This document discusses the use of lung ultrasound in the intensive care unit (ICU). It begins with an introduction and outline. It then covers techniques for imaging the lungs and pleura, and describes normal findings such as lung sliding, A-lines, and diaphragm movement. Abnormal findings including B-lines indicating pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, consolidations, and pneumothorax are also discussed. The document explores the use of lung ultrasound in clinical scenarios to differentiate causes of hypoxemia and respiratory failure. It emphasizes how lung ultrasound can aid procedures and follow clinical conditions. In conclusion, the author hopes to present again on this topic next year.
This document discusses lung ultrasound findings for various lung conditions. It provides images and descriptions of normal lung ultrasound appearance as well as findings for:
- Interstitial lung disease showing multiple B-lines
- Pneumonia appearing as hypoechoic consolidations with potential air or fluid bronchograms
- Lung abscesses appearing as anechoic lesions that may contain air or show no enhancement with contrast
- Pulmonary embolism appearing as triangular hypoechoic lesions often in a subpleural location without blood flow
- Atelectasis appearing as liver-like consolidations that may contain static air bronchograms
- Bronchial carcinoma appearing as hypoechoic lesions that may enhance heterogeneously with contrast
This document provides an overview of imaging for abdominal trauma. It summarizes that FAST has high sensitivity for detecting free fluid but lower sensitivity for organ injuries compared to CT. CT is nearly 100% accurate for detecting hemoperitoneum and organ injuries and can help guide management. The document recommends performing FAST first in hemodynamically unstable patients and CT in stable patients, with CT also indicated for penetrating injuries to the back/flank and potentially the anterior abdomen.
This document provides a detailed summary of various patterns seen on HRCT scans of the lungs including reticular, nodular, ground glass, mosaic and honeycombing patterns. It describes the characteristic radiological features of different interstitial lung diseases such as UIP, NSIP, COP, RB-ILD, DIP, LIP, AIP and others. Key diagnostic criteria and differentiating features between these conditions are discussed. HRCT images demonstrating examples of the described patterns are also included.
Computed tomography of thorax basics and its interpretation (1)Arvind Ghongane
This document provides an overview of computed tomography (CT) of the thorax, including the basics of CT, different types of CT scans like high resolution CT and plain CT, Hounsfield units for CT number measurement, and interpretation of CT scans of the lung. It discusses appearance patterns like ground glass opacity, consolidation, and linear and nodular opacities. It also covers location patterns like centrilobular, perilymphatic, and random distributions and common diseases associated with each.
1) The document discusses guidelines for managing pain, sedation, and delirium in the ICU using a P-A-D approach. It recommends routine assessment and treatment of pain, use of non-benzodiazepine sedatives like dexmedetomidine over benzodiazepines, and monitoring for delirium using tools like CAM-ICU and ICDSC.
2) It provides an overview of validated scales for assessing sedation and pain in ICU patients. Daily sedation interruption and protocol-directed sedation may help reduce duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay.
3) Paralysis may be considered to facilitate ventilation when sedation is insufficient, though choice of neuromus
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with cough, chest pain, and breathlessness for 1 month with weight loss and loss of appetite. An x-ray showed a well-defined anterior mass that overlapped the hilum, indicating it was located in the anterior mediastinum. Differential diagnoses of anterior mediastinal masses include thymoma, teratoma, thyroid goiter or neoplasm, and lymphoma. The mass's location was identified as anterior mediastinal using the hilum overlay sign, where an anterior mass will overlap the main pulmonary arteries.
This document discusses the use of lung ultrasound in the intensive care unit (ICU). It begins with an introduction and outline. It then covers techniques for imaging the lungs and pleura, and describes normal findings such as lung sliding, A-lines, and diaphragm movement. Abnormal findings including B-lines indicating pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, consolidations, and pneumothorax are also discussed. The document explores the use of lung ultrasound in clinical scenarios to differentiate causes of hypoxemia and respiratory failure. It emphasizes how lung ultrasound can aid procedures and follow clinical conditions. In conclusion, the author hopes to present again on this topic next year.
This document discusses lung ultrasound findings for various lung conditions. It provides images and descriptions of normal lung ultrasound appearance as well as findings for:
- Interstitial lung disease showing multiple B-lines
- Pneumonia appearing as hypoechoic consolidations with potential air or fluid bronchograms
- Lung abscesses appearing as anechoic lesions that may contain air or show no enhancement with contrast
- Pulmonary embolism appearing as triangular hypoechoic lesions often in a subpleural location without blood flow
- Atelectasis appearing as liver-like consolidations that may contain static air bronchograms
- Bronchial carcinoma appearing as hypoechoic lesions that may enhance heterogeneously with contrast
This document provides an overview of imaging for abdominal trauma. It summarizes that FAST has high sensitivity for detecting free fluid but lower sensitivity for organ injuries compared to CT. CT is nearly 100% accurate for detecting hemoperitoneum and organ injuries and can help guide management. The document recommends performing FAST first in hemodynamically unstable patients and CT in stable patients, with CT also indicated for penetrating injuries to the back/flank and potentially the anterior abdomen.
