ECTOBAL is a revitalization material for the nervous system. It acts as a co-enzyme in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, which is involved in myelin synthesis. ECTOBAL also plays a role in the production of thymidylate, an important component of DNA. It supports nervous system functions including sensation, integration, and reaction. ECTOBAL is indicated for various types of neuropathies as well as low back pain and sciatica.

1. ECTOBAL
REVITALIZATION MATERIAL

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such
changes are known as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are
receptors.
Integration
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to
determine the appropriate response
Reaction
Motor output.
The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of
neurotransmitters (NTs)
Nervous System can be divided into these main parts.
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
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3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System Central Nervous System consists of brain and
spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the nerves, which leave brain
and spinal cord
There are two types of nerves in Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves emerging from the brain
Spinal Nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the vertebral column
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4. NEURONS
•The functional and structural unit of the nervous system
•Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another
•There are many, many different types of neurons but most have certain
structural and functional characteristics in common
Neurons have three main parts
•The cell body contains the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria
etc.
•Dendrites are short
extensions of the cell
body. They receive
information, and
transmit it to the cell
body. Dendrites can
be compared to the
hearing part of a
telephone-- the
dendrite hears a
message that is being
sent from sensory
receptors or another neuron.
•The Axon is a thin tube that can be up to 3 feet long. This part of the
neuron takes impulses away from the cell body. Following the same
metaphor, the axon is like the telephone wire that transmits the message.
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5. Axons are insulated by the myelin sheath that is the stacked membrane of
Schwann cells. The myelin sheath
creates a layer around the axon
and helps to maintain the ionic
charge of nerve impulses during
electrical transmission of
information (a good metaphor
for this is a coat that keeps you
insulated in the winter).
The gap that separates the
portions of the myelin sheath
formed by two adjacent
Schwann cells is called the Node
of Ranvier. These nodes are the
only regions along the axon
where the axonal membrane is in direct contact with extra-cellular liquid.
TYPES OF NEURONS
Sensory neurons communicate information about the internal and
external environment from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
via interneurons. They are the only type of neuron whose dendrites do not
receive information from other neurons
Interneurons combine sensory input with motor output, and can only
make connections with other neurons.
Motor neurons bring impulses from the central nervous system to effector
cells. Muscle or gland cells that perform the body’s responses to stimuli.
They are the only type of neuron that does not communicate with other
neurons, and their dendrites are therefore shorter than that of the other
two types of neurons.
ENDONEURIUM
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6. A connective tissue wrapping
enveloping individual axons
Nervous System
PERINEURIUM
A connective tissue wrapping
bundles or fascicles of axons
EPINEURIUM
A connective tissue sheath
enveloping the nerve as a
whole
These connective tissue
sheaths help to give peripheral nerves a certain toughness and resistance
to tearing
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7. NEUROPATHY
The term Neuropathy is used in referring to any degenerative or
inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. Sometimes, the term neuritis is
used.
When many nerves are involved, the condition is described as
polyneuropathy or polineuritis, if one nerve is involved, as
mononeuropathy or mononeuritis
Peripheral nerves respond to injury in only a small number of ways. Three
classic patterns of nerve injury are discussed
— Wallerian degeneration
— Axonal degeneration and
— Segmental demyelination
Wallerian degeneration
When an axon is abruptly cut (as by trauma, inflammation, surgical
mishap, etc.
The myelin sheath, in turn, rapidly disintegrates, forming oval fragments of
myelin and cellular debris
Axonal degeneration
Axonal degeneration differs from wallerian degeneration in pace. Axonal
degeneration typically occurs slowly
This pattern is common in some hereditary neuropathies and is the
predominant pattern in adult onset diabetes mellitus
Nervous System
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8. Segmental demyelination
When the myelin sheath or the normal function of Schwann cells are
disturbed, demyelination results
With subsequent re-myelination, the distance between nodes of Ranvier
become irregular and the thickness of myelin coats are noticeably
decreased
Symptoms of nerve damage depend on the type of nerve(s) affected
One or more types of nerve may be damaged
— Paresis (partial paralysis)
— Paralysis (complete loss of voluntary muscle function in the
part of the body.)
— Hypotonia (changes in muscle tone)
— Sensitivity Disturbances:
— Anesthesia (loss of sensation)
— Analgesia (loss of ability to feel pain)
— Hyperesthesia
— Hyperpathia (painful sensations abnormally severe and
modified)
— Paresthesia (spontaneously occurring abnormal sensation e.g.
numbness etc)
— Pain
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9. ECTOBAL
Mode Of Action:
Mecobalamine (Ectobal) acts as
co-enzyme of methionine
synthetase, which gives one
molecule of methyl group to
homocysteine and converts
homocysteine to methionine. Then
methionine through its ECTOBAL
transmethylation process produce
one component of thymine
In addition to methionine,
tetrahydrofolate is also formed
and then formation of thymidylic
acid and purine nucleotides
occurs
Methionine is a precursor
of S-adenosylmethionine
(SAMe). SAMe is the
principal transmethylating
agent and is involved in,
among many other things, Ectobal
the synthesis of myelin
basic protein.
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10. ECTOBAL is necessary for the synthesis of thymidylate, which is the
characteristic base of DNA.
ECTOBAL plays a biochemical role in the maintenance of myelin in the
nervous system.
Homocysteine
Levels between 5 and 15 micromoles per liter (µmol/L) are considered
normal.
Abnormal concentrations are classified as
— Moderate (16-30),
— Intermediate (31-100), and
— Severe (greater than 100 µmol/l)
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11. Indications
•Peripheral Neuropathy
•Drug Induced Neuropathy
•Diabetic Neuropathy
•Hyperthesia
•Peripheral Facial Palsy
•Megaloblastic Anemia
•Paresthesia
•Tingling
•Numbness
•Lumbago
•Low Back Pain
•Sciatic Pain
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