Economic weaker sections Reservation

BY
Dr. Rajashree J Jawale
Assistant Professor
Rayat Shikshan Sansha’s
Ismailsaheb Mulla Law College Satara
profrajashreejawale@gmail.com
CHANGING TREND RESULTING IN TO
ECONOMIC WEAKER SECTIONS RESERVATIONS

Reservation
 “Reservation”, also denoted as
“affirmative action” or “positive
discrimination”, it refers to a policy or
program, or giving certain preferences to
certain groups (usually under-represented
groups) over the others.

Historical Background of Reservation in
India
1. “Reservations in favour of the backward classed (BCs) were introduced
long before independence in a large area, comprising the presidency
areas and the princely states in the south of the Vindhyas. Chatrapati
Sahuji Maharaj, Maharaja of Kohlapur in Maharashtra, introduced
reservation in favour of backward classes in as early as 1902 to
eradicate poverty from amongst them and to give them their due share in
the state administration. The notification of 1902 created 50%
reservation in services for different communities in the State.
2. This notification was the first government order providing for reservation
for the welfare of depressed classes in India (Resham, 2012)”.

Cont…
 In the year 1942, Dr. B.R Ambedkar established the all
India depressed classes’ federation to support the
advancement of the scheduled castes. He demanded
reservations for the Scheduled castes in government
services as well as other sectors.
 However, in the year 1947, India obtained
independence and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed
chairman of the drafting committee for Indian
Constitution.
 The India Constitution prohibits discrimination on the
grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex and place of
birth. While providing equality of opportunity for all
citizens, the Constitution contains special clauses
“for the advancement of any socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens or for the

International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, 1966
 Article 26- All persons are equal before the law
and are entitled without any discrimination to the
equal protection of law.
 Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights, 1966, not only uses both the
expressions but also adds explanatory words,
prohibiting discrimination.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 1950
 ARTICLE 14,15,16,17, 21, 21-A
 ARTICLE 45,46
 RTE ACT 2009
 AMENDMENTS IN CONSTITUION

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, HAVING SOLEMNLY RESOLVED
TO Constitute INDIA INTO A "SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" AND to secure all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY, of status and opportunity; and to promote among them
all;
FRATERNITY, assuring the dignity of individual the unity and
integrity of nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION
PREAMBLE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Amita v. Union of India
1. It is embodied not only Arts. 15-18 as well as in
Arts. 3, 39, 39 A, 41 and 46.
2. It is a Negative concept because it implies the
absence of any privilege in favour of any
individual, and equal subjection of all classes to
the ordinary law.
3. It means law should be equal and should
equally administered, that is like should be
treated alike.
4. In short there shall not be discrimination. It is a
declaration of equality of privilege in favour of

Reservation in Higher Education –
According to the State of Maharashtra, the Supreme
Court abolished state quotas in private unaided
professional colleges and specifically held that the state
could not impose reservations in unaided institutions.
This led to the passing of the Constitution (Ninety-
third Amendment) Act, 2005 by the Parliament in
December, 2005 inserting the following clause (5)in
article 15 of the Constitution:
“Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article
19 shall prevent the state from making any special provision by
law, for the advancement of socially and educationally backward
classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes or scheduled
tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their
admissions to educational institutions including private
educational institutions; whether aided or un-aided by the state,
other than the minority educational institutions referred to

 The union government brought forth legislation
namely, the Central Educational Institutions
(Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 (the Act)
under which the following scheme of reservation
has been provided:
 Table – 1: Classification of Reservation CategorySerial No Reservation Category Weight age (%)
1. Scheduled Caste
(SC)
15%
2. Scheduled Tribe (ST) 7.5%
3. Other Backward
Caste (OBC)
27%
(Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions,
Government of India, New Delhi, 2002-2003, Chapter5, Paragraph 5.2)
As a result of this, about 50% of the seats have now come under reservation
in all central educational institutions including institutions of higher learning
and professional institutes like IITs, IIMs and government medical and
engineering colleges.

