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1. KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR (fungi)

2. What is a fungus?
• A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism devoid of
chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by
absorption, and reproduces by spores.
• Organisme berfilamen (Filamentous (hyphae))
yang membentuk jaringan berupa miselium (lots
of hyphae)
• saprophytes
– Menyerap makanan dari benda organik

3. Fungal hyphae and mycelium

5. Fungal cell wall composition
• Structural components:
– chitin microfibrils [ß(1-4)-linked polymer of N-
acetylglucosamine]
– chitosan in Zygomycota [ß(1-4)-linked polymer of
glucosamine]
– ß-linked glucans
• Gel-like components:
– Mannoproteins (form matrix throughout wall)

6. Other cell wall components
• Antigenic glycoproteins, agglutinans,
adhesions—on cell wall surface
• Melanins—dark brown to black pigments
(confer resistance to enzyme lysis, confer mechanical
strength and protect cells from UV light, solar
radiation and desiccation)
• Plasma membrane—semi-permeable

8. Septa
• Septa—regular cross-walls formed in hyphae.
Hyphae with septa are septate, those lacking septa
except to delimit reproductive structures and aging
hyphae are called aseptate or coenocytic.
– primary septa are formed as a process of hyphal extension
and generally have a septal pore, which allows for
cytoplasmic and organelle movement.
– Secondary or adventitious septa are imperforate, formed
to wall off ageing parts of the mycelium.

9. Septal pores--Ascomycota
• Woronin bodies

10. There are no differentiated
structures in fungi, but hyphae can
generate…
mycelia stroma rhizomorphs

12. KLASIFIKASI FUNGI
Traditional classification
(Bessey, 1950; Ainsworth et al., 1973)
Berdasarkan Struktur morfologi dan reproduksi:
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Fungi
Divisio: 1. Myxomycota (plasmodial form)
2. Eumycota (non-plasmodial)

13. Traditional classification
(Ainsworth et al., 1973)
• Divisio: Eumycota
- Subdivisio: Mastigomycotina
Class: Chytridiomycetes,Hyphochytridiomycetes,
Oomycetes
- Subdivisio: Zygomycotina
Class: Zygomycetes, Trichomycetes
- Subdivisio: Ascomycotina
- Subdivisio: Basidiomycotina
- Subdivisio: Deuteromycotina

14. Modern Classification
(Whittaker, 1969; Carlile and Watkinson, 1994;
Cavalier-Smith, 1998, Kendrick, 2000; Esser &Lemke,2001; Kirk et al.,2001; Hibbett et al.,
2007)
Berdasarkan sekuens DNA, secara filogenetik lebih dekat dengan
hewan dari pada tumbuhan
Jamur (Mycota)
• Kingdom: Fungi (Eumycota)
• Phylum/division:
1. Chytridiomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Dikaryomycota:
Subphylum/Subdivision:
a) Ascomycotina
b) Basidiomycotina
• Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,, dan Zygomycota
• Myxomycota (plasmodial molds, Dictiosteliomycota (cellular slime
molds), dan Oomycota (water molds) tidak dimasukkan ke dalam
kingdom Fungi

15. Four phyla of fungi
o Chytridiomycota – zoospore & no sexual
spore
o Zygomycota – zygospore & sporangiospore
o Ascomycota – ascospore & konidia
o Basidiomycota – basidiospore
o Glomeromycota - Mikoriza

16. Phylum/division: Dikaryomycota
Subphylum/Subdivision: (+tina)
1) Ascomycotina
• Class: (+es)
- Saccharomycetes
- Ascomycetes
2) Basidiomycotina
Class: (+es)
- Heterobasidiomycetes
- Homobasidiomycetes

17. Figure 31-8
Eukarya
Fungi and animals
share a common
ancestor at this point

18. Phylogeny
• Based on reproductive structures there are 4
monophyletic groups

19. Diversity in Fungi

20. Fungal Diversity
Fungi

21. Figure 31-9
Plants
Microsporidia Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota Glomeromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota
Glomeromycota,
Basidiomycota, and
Ascomycota are
monophyletic
Chytridiomycota
and Zygomycota
are paraphyletic
Make chytrid-like motile
gametes and spores
Make zygote with tough outer coat
Make pedestal-like basidium
Make sac-like ascus
PHYLOGENY BASED ON DNA SEQUENCING

22. Key Lineages
• Chytridiomycota – most ancient, water dwelling
decomposers. Live in guts of herbivores - mutualism;
?causing decline of amphibians - parasitism.
• New! Microsporidia – parasites that enter cells and
destroy. Affect insects and humans, especially
immune-compromised humans.
• Zygomycota – bread and fruit molds - Rhizopus.
Used to produce steroids and other organic
molecules.

23. Key Lineages
• Glomeromycota – arbuscular mycorrhzal
fungi.
• Basidiomycota – mushrooms, puffballs, shelf
or bracket fungi and ectomycorrhizae. Some
are edible, others are poisonous or
hallucinogenic.

