to check the success of the plan. Evaluation
provides opportunity to improve the plan by
revisiting goals, objectives and the operational
plan.