Ecosystem, Components of ecosystem, Classification of ecosystem, Structure of ecosystem, Function of ecosystem, Food chain and Food web, Factors affecting the ecosystem, ways to maintain ecological balance.

1. Guided By: Presented By:
Mrs. Yogini Thombre Ms. Karishma K. Patil
Lecture 4th Year B.B.Sc. Nursing

2. Introduction
Definition
Component of Ecosystem
Classification of Ecosystem
Structure of Ecosystem
Fundamental characteristic of Ecosystem
Function of an Ecosystem
Food Chain & Food Web
Factors affecting ecosystem
Ways to Maintain Ecological Balance
Research Article
Summary
Bibliography

3. Aim:- Students able to understand topic of seminar on
ecosystem.
 Specific Objective:- At the end of the seminar students
will be able to:-
1. Define Ecosystem.
2. Discuss various Components of the Ecosystem.
3. Explain the Classification of Ecosystem.
4. Define structure of An Ecosystem.
5. List Down the fundamental characteristics of Ecosystem.
6. Enumerate Function of an Ecosystem.
7. Discuss Food Chain and Food Web.
8. Enumerate various factors affecting Ecosystem.
9. Explain various ways to maintain Ecological balance in Ecosystem.

4. Ecology All living organism, whether
plant or animal or human being is surrounded by the
environment, on which it derive its needs for its
survival.
Each living component interacts with non –living
components for their basic
requirements form different
ecosystem.

5. ECOSYSTEM – 1935 ( British botanist professor
Arthur tensely)
“Ecosystem is a community of living organisms in
conjunction with the non living components of their
environment (water, air & mineral soil) interacting as
a system.”
It Means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and
micro-organism communities and their non-living
environment interacting as a functional unit

6. Living or
Biotic Non-living
or Abiotic

7. This are living organisms (or) living members in an
ecosystem collectively form its community called biotic
components (or) biotic community.
Plants
(producers)
Animals
(consumers)
Microorganisms
(decomposers)

8. CLASSIFICATION BIOTIC COMPONENTS
The members of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped into three
based on how they get food.
•Producer (plants)
•Consumer (Animals)
•Decomposers (Micro-organisms)
Producers (Autotrophs)
Producers synthesize their food themselves through photosynthesis
Example : All green plants, trees.

9. Consumers are those whose depend on producer or other
consumer for their food.
Examples Plant eating species Insects, rabbit, goat, deer, cow,
etc.,
Classification of consumers:- Consumers are further classified
as
(i) Primary consumers:-Primary consumers are also called
herbivores, they directly depend on the plants for their food. So
they are called plant eaters.
Examples : Insects, rat, goat, deer, cow, horse, etc.,

10. (ii) Secondary Consumer:- These are also called as
carnivores. These animals eat primary consumers.
Examples: Tigers, Crocodial, Wolves, Lions, etc.
(iii) Tertiary Consumer:- These are also called
omnivores. They not only eat plants but also
animals.
Examples: Humans, Dogs, Cats, Foxes, etc.

11. Decomposers are organisms that break down dead
or decaying organisms, they carry out
decomposition.
Fungi, bacteria And worms are some examples of
Decomposers.

12. Abiotic (non-living) components :-
The non-living components (physical and
chemical) of ecosystem collectively form a
community called abiotic components (or) abiotic
community.

13. Classification of Abiotic Components:-
1.Physical components:
They include the energy, climate, raw materials and living
space that the biological community needs. They are useful
for the growth and maintenance of its member.
Examples:- Air, water, soil, sunlight, etc.

14. 2.Chemical Components:-
They are the sources of essential nutrients.
Examples:-
1-Organic substances : Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.,
2-Inorganic substances: All micro (AI, Co, Zn, Cu) and
macro elements (C,H, O, P, N, P, K) and few other
elements.

15. AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM
TERESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEM

16. The Forest
Ecosystem
The Dessert
Ecosystem
The Grassland
Ecosystem
The Mountain
ecosystem

17. MARINE FRESHWATER RIVER
LAKE WETLAND

18.  Ecosystem can be described according to its Trophic structure.
 Trophic structure is the Pattern of movement of Energy and Matter
through an Ecosystem.
 All ecosystem must be based upon “Autotrophs”.
 Autotrophs produce organic food for themselves and all members
of their community.
 The green plants(with chlorophyll) & certain bacteria produce
Food.
 Since These organism produce food for all the other organisms,
they are known as Producers.

19.  Autotrophs takes energy from the environment in the form
of sunlight or inorganic chemical and use it to create
energy-rich molecules such as Carbohydrates.
 Therefore these Green plants are the Autotrophic
Organism or Primary Producers in most ecosystems.
Photosynthetic Bacteria

20.  A Heterotrophs are an organism that uses organic
substrates to get its chemical energy for its Life Cycle.
 The members of Heterotrophs components are called
“Consumers”.
 The Heterotrophs are further categorised as :
 MACRO- Consumers:
 Heterotrophs, which in an order as they occur in a food
chain are:

21. 1. Herbivores: Also primary consumers, feed directly
on living plants or plant residues. They have
vegetarian diet.

22. 2. Carnivores: Also Secondary/tertiary Consumers, which
feed on consumers, i.e they have Non-Vegetarian diet.
 They are also called “Prediators”.