24. Key Lineages
• Ascomycota – “cup fungi”
– Lichen formers – with cyanobacteria or green
algae.
– Non-lichen formers – Penicillium (penicillin),
Aspergillus (citric acid), truffels and morels.

25. “chytrids”
• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores -
zoospores
• Mostly saprobes and
parasites in aquatic
habitats
• Could just as well be
Protists
Chytridium growing on spores
Chytriomyces growing on pine pollen

26. • Heterotrof saprofit
• Tubuh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium.
• Hifa tidak bersekat (coenocytic)
• Spora dihasilkan oleh sporangium.
• Reproduksi menghasilkan spora dilakukan melalui 2 cara :
1. Aseksual : dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung.
2. Seksual : dilakukan bila kondisi lingkungan kurang
mendukung
Contohnya : Jamur tempe / Rhizopus oryzae.
Ciri Umum Zygomycota.

27. Rhizopus
REPRODUKSI
ASEKSUAL
Hifa
Penyebaran
Spora
MEIOSIS
KONJUGASI
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Zygosporangium
Dewasa
REPRODUCTION
SEKSUAL
Hifa (+)
Hifa ()
50 m
Sporangium
Melakukan Konjugasi
1
Hasil konjugasi menghasilkan
Zigospora
2
Zigospora tumbuh menjadi
Zigospora dewasa
3
Sporangium
memancarkan
spora.
7
5 Tumbuh dan berkecambah
Membentuk sporangium seksual
Spora berkecambah
menjadi hifa
8
Siklus Hidup Jamur Rhizopus

28. Contohnya : Jamur oncom / Neurospora crassa.
Ciri Umum Ascomycota.
• Heterotrof saprofit
• Ada yang uniselular (mis : Saccharomyces) dan multiselular.
• Tubuh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium, dan ada yang memiliki
tubuh buah.
• Hifa bersekat.
• Spora dihasilkan oleh konidiospora bila secara aseksual dan
sel askus bila spora dihasilkan secara seksual.
• Reproduksi menghasilkan spora dilakukan melalui 2 cara :
1. Aseksual : dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung.
2. Seksual : dilakukan bila kondisi lingkungan kurang
mendukung

29. Ascomycetes (predominance of n in life cycle)
Sexual spores (ascospores)
are generated within “sacks”
called asci
*
Ascus

30. Ascomycetes (predominance of n in life cycle)
Sexual spores (ascospores)
are generated within “sacks”
called asci
*
Ascus

31. Ascomycota

32. Ascomata
apothecium perithecium cleistothecium
*

33. pseudothecium
*

35. What are Yeast ?
– eukaryote
– unicellular fungi
– phylum Ascomycetes
– order Saccharomycetales
– wide dispersion of natural habitats, plant leaves, wine grapes
– ferment sugars to ethanol
• Production of wine, beer etc.
• Baking, raise dough through production of CO2
• Sparkling wine
• Used by man aprox. 6000 years B.C.
– difficult to define a wild-type
– vitamin supplement in food production
– divide by budding; Saccharomyces (cerevisiae)
– divide by division: Schizosaccharomyces (pombe)
– human pathogen: Candida albicans

36. Yeast as a
model eukaryote
“the awesome power of yeast genetics” ->
“the awesome power of yeast cell biology”
• Fast generation cycle (90 min)
• Non-pathogenic
• Chemically defined growth media
• Large quantities -> class. biochemistry
• Amenable to classical genetics
• Large mutant collections
• Strong cell biology
• Strong -omics (gen-, proteo-, metabol-,...

38. 38

39. Basidiomycota

40. spores
basidia

44. • Mikoriza merupakan simbiosis
antara fungi dengan akar tanaman.
• Simbiosis ini menguntungkan bagi
keduanya.
1. Bagi tanaman : meningkatkan
penyerapan air dan mineral.
2. Bagi fungi : mendapatkan nutrisi
dari tanaman.
Simbiosis Fungi dengan Akar Tanaman (Mikoriza)

45. “Ecto”mycorrhizae
Russula
mushroom
mycorrhizas on
Western
Hemlock root
Fungal hyphae
around root and
between cells
Mycorrhiza cross sections

46. Oomycetes (Div. Oomycota) Kingdom: straminopila
(prev. Chromista)

47. zooconidio di
oomicete
*
Important group of forest pathogens, includes the genera
Pithyum and Phytophthora
Although apparently similar to the fungi, oomycetes are an
example of convergence, basically the same morphology was
selected because of their lifestyle similar to that of the fungi.
they all have a water dependant phase, they have cellulose in
the cell wall, and are mostly 2n

48. Fungi penting???
Keanekaragaman dan
penyebaran penyakit
Sbg decomposers
Sbg pathogen
tanaman,hewan,manusia,dan makanan
Sbg penghasil metabolit sekunder
Produk makanan (fermentasi)

50. Fungi as Parasites & Pathogens

51. Examples of symptoms
caused by fungi:
Cankers
Storage rots of fruits and
vegetables
Rust, mildews
Leaf spots

52. 52