CHANGING TREND RESULTING IN TO ECONOMIC
WEAKER SECTIONS RESERVATIONS
.

WEAKER SECTIONS RESERVATIONS

WEAKER SECTIONS RESERVATIONS – 01 March 2019

Constitution 124th Amendment Act 2019
 Constitution 124th Amendment Act 2019 provides
ten per cent reservation to the economically
weaker sections (EWS) in the General category.
 facilitates reservation for EWS in direct recruitments
in jobs and admission in higher educational
institutions.
 The reservation of EWS of general category will be
given without tampering the existing quotas for SC,
ST and OBCs people.
 This is expected to benefit a huge section of upper
castes including Brahmins, Rajputs (Thakurs), Jats,
Marathas, Bhumihars, and several trading castes
including Kapus and Kammas.

Cont…
 The new quota seeks to benefit the economically
backward among those castes that do not fall under
the quota meant for socially backward. This means
that people who do not benefit from the 50 per cent
existing quota and are below the EWS (Economically
Weaker Section) criteria, will benefit from this
reservation.
 However, certain prerequisites have to be met by a
person in order to qualify as a beneficiary for the
reservation.
 To begin with, people with an annual income of below
Rs 8 lakh and those with agricultural land below five
hectare are eligible for the quota.
 Those who have a residential property below 1,000
sq ft will also be able to avail the benefits of this quota.

ECONOMIC WEAKER SECTIONS
RESERVATIONS

What will the “Economically Weaker
Sections Quota bill” amend in the Indian
Constitution?
 Article 15 and Article 16 of the Indian
Constitution.
 The 124th Constitutional Amendment received
the President’s assent on January 12.

20-1-2006
 Article 15 was amended and clause (5) to Article 15
was added. The amended Article 15(5) reads thus:
 "15(5).—Nothing in this Article or in sub-clause (g) of
clause (1) of Article 19 shall prevent the State from
making any special provision, by law, for the
advancement of any social and educationally
backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled
Castes or the Scheduled Tribes insofar as such
special provisions relate to their admission to
educational institutions including private education
institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State,
other than the minority education institutions referred
to in clause (1) of Article 30."

Amendment to Article 15 (Reservation in
Educational Institutions)
 In article 15 of the Constitution, after clause (5), the
following clause shall be inserted, namely:—
 ‘(6) Nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause
(1) of article 19 or clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent
the State from making,— any special provision for
the advancement of any economically weaker
sections of citizens other than the classes
mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) in so far as such
special provisions relate to their admission to
educational institutions including private
educational institutions, whether aided or unaided
by the State, other than the minority educational
institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30, which
in the case of reservation would be in addition to
the existing reservations and subject to a
maximum of ten per cent of the total seats in each
category.

Amendment to Article 16 (Reservation in Jobs)
In Article 16 of the Constitution, after clause (5),
the following clause shall be
inserted, namely:— “(6) Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from making any provision for
the reservation of appointments or posts in
favour of any economically weaker sections of
citizens other than the classes mentioned in
clause (4), in addition to the existing reservation
and subject to a maximum of ten per cent of the
posts in each category.”.

Who comes under the “Economically
Weaker Sections”?
 For the purposes of article 15 and article 16,
“economically weaker sections” shall be such as
may be notified by the State from time to time on
the basis of family income and other indicators of
economic disadvantage.’
 However, the Union Law and Justice Minister
Ravi Shankar Prasad said the states will have the
freedom to decide on income criterion of
beneficiaries under the provision.
 This will be a class distinct from the already
specified classes of SCs, STs and socially and
educationally backward classes (OBCs).