This document provides a detailed summary of various patterns seen on HRCT scans of the lungs including reticular, nodular, ground glass, mosaic and honeycombing patterns. It describes the characteristic radiological features of different interstitial lung diseases such as UIP, NSIP, COP, RB-ILD, DIP, LIP, AIP and others. Key diagnostic criteria and differentiating features between these conditions are discussed. HRCT images demonstrating examples of the described patterns are also included.
Computed tomography of thorax basics and its interpretation (1)Arvind Ghongane
This document provides an overview of computed tomography (CT) of the thorax, including the basics of CT, different types of CT scans like high resolution CT and plain CT, Hounsfield units for CT number measurement, and interpretation of CT scans of the lung. It discusses appearance patterns like ground glass opacity, consolidation, and linear and nodular opacities. It also covers location patterns like centrilobular, perilymphatic, and random distributions and common diseases associated with each.
1) The document discusses guidelines for managing pain, sedation, and delirium in the ICU using a P-A-D approach. It recommends routine assessment and treatment of pain, use of non-benzodiazepine sedatives like dexmedetomidine over benzodiazepines, and monitoring for delirium using tools like CAM-ICU and ICDSC.
2) It provides an overview of validated scales for assessing sedation and pain in ICU patients. Daily sedation interruption and protocol-directed sedation may help reduce duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay.
3) Paralysis may be considered to facilitate ventilation when sedation is insufficient, though choice of neuromus
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with cough, chest pain, and breathlessness for 1 month with weight loss and loss of appetite. An x-ray showed a well-defined anterior mass that overlapped the hilum, indicating it was located in the anterior mediastinum. Differential diagnoses of anterior mediastinal masses include thymoma, teratoma, thyroid goiter or neoplasm, and lymphoma. The mass's location was identified as anterior mediastinal using the hilum overlay sign, where an anterior mass will overlap the main pulmonary arteries.
Bedside ultrasound can help in the diagnosis and management of dengue infection in several ways. It can detect signs of plasma leakage like ascites, pleural effusion, and gallbladder wall thickening. These findings are seen more commonly in severe dengue cases than non-severe cases. Ultrasound can also identify patients at risk of disease progression by detecting subclinical plasma leakage. While nonspecific, ultrasound findings may help diagnose dengue in unsuspected cases or where laboratory testing is limited. Serial ultrasounds can monitor for developing plasma leakage not seen on initial exams.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological signs in thoracic radiology.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various radiological signs seen in thoracic diseases. It describes signs such as the silhouette sign, air bronchogram sign, signet ring sign, popcorn calcification, tram-track sign, tree-in-bud sign, CT angiogram sign, finger-in-glove sign, halo sign, reverse halo sign, coin lesion, miliary shadowing, Monod's sign, fallen lung sign, bulging fissure sign, flat waist sign, Golden S sign, bat wing appearance, ground glass pattern, crazy paving sign, mosaic pattern, sandstorm appearance, and honeycomb lung. Each sign is accompanied by an illustration and description of associated diseases.
1. Pneumomediastinum is caused by a rupture of the alveolus or pulmonary bleb which allows air to dissect along blood vessels into the mediastinum.
2. Presentation includes chest pain, difficulty breathing, and neck swelling. Physical exam may reveal subcutaneous air or Hamman's sign.
3. Chest CT scan can identify linear densities, the spinnaker sign, and air in the mediastinum. Treatment focuses on low pressure ventilation and drain placement if life-threatening.
This document provides an overview of lung ultrasound and discusses various lung pathologies that can be identified using ultrasound. It begins with background on lung anatomy and ultrasound principles. Various normal and abnormal findings are then described, including pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, consolidation, pleural effusions, and lung tumors. Case studies are presented to demonstrate ultrasound identification of conditions like emphysema, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and lung cancer. The document emphasizes that lung ultrasound allows accurate diagnosis of many lung conditions at the point of care based on visualization of artifacts, B-lines, lung sliding, and consolidations.
Ultrasound has many advantages for critically ill patients in the ICU. It enables rapid, repeated, and inexpensive bedside evaluation. There are two main probe types: B-mode produces 2D images while M-mode shows motion over time, analogous to video. Ultrasound can assess volume status by measuring the diameter and collapse of the inferior vena cava. It can diagnose pneumothorax by lung sliding signs or stratosphere and seashore artifacts. Ultrasound is also used for vascular access, intubation, diaphragm assessment, and identifying pleural effusions and hemothorax. Critical care physicians should receive training to utilize ultrasound's benefits for critically ill patients.
This document discusses imaging in abdominal trauma. It begins by outlining the mechanisms and types of abdominal injuries from blunt and penetrating trauma. It then describes the FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) exam and its role in the initial assessment of hemodynamically unstable patients. For stable patients, CT is typically used to further evaluate injuries suggested on clinical exam or FAST. The document outlines key CT findings for various intra-abdominal injuries and hemorrhage.
