Ecology Review
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This document provides an overview of key ecological principles including biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems, energy flow and biogeochemical cycles, populations and their growth limits, food webs, and the interconnectedness of all living and non-living things. It discusses how ecosystems contain producers, consumers, and decomposers that fulfill specific roles, and how energy flows through food chains while materials cycle through biotic and abiotic interactions. The document emphasizes that all populations are regulated by limiting factors and carrying capacity, and that human population growth warrants special concern due to potential environmental impacts.
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2) Energy enters ecosystems through producers, mostly plants that use photosynthesis, and flows through food chains of consumers like herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Only about 10% of energy is transferred at each trophic level with 90% lost as heat.
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This document provides an overview of ecological concepts and principles of ecosystems. It defines ecology and describes the basic units of ecological systems from protoplasm to the biosphere. Key concepts discussed include populations, communities, ecosystems, food webs, and the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Four principles of ecosystems are outlined: everything is related, everything must go somewhere, nature knows best, and there is no free lunch. Factors affecting ecosystems and environmental health are also summarized.
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Matter cycles through ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles. The water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are especially important. In the water cycle, water moves between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. In nutrient cycles, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are used by organisms and recycled through the environment. The availability of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus can limit primary productivity in ecosystems. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and excessive fertilizer use impact nutrient cycles globally.
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Ecology_Environmen_marven.ppt
The document provides information on key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It discusses different ecological levels from cells to biomes. Important abiotic factors that influence organisms like sunlight, temperature, water and soil are outlined. Biotic factors like competition, predation, and symbiosis are described. The roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in energy transfer through food chains and food webs within ecosystems are summarized.
Ecology lecture 3-5 (2-2-2023), (8-2-2023).pptx
This 3-credit course covers fundamentals of ecology at the BS level. It defines key ecological terms like organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome and biosphere. It discusses population ecology including factors determining population growth, exponential and logistic growth models, and limiting factors. The course also examines communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. Students will do mid-term group presentations on ecological factors and energy flow. Assessment includes exams, presentations, proposals, quizzes and attendance.
Ecology & Ecosystem
Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. Key topics covered in the document include the definition of ecology, different types of ecologists and fields within ecology such as population ecology. Ecosystems are also discussed, including their components such as abiotic (non-living) factors like climate and biotic (living) factors including producers, consumers and decomposers. Examples are provided of different ecosystem types including terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Concepts of biosphere, ecosystem, biome, ecotone, community and ecology
The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in biogeography and ecology, including:
- Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships within the Earth system. The biosphere is thought to have evolved over 3.5 billion years ago.
- Ecosystem: The community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. Ecosystems are controlled by both external and internal factors.
- Biome: A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat. The main terrestrial biomes include rainforests, grasslands, tundra, and deserts.
- Ecotone: A
Ecology Rev.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment contains abiotic factors like climate and biotic factors like other living things. Organisms are organized into a hierarchy of levels including species, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Producers, consumers, and decomposers have different roles in ecosystems. Energy flows through trophic levels from producers to consumers to decomposers, with only about 10% transferring between levels. Food chains and webs show feeding relationships. Pollutants can biomagnify up food chains. Species interact through relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis.
ecosystems-concepts.pptx
An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, ranging in size from a drop of water to the biosphere. Key characteristics of ecosystems include their structure, processes like energy flow and cycling of elements, and changes over time. Living components interact through food chains and food webs, with trophic levels defining an organism's position. Species also indirectly affect each other through community-level interactions, and keystone species have large impacts. Ecosystem management aims to conserve species by sustaining ecosystem functions.
Zones of biosphere reserve
A biosphere reserve is divided into three zones: the core zone where no human activity is allowed, the buffer zone where limited human activity is permitted, and the manipulation zone where several human activities like settlements, cropping, and forestry can occur. Biosphere reserves aim to preserve wildlife populations, tribal lifestyles, and genetic resources while also supporting conservation, economic development, and scientific research. India has 14 biosphere reserves that help protect biodiversity in sacred forests and lakes. Ex situ conservation strategies like botanical gardens and gene banks also help preserve species and genetic resources.