Reservation in India – The Present and
the Future…

Lok Sabha , passed The Constitution 124th Amendment Bill,
on 08-01-2019, the same day it was introduced in the
HouseThe Rajya Sabha on the same day it was introduced (09-
01-2019).
 At present, reservations in India account for a total of
49.5%. If the 10% extra reservation for EWS is also taken
into account, it would be 59.5%.
 7.5%, 15%, and 27% quotas are reserved for Scheduled
Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Classes
respectively.
 If the EWS Quota Bill becomes an Act, only 40.5% of
seats will be allocated in educational institutions/jobs
based on the merit of candidates. As pointed by Supreme
Court, increase in reservations can compromise the
merit.
 Remember, the merit quota is not reserved anyone – not
even for the general category (hence the name – merit).
It is open to candidates from all categories – including
SC, ST, OBC, and the General category – who qualify on

ECONOMIC WEAKER SECTIONS
RESERVATIONS
 The EWS Quota Bill Gets President’s assent,
becomes Act As both houses of the Parliament
has passed the Constitution 124th (Amendment)
Bill, 2019, it was sent to the President of India for
his assent. President Ram Nath Kovind gave his
assent to a bill on 12-01-2019.
 The legislation will now be known as the
Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019.

CONT……
 The Indian National Congress is committed to
finding a way forward for introducing reservation in
education and employment for economically weaker
sections of all communities without in any way
affecting existing reservations for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
 It was a Congress promise. However, INC didn’t
mention the details of their plan or percentage of the
quota.
 Despite not being on the BJP’s election promise,
the NDA government came forward with the
reservation for EWS, just before the 2019 election.
 Initially, the reservation was intended only for SC/ST
communities – that too for a period of 10 years (1951-
1961). However, it got extended ever since. After the
implementation of Mandal Commission report in 1990,

Unequals should not be treated equally, but is
reservation the only solution?
There is no doubt that unequals should not be treated equally.
However, is the current system of unequal treatment perfect? Is it
creating more injustice? Is it the only way out in a welfare-nation?
It’s time to introspect.

Will Supreme Court consider the 124th
Constitutional Amendment Bill as valid?
 Except in a few states like Tamil Nadu, the cap of reservation
is 50%. This limit is set by the Supreme Court to avoid the
vote-bank politics of providing quotas thus compromising the
merit.
 Tamil Nadu has a law which provides for 69%
reservations, which has been inserted into the ninth
schedule of Constitution to immunize it from judicial
review.
 A nine-judge bench decision of the SC in the Indira
Sawhney case(1992) had capped the upper limit of
reservation at 50%. The Indira Sawhney case had further held
that social backwardness cannot be determined only with
reference to an economic criterion.
 So the limits imposed by the nine-judge bench in 1992 would
be the major litmus test for this ACT . If the same standards
are upheld by the Supreme Court, the 124th Constitutional
Amendment Act, will be declared null and void.
 The Gujarat Government had already brought an ordinance
to provide 10% quota for EWS in the forward castes. However,

The Tamil Nadu example
Tamil Nadu has had a quota policy from the pre-
Independence period. By the 1980s, the quotas in the State
were as high as 68 per cent.
The top court's verdict in the Indira Sawhney v. Union
of India (Mandal Commission) Case made this policy
untenable and the then government led by J
Jayalalithaa amended the Ninth schedule of the
constitution by passing the Tamil Nadu Backward
Classes, Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Reservation of seats in educational institutions and
appointments or posts in service under the state) Act,
1993 to keep the policy.
This act was amended in 2007 to add backward class
Muslims and in 2009 for the Arunthathiyar Community.

Debatable problems
 The major hurdle for the implementation of the
recent Act is the legal scrutiny. The Supreme
Court has ruled multiple times against exceeding
its 1992 formula of a maximum of 50 per cent
reservation.
 However, there are States like Tamil Nadu that go
beyond this limit and the Supreme Court has
upheld the state's policy many a time. Currently,
the State has a ‘69 per cent quota system’

JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES
 Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan
V Union of India & Another (2012) 6 SCC; Writ
Petition (C) No. 95 Of 2010.
 In this decision, the Supreme Court of India upheld
the constitutionality of section 12 of the Right of
Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act
(RTE Act) 2009,
 Which requires all schools, both state-funded and
private, to accept 25% intake of children from
disadvantaged groups. However, the Court held that
the RTE Act could not require private, minority
schools to satisfy a 25% quota, as this would
constitute a violation of the right of minority groups to
establish private schools under the Indian

