The document discusses various aspects of the economic environment in India including definitions of key economic terms, different economic systems, factors that influence the economic environment, and the roles of financial institutions and public sector enterprises. It provides details on capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies as well as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and other government economic policies.
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate Jatin Goyal
It explains the following topics
Factor Affecting the exchange rate
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION VS.CURRENCY APPRECIATION
Foreign exchange
Theories of exchange rate
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
new industrial policy 1991 is about the changes made in the policy in 1991. this policy is devided into two parts 1 is announced on 24 july 1991 which is concernd with the large scale industres including the middle scale and the second part is announced on 6 august 1991 and concerned with small scale sector............
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1973
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1977
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1980
The New Industrial Policy of 1991
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate Jatin Goyal
It explains the following topics
Factor Affecting the exchange rate
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION VS.CURRENCY APPRECIATION
Foreign exchange
Theories of exchange rate
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
new industrial policy 1991 is about the changes made in the policy in 1991. this policy is devided into two parts 1 is announced on 24 july 1991 which is concernd with the large scale industres including the middle scale and the second part is announced on 6 august 1991 and concerned with small scale sector............
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1973
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1977
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1980
The New Industrial Policy of 1991
Reinventing Home Telecare Services: Learning Lessons for Japan and Beyondjhalperin
This is the story of the initiative at Philips to bring the Lifeline personal emergency response service to Japan, with some lessons we learned along the way.
UNIT – V
Business cycles – National income, monetary and fiscal policy – Public finance. TRIM‟s- Intellectual Property rights – TRIP‟s – Industrial Sickness – causes –remedies
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction
Economic environment refers to all those economic factor
which have a bearing functioning of the business unit.
Business depends on the economic environment for all
the needed inputs.
It also depends on the economic environment to sell the
finished goods.
3. Definition of Environmental Economics
“That part of economics which deals with inter-relationship
between environment and economic development and
studies the ways and means by which the former is not
impaired nor is the latter impeded.”
4. Factors of Economic Environment
Growth strategy
Economic system
Economic planning
Industry
Agriculture
Infrastructure
Financial and fiscal factor
Removal of regional imbalance
Price and distribution control
Economic reforms
Per capita and national income
5. Economic System
An economic environment system refers to the
organization arrangements and process through which
a society makes its production and consumption decision.
It is the method used by society to produce and distribute
goods and services.
Types of Economic System
Capitalism
Socialism
Mixed Economy
6. Capitalism: On the one extreme, there is a capitalist
economic system or free market economy. It is
characterized by free enterprise & profit motive.
People have freedom of choice concerning
occupation, savings, investment.
Socialism: It is the socialist or communist economic
system. The state owns & control all means of
production.
Mixed Economy: In a mixed economic like India,
both public & private sectors together. Some resources
are owned & controlled by the state. Other economic
activities are left to the private initiative.
7. Capitalism (features)
The rights to private property
Freedom of Enterprise
Freedom of choice for consumers
Profit motives
Competition
Price mechanism
Role of the government
8. Capitalism
Merits Demerits
Incentive
Utilization of resources
Economic growth
Capital formation
Flexibility & Adaptability
Democratic Nature
Innovation
Concentration of economic power
Economic instability
Lack of satisfaction
Social waste
Rise of monopoly
social discrimination (inequity)
Loss of human values
9. Socialism: (features)
State ownership of means of production
Social welfare
Central economic planning
Equality of opportunity
Class less social
Absence of competition
10. Socialism
Merits Demerits
Social justice
Economic stability
Rational allocation of
resources
Higher economic growth
Absence of class struggle
Concentration of economic
power
Lack of incentive & initiative
Loss of consumer
Loss of occupational freedom
Inefficiency & low
productivity
corruption
11. Mixed Economy:(features)
Co-existence of public & private sectors
Classification of industries
Economic planning
Price mechanism
Profit motive & social welfare
12. Mixed Economy
Merits Demerits
Individual freedom
Rapid economic growth
Social welfare
Economic instability
Lack of freedom
Inefficiency
Lack of co-ordination
13. Economic parameters
Definition of 'Gross Domestic Product – GDP’
The monetary value of all the finished goods and
Services produced within a country's borders in a specific time
period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis.
It includes all of private and public consumption,
Government outlays, investments and exports less imports that
occur within a defined territory.
14. Definition of 'Net National Product - NNP'
The monetary value of finished goods and services
produced by a country's citizens, whether overseas or
resident, in the time period being measured (i.e., the gross
national product, or GNP) minus the amount of GNP
required to purchase new goods to maintain existing stock
(i.e., depreciation).
15. Per capita income
Per capita income, also known as income per person, is
the mean income of the people in an economic unit such
as a country or city. It is calculated by taking a measure of
all sources of income in the aggregate (such as GDP
or GROSS NATIONAL INCOME) and dividing it by the
total population.
16. Economic Policies
Monetary Policy:- The policy formulated by the central
bank of a country to control the supply and the cost of
money (rate of interest), in order to attain some specified
objectives is known as Monetary Policy.
Fiscal Policy:- It may be termed as budgetary policy. It is
related with the income and expenditure of a country.
Fiscal Policy works as an instrument in economic and
social growth of a country. It is framed by the
government of a country and it deals with taxation,
government expenditure, borrowings, deficit financing
and management of public debts in an economy.
17. Foreign Trade Policy:- It also affects the different business
units differently. E.g. if restrictive import policy has been
adopted by the government then it will prevent the domestic
business units from foreign competition and if the liberal
import policy has been adopted by the government then it will
affect the domestic products in other way.
Foreign Investment Policy:- The policy related to the
investment by the foreigners in a country is known as
Foreign Investment Policy. If the government has adopted
liberal investment policy then it will lead to more inflow of
foreign capital in the country which ultimately results in
more industrialization and growth in the country.