Most of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We ma.docx
M
ost of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We make
our homes in cities and towns, surround ourselves with con-
crete and steel, and drown out the songs of birds with noise.
The closest many of us get to nature is a romp with the family dog
on the grass in the backyard. A lucky few come in much closer con-
tact with the great outdoors through hiking, camping, canoeing, and
kayaking. For many of these people, though, nature is still viewed
as something apart from humans—a thing to protect to preserve a few
pristine places for people to enjoy.
Humans and Nature: The Vital Connections
Hard as it may be for many people to accept, human beings are part of the fabric of
life. We are a part of nature. We are dependent on the Earth and natural systems in
thousands of ways and are an integral part of the cycles of nature. Consider our de-
4.1
Principles of Ecology:
How Ecosystems Work
Humans and Nature:
The Vital Connections
Ecology: The Study of
Natural Systems
The Structure of Natural
Systems
Ecosystem Function
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-1:
Sustainable Sewage
Treatment: Mimicking
Nature
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-2:
Colleges and Universities
Go Green
Point/Counterpoint:
Controversy over
Extinction
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER 4
Never does nature say one thing, and wisdom another.
—Juvenal
50
CRITICAL THINKING
Exercise
The information gained from various fields of
science such as ecology is often loosely trans-
lated in the public arena. Terms are some-
times misinterpreted. Facts are taken out of
context. New findings are given more cre-
dence than they deserve, and old, disproved
ideas remain in the popular thinking for a
long time. As you read this chapter, make a
list of terms, ideas, concepts, and facts you
encounter that contradict what you thought
was true.
pendence first by taking a look around the room in which you
are sitting. Everything in that room comes from the Earth or
a natural system. The clothes you wear, your morning tea or
coffee, and even the cornflakes you ate for breakfast are
products of the Earth—the soil, water, air, and plants.
Like all other species, humans depend on the soil, air,
water, sun, and a host of living organisms to survive. Each
year, in fact, human beings (and other animals) consume
enormous quantities of oxygen, which is used in the cells of
our bodies to break down food molecules to generate en-
ergy. Oxygen is produced by plants and algae. Without these
organisms, humans and other animals could not survive.
Trees, grasses, and other plants also provide a host of addi-
tional free services. For example, plants protect the water-
sheds near our homes, preventing flooding and erosion.
Swamps purify the water in streams and lakes—water many
of us drink. Birds help to control insect populations.
Clearly, nature serves us well. Although many of us have
isolated ourselves from nature, we still depend on nature in
many ways. We have not emancipated ...
Ecology and ecosystem
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of ecology, including:
- Ecology is defined as the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It was coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869 from Greek roots meaning "house" and "study."
- Ecology examines the interrelationships between living things and non-living components at different organizational levels from individual species to entire biomes. Key areas of study include autecology, synecology, aquatic ecology, terrestrial ecology, and classifications based on the environment.
- Ecosystems are the functional units of ecology, containing all the living and non-living components that interact within a defined space. Major ecosystem types include
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Key topics in ecology include the components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, and decomposers; trophic structure and food webs; nutrient and energy cycling; and major ecosystem types such as forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and deserts. Ecosystems can be classified based on their environment, study area, or level of human impact. Understanding ecology is important for appreciating humanity's role in modifying the environment.
Principles of Ecology
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines relationships between living and non-living components.
2) Organisms exist within different ecological levels from cells to the biosphere. Food chains and webs show how energy flows between organisms as herbivores, carnivores and omnivores feed.
3) Populations grow over time according to exponential, logistic, or S-curve models until limited by carrying capacity due to factors like predation, competition, and crowding. Human population growth poses challenges for global carrying capacity.
Ecology lecture 1-2 (1-2-2023).pptx
This 3-credit course on fundamentals of ecology covers key topics including definitions of ecology, historical background, classifications of ecology based on nature of study and type of environment, levels of ecological organization, feeding interactions like energy flow and trophic levels, and ecological interactions between organisms such as competition, niche, predation, and symbiosis. The course is taught in the 4th semester of the BS in Environmental Science program at NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology in Multan, Pakistan.