In 2012, in Society for unaided Private
Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India
&other
 A 3 judge bench considered the challenge by several
private aided, unaided, minority and non-minority schools
to the constitutional validity of the RTE Act. While
unaided non-minority schools to the constitutional validity
of the RTE Act. While unaided non-minority schools
claimed that the Act, especially Section 12(1)(c),
violated their freedom to carry out a business under
Article 19(1)(g), aided and unaided minority schools
argued that the Act infringed on their special
constitutional rights as minority institutions under
Article 29 and 30 of the constitution.
 The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of
the RTE Act, but held that the Act, especially Section 12
did not apply to unaided minority schools as it

In 2014 , Pramati Educational and Cultural
Trust case
Pramati Educational & Central Trust & Ors v. Union of India &
Ors, (2014) 8 SSC 1. Date Decided: May 6, 2014
Several unaided non-minority schools approaches a Constitution
Bench of the Supreme Court challenging not only the RTE Act,
but also Article 21 A and 15(5).
Article 15(5) was introduced into the Constitution through
The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act 2005
to enable the State to require private non-minority educational
institutions to admit students form socially and economically
backward classes. The 5 judge bench upheld the constitutional
validity of Article 15(5) was to provide equal opportunities to
student the admission of a small percentage of students from
weaker and disadvantaged sections of the society would not
erode the right to do business under Article 19(1) (g).
Secondly, the Article 15(5) distinction between minority and non-
minority schools did not damage the equality principle as the
Constitution already recognized minority schools as a separate

T.M.A Pai Foundation vs. State of
Karnantaka A.I.R 2003 SC 355 at p-418
 Linguistic and religious minorities are covered by
the expression minority‘ under Article 30 of the
Constitution .Linguistic lines, therefore for the
purpose of determining minority, the unit will be
the State and not the whole of India. The religious
and linguistic minorities who have been put at per
Article 30 have to consider State wise.

In the case of P.A. Inamdar v/s State of Maharashtra
(2005) 6 SSC 537 at p. 592.
First every community in India becomes a minority
because in one or the other State of the country it will
be a in minority – linguistic or religious. What would
happen if a minority belonging to a particular State
establishes an educational institution in that State and
administers it but for the benefit of members belonging to
that minority domiciled in the neighboring State where the
community is in majority? Would it not be a fraud on the
constitution? In St. Stephen‘s.32 their Lordships had ruled
that Article 30(1) is a protective measure only for the
benefit of religious and linguistic minorities and no ill‐fit or
camouflaged institution should get away with the
constitutional protection (SCC p. 587, para 28). The
question need not detained us for long as it stands
answered in no uncertain term in Pai Foundation.
Emphasizing the need for preserving its minority character
so as to enjoy the privilege of protection under Article 30(1),

2006
 Article 15 was amended and clause (5) to Article
15 was added. The amended Article 15(5) reads
thus:
 "15(5).—Nothing in this Article or in sub-clause
(g) of clause (1) of Article 19 shall prevent the
State from making any special provision, by law,
for the advancement of any social and
educationally backward classes of citizens or for
the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes
insofar as such special provisions relate to their
admission to educational institutions including
private education institutions, whether aided or
unaided by the State, other than the minority

ECONOMIC WEAKER SECTIONS RESERVATIONS
ANDITS NEED
1. Reservation Policy has been greatly helpful in raising
economic condition and social status
2. Hence this policy must continue for the sake of
promoting social equality in the country.
3. Lack of socially neutral process.
4. The institutions for higher learning are overly dominated
by the candidates who are mostly from the upper caste
as they are more associated and inclined towards
education as well as they can afford them too.
5. The reservation for the higher education is on the basis
of social competence grounds, which is quite separate
from other arguments about creating a more
democratic and inclusive education process in general.