23. 3.Omnivores: consumers, which feed on producers as
well as on primary consumers, i.e. they have
vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian diet.

24.  Micro-consumers: Also Saprotrophs/Detritivores. They are
popularly known as decomposers, such as bacteria, fungi,
flagellates & Actinomyctes.
 They feed on Organic compounds of dead or living
protoplasm of plants and animals for their Food and
Energy.

25.  In simple words, structure of an ecosystem means:-
 The composition of biological community including species,
population, biomass, life history.
 The quantity & distribution of abiotic materials.
 The range of conditions of existence, such as Temperature,
humidity, wind, wave action, etc.

26. Structure
•Living
•Nonliving
Process
•Energy
flow
•Cycling of
matter
Change
•Dynamic
•Succession

27.  To understand clearly the nature of ecosystem its functioning
should be thoroughly understood.
 To allow flow of energy and cycling of nutrients.
 Types of Functions: Functions of an ecosystem are of three types.
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY

28. Primary Function- of all ecosystem is
manufacture of starch (photosynthesis).
Secondary Function- The secondary function of
all ecosystem is distribution energy in the form of
food to all consumers.
Tertiary Function- All living systems died at a
particular stage. These dead systems are
decomposed to initiate third function of
ecosystems namely “cycling”.

29.  The functioning of an ecosystems may be understood studying the following terms :-
 Energy Flow
 Food Chain
 Food Web
1) Energy Flow:- Energy is the most essential requirement for all Living
organism. Solar energy is the only source. Solar energy is transformed to
chemical energy in photosynthesis by the plants(called as Primary Producers).
2) Food Chain:- “Transfer of food energy from the plants through a series of
organisms is known as Food Chain”
3) Food Web:- The interlocking pattern of various food chain in an ecosystem is
known as Food Web. In food web many food chains are interconnected, where
different types of organisms are connected at different trophic levels.

30. Definition :-
“Transfer of food energy from the plants through a series of organisms is
known as Food Chain”
 A Food Chain Always starts with plant Life And Ends With Animal.
 When the Organisms die, they are all Decomposed by Microorganism
(Bacteria & Fungi) into nutrients that can again be used by the Plants. At
each and every transfer nearly 80-90% of the Potential energy gets lost as
heat.
 Food chain consists of Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores.

31. Definition:- The interlocking pattern of various food chain in an ecosystem is
known as Food Web.
In food web many food chains are interconnected, where different types of
organisms are connected at different trophic levels.
Example:-
Grass may be eaten by insects, rats, deer, etc, these may be eaten by Carnivores
(snakes, Tigers). Thus there is an interlocking of various food chains called Food
Webs.

32. In a linear food chains if one species gets affected (or) becomes
Extinct, then the species in the subsequent tropic levels are also
Affected.
But, in a food web , if one species gets affected, it does not affect
other tropic levels so seriously. There are numbers of options
available at each tropic level.

33. 1. Population Explosion :- Refers to the sudden and rapid rise
in the size of population. A drastic growth in population
beyond normal limits is called Population Explosion.

34. 2. Industrialization:- It is the process by which an economy is
Transformed from primarily Agricultural to one based on the
Manufacturing.

35. 3. Urbanization:- is a population shift from Rural to Urban Areas,
and the ways in which society Adapts to the change.
 It Predominantly results in the Physical growth of Urban Areas,
be it Horizontal or Vertical.

36. 4. Automobile:- It is a usually four-wheeled automotive
vehicle designed for Transportation.

37. 5. Deforestation:- Deforestation, clearance, clear cutting or
clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which
is then converted to a non-forest use.
 Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms,
ranches, or urban use.

38. 6. Natural Calamities:- A natural disaster is a major adverse event
resulting from natural processes of the Earth
 Examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.

39. 7. Pollution:- Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the
natural environment that cause adverse change.
 Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such
as noise, heat, or light Pollutants.
 The components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

40.  Manage Natural Resources carefully
 Control Population
 Protect Water
 Recycle
 Prevent Deforestation
 Reduce pollution

41. What is a Healthy Ecosystem?
Robert costanza & Michael Mageau
Abstract
Rapid deterioration of the world's major ecosystems has intensified the need for
effective environmental monitoring and the development of operational indicators of
ecosystem health. Ecosystem health represents a desired endpoint of environmental
management, but it requires adaptive, ongoing definition and assessment. We
propose that a healthy ecosystem is one that is sustainable – that is, it has the ability
to maintain its structure (organization) and function (vigor) over time in the face of
external stress (resilience). Various methods to quantify these three ecosystem
attributes (vigor, organization, and resilience) are discussed. These attributes are then
folded into a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health. A network analysis
based ecosystem health assessment is developed and tested using trophic exchange
networks representing several different aquatic ecosystems. Results indicate the
potential of such an ecosystem health assessment for evaluating the relative health of
similar ecosystems, and quantifying the effects of natural or anthropogenic stress on
the health of a particular ecosystem over time.

42. Here I summarized my topic ecosystem in which we have learned various points
as follows:
Introduction
Definition of ecosystem
Component of ecosystem
Classification of ecosystem
Structure of ecosystem
Fundamental characteristic of ecosystem
Function of an ecosystem
Food Chain & Food Web
Factors affecting ecosystem
Ways to maintain ecological balance

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