Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
#science #bioresources and use of biodiversity #zoology
biodiversity and bioresources
content
definition
types
difference
uses of biodiversity
applications
references
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
#science #bioresources and use of biodiversity #zoology
biodiversity and bioresources
content
definition
types
difference
uses of biodiversity
applications
references
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. INTRODUCTION
The term ecosystem was coined in 1935 by the Oxford ecologist A.G.
Tensely to encompass the interactions among biotic and abiotic
components of the environment at a given site.
Ecosystem was defined in its presently accepted form by Eugene
Odum, “an unit that includes all the organisms, i.e., the community in
a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow
of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity
and material cycles, i.e., exchange of materials between living and
non-living, within the system”.
4. Characteristics of Ecosystem
• The ecosystem is a major structural and functional unit of
ecology.
• The structure of an ecosystem is related to its species
diversity in the sense that complex ecosystem have high
species diversity.
• The function of ecosystem is related to energy flow and
material cycles within and outside the system.
5. • Young ecosystems develop and change from less complex
to more complex ecosystems, through the process called
succession.
• Each ecosystem has its own energy budget, which cannot be
exceeded.
• Adaptation to local environmental conditions is the
important feature of the biotic components of an ecosystem,
failing which they might perish.
6. Structure of Ecosystem
• All ecosystems consist of the following basic components:
1. Abiotic components
2. Biotic components
• The structure of an ecosystem is basically a description of
the organisms and physical features of environment
including the amount and distribution of nutrients in a
particular habitat.
7. Abiotic Components
• Ecological relationships are manifested in physicochemical
environment.
• Abiotic component of ecosystem includes basic inorganic elements
and compounds, such as soil, water, oxygen, calcium carbonates,
phosphates and a variety of organic compounds.
• It also includes such physical factors and ingredients as moisture,
wind currents and solar radiation.
• Radiant energy of sun is the only significant energy source for any
ecosystem.
8. Biotic Components
The biotic components include all living organisms present in the
environmental system.
The biotic components can be grouped into two basic nutritive
components:
(i) Autotrophic components
(ii) Heterotrophic components
9. The autotrophic components include all green plants which fix the
radiant energy of sun and manufacture food from inorganic
substances.
The heterotrophic components include non-green plants and all
animals which take food from autotrophs.
Biotic components of an ecosystem can be described under the
following three heads:
1. Producers (Autotrophic components)
2. Consumers
3. Decomposers or reducers and transformers
• The amount of biomass at any time in an ecosystem is known as
standing crop which is usually expressed as fresh weight, dry weight
or as free energy in terms of calories/meter.
10.
11. Natural Ecosystem
• These ecosystems are capable of operating and maintaining
themselves without any major interference by man.
• A classification based on their habitat:
• Terrestrial ecosystems
• Aquatic ecosystems
12. Terrestrial Ecosystem
• Terrestrial ecosystems are many because there are so many
different sorts of places on Earth.
• Some of the most common terrestrial ecosystems that are
found are the following:
Forest ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
13. Forest Ecosystem
Forests occupy roughly 40 percent of the land.
In India these occupy roughly one-tenth of the total land
area.
The different components of forest ecosystem include:
Abiotic components: Include inorganic and organic
substances present in soil and atmosphere. Dead organic
debris is also present in forests.
14. Biotic components: These include producers like trees,
shrubs and ground vegetation .
Among the primary consumers are the herbivores which
include animals feeding on tree leaves as ants, flies, beetles,
spiders etc. and larger animals like elephants, deer etc.
Secondary consumers are the carnivores like snakes, birds
and fox etc.
Tertiary consumers are the top carnivores like lion, tiger etc.
Decomposers include microorganisms like fungi, bacteria
and actinomycetes.
15. Grassland Ecosystem
• These occupy a comparatively fewer area, roughly 19
percent of the earth's surface.
• The various components of grassland ecosystem are:
Abiotic components: These include the nutrients present
in soil and the aerial environment.
• C, H, O, N, P, S are supplied by Carbon dioxide, water,
nitrates, phosphates and sulphates.