18. Industrial Policy:- Industrial policy of a country
promotes and regulates the industrialization in the
country. It is framed by government. The government
from time to time issues principals and guidelines under
the industrial policy of the country.
19. Financial Environment
It refers to the financial sector or financial system of a
country . It comprises various financial institutions,
instruments, policies, & service concerning in the
financial sector.
20. Constituents of financial system
Financial Markets
Financial Institutions
Financial Instruments
Financial services
23. Functions of RBI
Issue of bank notes
Banker to government
Banker’s bank
Controller of credit
Custodian of foreign exchange reserves
Clearing house facility
Collection & publication of data
24. Credit control by RBI
METHODS OF CREDIT CONTROL
GENERAL OR QUANTITATIVE
METHODS
BANK RATE
CASH RESERVE RATIO
STATUTORY LIQUIDITY
RATIO
OPEN MARKET
OPERATIONS
SELECTIVE OR QUALITATIVE
METHOD
MARGIN
CREDIT
RATIONING
MORAL SUASION
PUBLICITY
25. Role of RBI in Economic Development
Development of Banking System
Development of Financial Institution
Development of Backward areas
Economic stability
Economic Growth
Proper Interest Rate structure
Miscellaneous (various facilities)
26. Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
The IFCI was established on July 1, 1948 by a special act of
the parliament.
It was jointly owned by the government of India.
IFCI has since been converted into a public limited company
with effect from July 1, 1993.
It was completed more than fifty years of operations.
During this period, the activities of the corporation have
progressively expanded both in scope & magnitude.
It has emerged as a leading institution providing financial &
other assistance to industry in diverse forms.
27. Unit Trust of India (UTI)
UTI came into existence on February 1, 1964 under the Unit
Trust of India Act, 1963.
Its establishment has been a landmark in the history of
investment trusts in India.
It is playing an important role in mobilizing savings of the
community through sale of units under the various schemes
& channelizing them into corporate investments.
28. Globalization
The shift towards a more integrated & interdependent
world economy.
It has two main components – the globalization of
market & globalization of productions.
29. Strategies for Globalization
Exporting: This is the simplest & the traditional mode of
entering a foreign market.
Licensing & franchising: These are easy methods of entering
foreign markets because little commitment of resources &
efforts are involved.
Contract manufacturing: Under this strategy, the company
enters into a contract with a firm in the foreign market to
manufacture or assembles the products.
Management contract: A company contracts with a firm or
government in a foreign country to manage the entire project
or undertaking for a specified period.
30. Turnkey contract: The company contracts with a foreign firm
to design & built an entire operation.
Third country location: When commercial transactions
between two countries are not possible due to political
reasons, a company may have to enter the foreign market
from a third country.
Joint Venture: A company may enter a foreign market by
entering into a joint venture with a foreign firm.
Direct Investment: A company which means to have
substantial & long-term interest in the foreign market has to
establish fully owned manufacturing facilities aboard.
31. Advantage of Globalization
Wider Markets
Rapid Industrialization
Greater Specialization
Competitive gains
Higher production
Price stabilization
Increase in employment & income
Higher standards of living
International economic cooperation
World peace
32. Dis-Advantage of Globalization
Interdependence
Threat of domestic industry
Unemployment
Drain of basic resources
Technological dependence
Culture
33. Problems in Globalization
High cost
Poor quality
Poor infrastructure
Resistance of change
Lack of professional management
Limited R&D
Trade Barriers
34. Impact of Globalization in India
Trade
foreign investment flows
Employment
Poverty & inequality
35. Foreign Direct Investment
It means investment in a foreign country where the
investor retains control over the investment in terms power
of management & effective decision making.
36. Foreign Direct Investment by Indian Industry
Reasons:
A large protected domestic market
A restrictive government policy
Curbs on growth & financial restrictions.
Indian companies are now investing in a large number of
industries in both developing countries(Eg: Malaysia,
Indonesia), & developed countries(Eg: Japan, UK)
37. Multinational Corporation
The essential nature of the multinational enterprises lies in the
fact that its managerial headquarters (called parent company)
are located in one country( known as home country) while the
enterprise carries out operations in a number of other countries
(known as host countries)
38. Reasons for the growth of MNC
Market expansion
Marketing superiorities
Financial superiorities
Technological superiorities
39. General Agreement on Tariffs & Trades (GATT)
The GATT was signed at Geneva on 30th October, 1947 by 23
nations who negotiated to prevent economics from the
recession.
Objectives:
To raise standard of living
To ensure the full employment
To develop the full use of resources
To expand production & international trade
40. Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Protection of patents
Copyrights
Design
Trade marks
Trade secrets
It provides for graining product patents also in these
areas.
Protection will be available for 20 years in case of patents
& 50 years in case of copyrights.
Trademarks will be protected for at least seven years & semi
conductor layout designs for 10 years.
41. Public Enterprises
It means an enterprise which involves no private
ownership, which is governed by public or social interest
& where the management is responsible to the
government.
42. Advantage of Public Sector
Acceleration of economic growth
Control on natural monopoly
Socialist pattern of society
Generation of economic surplus
Balanced regional development
Entrepreneurial development
Employment generation
43. Role of public sector in Indian economy
Share in national income
Commanding heights of the economy
Share in capital formation
Employment generation
Growth of industries
Foreign exchange earnings
Balanced regional development
Resource mobilization
44. Privatization:
It means reducing the involvement of the government / public
sector in the economic activities of a nation.
It involves the transfer of government assets or functions
to the private sector.
Disinvestment:
It is used to refer to the process of privatization.
Public offer
Cross-holdings, golden share & warehousing
Strategic sale
Qualified institutional placement