Delhi Development Authority v. Joint Action
Committee, Allottee of SFS Flats, (2008) 2 SCC 672
(para 43)
 REASONABLENESS and FAIRNESS is the Heart
and Soul of Article 14
 Affirmative action needs protective
discrimination:St. Stephens College v. University
of Delhi, (1992) 1SCC 558: AIR 1992 SC.
 The Supreme Court understood the guarantee of
equality in Art. 14 to mean absence of
discrimination, in later cases, the courts has come
to hold that in order that equality of opportunity
may reach the backward classes and minority, the
State must take affirmative action by giving them
a preferential treatment or protective
discrimination.

Jagdish Lal v. State of Haryana, AIR
1997 SC 2366: (1997) 6 SCC.
 When competing rights between the general and
the reserved candidates require adjudication and
adjustment with the rights of general candidates,
the doctrine of violation of Art. 14 have no role to
play, as some protective discrimination itself is a
facet of Article 14 and it does not again deny
equality to the reserved candidates.

“Rights are opportunities essential for
development of human dignity
 The very concept of equality is valid classification for
preferences in favour of disadvantaged classes of
citizen to improve their conditions so as to enable
them to raise their position of equality with other more
fortunate classes of citizen.
 • Sawant, J.-It was held that the object of positive
discrimination was empowerment of backward
class adequate sharing of power.

Article 46 of Indian Constituion
 Article 46: enjoins the State to promote with
special care towards the educational and
economic interests of the weaker sections of
the people, and in particular of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to
protect them from social injustice and all
forms of exploitation.
 Based on this provision coupled with other
provisions of the constitution, the state has
introduced a number of steps in the form of
concessions.

M.G.Badappanavar v. State of Karnataka.
 Equality is the basic feature of the constitution of
India and treatment of equals unequally will be
violation of basic structure of the constitution of
India.
 Equality basically means access or provision of
equal opportunities, where individuals are
protected from being discriminated against.

Indra Sawhney v. Union Of India,
AIR 1993 SC 477
 The “equality before the law” owes its origin to the
English Common Law. The doctrine of equality is
a dynamic and evolving concept.

Kesavananda Bharati case
 The Supreme Court, after the judgment in the
Kesavananda Bharati case, has adopted the
view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive
Principles being complementary to each other,
each supplementing the other's role in aiming at
the same goal of establishing a welfare state by
means of social revolution.

124th Constitution Amendment
“Genuine equality means not treating everyone the
same, but attending equally to everyone’s different
needs.”
― Terry Eagleton, ‘Why Marx Was Right.’
Equality is the basis of social justice and concept of social
justice is a natural development from the theories of Laissez
Faire to marxism through Humanism. The Constitution of
India reflects the spirit of social justice right from its
preamble itself.

The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are
subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for
the protection of public interest

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF EWS 10%
RESERVATION IN INDIA
1. Violation of principles laid down in Indra Sawhney
v. Union Of India, AIR 1993 SC 477
2. Reservation exceeded more than 50 %
3. Reservation cannot be defined by economic status
alone
4. Backwardness for the purpose of reservation
cannot be defined on economic status alone but
must be rooted in social exclusion
5. High limit of EWS quota will bring entire general
category under ambit
6. 124th Constitution Amendment, abrogates the
basic structure of the Indian constitution
7. Amendment stands contrary to the SC Judgement
in the TMA Pai and P.A.Inamdar cases as it imposes
reservation in private unaided educational
institutions

The bigger question, does the government create
jobs anymore?
The answer is no. Let's look at some data in support of this. Take a
look at Figure 1, which plots the number of central government
employees over the years.
Table 1: Does the government really create employment?


 Between 2000-2001 and 2018-2019, a period of
nearly two decades, the central government jobs
have grown by around 7.3% in absolute terms.
This works out to around 0.4% per year.
 If we take a look at the Modi years between, around
1.78 lakh jobs have been added, at the central
government level. This works out at around 45,000
jobs a year, on an average. If a reservation of 10%
would have been in place for the economically weaker
sections of the society, it would have added 4,500
jobs per year for them.
 In the context of India, where 10 million youth
enter the workforce every year, 4,500 new jobs is
close

Table 1: Total number of employees of central public
sector enterprises
Source: https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/PE%20ENG%20Volume-1%20FINAL%20web.pdf