16. • Biotic components: These may be categorized as:
• Producers: These are mainly grasses e.g. Cynodont species,
Dicanthium species etc. Shrubs may also be present.
• Consumers: These occur in the following sequence:
• Primary consumers are the herbivores feeding on grasses are mainly
grazing animals as cows, deer's and rabbit etc. Besides them there are
insects, termites and millipedes that feed on leaves.
• Secondary consumers: Carnivores feeding on herbivores e.g. Fox,
Snakes, frogs, Lizards etc.
• Decomposers: Microbes including fungi like Mucor, Aspergillus,
Rhizopus etc and some bacteria and actinomycetes.
17. Desert Ecosytem
Desert occupy about 17 percent of land, occurring in the
regions with an annual rainfall of about 25 centimeters.
The species composition of such an ecosystem is varied and
typical due to the extremes of temperature and water
factors.
The biotic components include:
Producers are shrubs, especially bushes, some grasses and a
few trees.
18. • Consumers include animals like reptiles and insects which
are able to live under xeric conditions. In addition, there are
some nocturnal rodents and birds. The camel feeds on
tender shoots of the plants.
• Decomposers are very few, as due to poor vegetation the
amount of dead organic matter is correspondingly less. They
are some fungi and bacteria.
20. Aquatic ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem that exists in water.
Within an aquatic ecosystem, the environment is a watery
one.
Aquatic ecosystems can be divided into freshwater
ecosystems (such as fresh rivers or freshwater lakes) and
marine ecosystems such as the sea and rock pools.
21. Pond Ecosystem
• Pond serves as an example of freshwater ecosystem.
• It exhibits a self-sufficient and self-regulating system.
• The components of the pond ecosystem are as follows:
• Abiotic components: The chief substances are heat, light,
pH value of water and the basic inorganic and organic
compounds .
22. • Biotic components: These include;
• Producers are autotrophic, green plants and some
photosynthetic bacteria. Theses are of following types:
• Macrophytes are mainly rooted larger plants e.g Trapa,
Typha, Nymphae etc. Some free floating forms like Azolla,
Wolffia, Lemma etc also occur in the pond.
• Phytoplanktons are minute floating or suspended lower
plants e.g Zygnema, Spirogyra etc
23. Consumers are heterotrophs. Most of the consumers are herbivore, a
few are insects and large fishes are carnivorous feeding on herbivores.
The herbivores are further differentiated as Benthos and zooplanktons.
Secondary consumers are carnivores which include insects and fish.
Tertiary consumers are also carnivores and include some large fish
feeding on smaller ones.
Decomposers include variety of microbes chiefly bacteria,
actinomycetes & fungi.
24. Ocean Ecosystem
• The oceans cover about 70 percent of the earths surface.
• Each ocean represents a stable ecosystem.
• The biotic components of an ecosystem are as follows:
• Producers are autotrophs which include the phytoplankton's such as diatoms and
dinoflagellates. In addition, brown and red algae also contribute.
• Consumers include herbivores e.g. crustaceans, molluscs, carnivores (Herring,
shad) feeding on herbivores.
• Tertiary consumers include carnivorous fishes like Cods, Haddock etc. that feed on
secondary consumers.
• Decomposers are the microbes that feed on dead organic matter of producers and
macroconsumers e.g. Bacteria and fungi.
25. Cropland Ecosystem
• In nature we find another kind of ecosystems, where man is
very much involved in their operation.
• These are called as cropland ecosystems, that are artificial
or man engineered.
• In order to obtain more food, timber etc. Man becomes
responsible for the replacement of natural ecosystems.
• Thus, a Cropland ecosystem is an artificial ecosystem aimed
primarily to grow a single species of one's choice e.g.
Wheat, maize, paddy etc.
26. CONCLUSIONS
The unit of living organisms interacting with their non -living
environment in an orderly self sufficient manner is known as an
ecosystem.
• The structure of an ecosystem is basically a description of the
organisms and physical features of environment including the amount
and distribution of nutrients in a particular habitat.
• Ecosytem can be broadly divided into natural and artificial ecosytems.
Natural ecosystems are further classified as terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.