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
The document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms like ecology, organism, environment, and ecosystem. It describes the objectives and types of ecological studies, including classifications based on environment or habitat and advancements in the field. Components of ecosystems like abiotic and biotic factors are explained. Energy flow within ecosystems is depicted through trophic structure, ecological pyramids, food chains, and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles like the hydrologic cycle and carbon cycle are also summarized.
6th Grade Chapter 6
This document provides an overview of ecosystems and the relationships between living and non-living components. It defines an ecosystem as including all the organisms and non-living factors in an area interacting as a functional unit. It describes different ecosystem types and sizes, from small piles of leaves to the entire biosphere. Key abiotic factors that determine what organisms can survive in an ecosystem, like soil, temperature, water, and sunlight, are also outlined. Relationships within ecosystems, like populations of the same species and communities of interacting populations, are examined.
Similar to Ecology Review (20)
Concepts of biosphere, ecosystem, biome, ecotone, community and ecology
Concepts of biosphere, ecosystem, biome, ecotone, community and ecology
Most of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We ma.docx
Most of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We ma.docx
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
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Ecology Review
- 1. A refresher!
- 4. To fully understand an ecosystem, we must factor in all of the biotic and abiotic components…
- 5. Abiotic elements influence organism survival. Organisms have specific physiological ranges: if the temperature or moisture isn’t suitable for example, then organisms cannot survive in that habitat
- 6. In terms of biotic elements…All ecosystems contain three types of living organisms, which fulfill ecological niches… Saprovores (or detritivores) are organisms that decay ( to deteriorate, rot or decompose ) substances of dead organisms. Producers are organisms that contain chlorophyll and synthesize organic compounds with sun energy
- 7. Consumers are organisms that cannot produce their own food (animals, humans- any living thing that does not have chlorophyll) and therefore must eat other organisms (plants and/or animals) to get their energy and food. Consumers can be further classified as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores (based on diet) or they can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. (based on where they eat in a food chain)
- 8. Food chains are limited in length, though, because the amount of available energy in an ecosystem decreases as one goes up higher levels in a food chain. The amount of biomass decreases too.
- 9. Energy flows through successive levels of an ecosystem and then is ultimately “lost” as heat. The sun provides the energy to sustain life.
- 10. Unlike energy, some materials cycle within ecosystems Major nutrients, such as carbon, phosphorous, water, and nitrogen flow through ecosystems, and may be in various organic and inorganic forms…
- 11. The cycling of many materials is due to the nature of the feeding relationships (the food web) within an ecosystem…
- 12. Some of the relationships among organisms are obvious… Some are not so obvious
- 13. So energy flows through earth ecosystems and nutrients cycle within ecosystems… What happens when there is environmental change? The Hubbard Brook study has shown the important role that living things have on the balance and cycling of nutrients through ecosystems
- 14. We must better understand how these materials move through ecosystems so that we can better understand environmental consequences, e.g., global warming
- 15. There is another important ecological issue… populations grow. Populations are groups of members of the same species in the same area Populations in turn are going to be interacting with the environment and with other populations
- 16. Populations of organisms interact in nature, which tends to keep populations from growing too large. The maximum number of individuals an environment can support is known as the carrying capacity
- 17. Populations grow until something limits them. It could be a lack of resources, damage to the environment caused by the population, or other populations which grow in response to a growing population All populations have growth limits
- 18. Human population growth is of special concern because of its potential impact on our biosphere
- 20. “ This we know - the Earth does not belong to man - man belongs to the Earth. This we know. All things are connected like the blood which unites one family. All things are connected. Whatever befalls the Earth - befalls the sons of the Earth. Man did not weave the web of life - he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself.” Chief Seattle 1854 The key to understanding ecology? All things are connected…
- 22. Ultimately, we must try to understand the interactions in nature so that we can predict impacts of environmental change, understand human population growth impacts We attempt to develop models of ecosystems in order to predict environmental impacts of “changing just one thing…”
- 24. Even though we need a global perspective to address many environmental issues, and indeed many issues cannot be addressed unless we think about “whole earth” approaches, some issues are more local in nature. That is why we are taking a Kentucky AND global focus in this class.
- 26. END