 As can be seen in Table 1, between 2006-2007 and
2016-2017, the number of people working for central
public sector enterprises has gone down by close to
five lakhs. In this case, the government has been
destroying jobs and not creating them.
 Let's take the case of public sector banks. In 2012-2013,
the total number of employees had stood at 8.77 lakh. By
2016-2017, this was down to 8.67 lakh. This is another
case where government jobs have gone down.
 As of 2011-2012, the total number of people working for
the state governments stood at around 71.84 lakh. In
1990-1991, it had stood at 71.13 lakh. In between, it had
risen to 74.80 lakh in 1996-1997, and has been falling
since.
 There is no reason to believe that this trend has been
reversed since 2011-2012, given the financial condition of
the state governments across India. Even if there has

Reservations and the Issue of
Fairness
To some extent, both the slogans “inclusive
growth” and “globalization with a human face”
register this difference between growth and
development. While both speak of the need to
rectify prevailing inequalities, the shift in
phraseology has meant a subtle but important shift
in emphasis. If “globalization with a human face”
identifies excluded and marginalized people
primarily along class lines, “inclusive growth”
pinpoints the beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of
growth in terms of their religion and caste.

RECENT TRENDS-RESERVATION OF SEATS IN
OCAL
SELF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION (LSGIs)
 Two recent trends are available in this regard: one
is, new states, which predominantly Tribal have
been formed. This could offer sufficient political
power for the Tribal’s to govern themselves and
come up in life.
 Secondly the LSGIs regime envisaged in the
Constitution (Seventy-Third and Seventy – Forth
Amendment) Act 1992, has given rise to legislation
regarding Panchayat Raj at the village level and
Nagar Palika at the urban level.

The object of participatory democracy demands that people at
the village level should understand the intricacies of democratic
mechanism. Here too the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes are given the benefit of reservation. For instance
Constitution (seventy-third Amendment) Act 1992 adds to
the Constitution anew Part (Part IX) titled “Panchayats’. In
this Part, Article 243D provides that there shall be reservation
of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
every Panchayat and ‘number of seats so reserved shall bear
as nearly as may be, the same population of Scheduled Castes
in that Panchayat area or of the Scheduled Tribes in that
Panchayat area to the total population of that area and such
seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a
Panchayat. Again the State legislature is empowered to make
provisions forThe same Article in clause 2, 3 and 4 provides
for the reservation of seats for Scheduled castes and
Scheduled Tribes women as well as for other women.
women Chairpersons in Pnachayaat. But these reservations

10 % RESERVATION AND PUBLIC
INTEREST LITIGATION
 POLITICAL ACTIVIST TEHSIL POONAWALA
 ADVOCATE REEPAK AND PAWAN
 NGO YOUTH FOR EQUALITY
 INDIRA SAWHNY CASE JUDGMENT

CRITICISM IN SOCIETY ON PRESENT
RESERVATION
 The kind of reservation policy that our
government currently follows does nothing but
divide the society into different sections.
 Reservations are nothing but means to prosper
the vote banks of politicians.
 By reserving one category against another
creates a feeling of division which is now resulting
in a chaos with every small section of the society
asking for it.
 The process of reservation should be such that it
filters the truly economically deprived individuals
and bring them all to justice.

Conclusion
 Reservation can be an affirmative action to
address unequal opportunities across
different classes in the society only if the real
needy poor are targeted for its benefit.
 Rules frameed by government must be
“reasonable,just and equitable.

REFERENCES
 https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/t
he-124th-amendment-a-look-at-the-
facts/article25990756.ece
 https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-
inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-
income-inequality
 https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/02/education
al-reservations-india-solutions/
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/271
31/10/10_chapter%204.pdf
 https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/91239/WP%2036.pdf
 https://www.equitymaster.com/diary/detail.asp?d
ate=01/08/2019&story=8&title=Reservation-for-
Economically-Weaker-Sections---Dear-Mr-Modi-
10-of-Zero-is-Still-Zero

Economic weaker sections Reservation

Economic weaker sections Reservation

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