CT Angiography is an important technique for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). It allows direct visualization of blood clots in the lungs. A 16-slice CT scan can cover the entire chest in less than 10 seconds with 1mm resolution, evaluating vessels down to the 6th order branches. While CTPA is fast, non-invasive and highly sensitive and specific, limitations include potential allergic reactions to contrast dye or risks for patients with kidney problems or pregnancy. Proper technique including timing of contrast injection is important to avoid motion artifacts.
This document discusses cardiac output and continuous cardiac output measurement techniques. It describes how cardiac output is measured using a Swan-Ganz catheter via the thermodilution method, injecting cold saline and measuring the temperature change in the pulmonary artery. Continuous cardiac output can be measured minimally invasively using the PiCCO system, which uses a central venous catheter and femoral arterial catheter to inject cold saline and measure the temperature change, allowing beat-to-beat cardiac output monitoring. The document outlines the equipment, accessories, measurement procedures, and parameters provided by both methods.
- Ultrasound of the inferior vena cava (IVC) can help assess intravascular volume status and guide fluid management. Measuring the diameter and collapse of the IVC during respiration provides a noninvasive estimate of central venous pressure.
- A case presentation describes a cirrhotic patient with hyponatremia whose IVC ultrasound showed 100% collapse, suggesting intravascular volume depletion. Based on this the patient was given normal saline and fluid restrictions were tightened to treat their mixed hyponatremia.
- Proper technique involves imaging the IVC longitudinally below the xiphoid process or in the mid-axillary
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
1) Pulmonary embolism can be diagnosed using several imaging modalities including ventilation/perfusion scans, CT angiography, and MRI angiography.
2) Ventilation/perfusion scans involve injecting radiotracers for perfusion imaging and inhaling radiotracers for ventilation imaging. Mismatches between ventilation and perfusion images can indicate pulmonary embolisms.
3) CT angiography is now widely used as the primary method for diagnosing pulmonary embolism but exposes patients to more radiation than ventilation/perfusion scans.
Daily awakening trials and discontinuation of sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients may help reduce the length of their ICU stay. Assessing a patient's readiness to wake up and breathe on their own is an important part of the weaning process from mechanical ventilation support in the ICU. Shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation can benefit patients by decreasing the risks of complications and allowing for earlier mobilization.
The document discusses the anatomy of the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It describes how the mediastinum is divided into three compartments - superior, anterior, and posterior. Each compartment contains different structures like blood vessels, lymph nodes, and organs. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to further examine abnormalities detected on chest x-rays by providing detailed images of mediastinal structures and lesions in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Key CT features of various mediastinal structures are also outlined.
Point of Care Ultrasound - Hyperechoic Future in Medical School?cbyrne2014
This document discusses the potential role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in medical school. It begins with an overview of ultrasound fundamentals and image interpretation. It then examines how POCUS can efficiently address focused clinical questions at the bedside, such as detecting pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. Emerging evidence demonstrates POCUS has diagnostic accuracy comparable to other imaging modalities. The document argues POCUS could improve patient care, be a valuable clinical skill, and enhance career satisfaction if physicians receive proper training. It encourages readers to consider incorporating POCUS into their practice.
This document discusses several radiographic signs seen on chest x-rays and CT scans. It describes signs such as the air bronchogram sign which indicates alveolar disease filling the surrounding alveoli and making bronchi visible. It also discusses signs seen in various lung pathologies like atelectasis, consolidation, and pneumomediastinum. Examples of specific signs mentioned include the halo sign seen in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, the luftsichel sign seen in left upper lobe collapse, and the cervicothoracic sign used to locate mediastinal lesions.
The document summarizes advances in pulmonary embolism imaging. It reviews the importance of clinical prediction scores and various imaging modalities for diagnosing pulmonary embolism such as CT pulmonary angiography, ventilation-perfusion scanning, ultrasound, and MRI. It also discusses findings on CT imaging including signs of right ventricular strain and thrombus burden. New techniques such as low-dose CT and dual-energy CT are introduced.
The document discusses the history and evolution of vaporizers used in anesthesia. It begins by explaining how vaporizers work to change liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for inhalation. It then discusses the early historical use of soporific sponges and development of devices over time. Key developments included Morton's ether inhaler and advances like temperature compensation. Modern vaporizers aim to precisely and consistently deliver anesthetic vapors. Desflurane requires a special vaporizer due to its high volatility. The Tec 6 vaporizer was specifically designed for desflurane, using a heated, pressurized dual circuit system to maintain a consistent vapor concentration.
Pitfalls in chest CT can usually be easily avoided, if the reader is aware of them.
Technical issues, artifacts, error of perception and error of interpretation, if not recognized, can result in >>>>>>>>inappropriate treatment.
DOTT.SSA DANESE VINCENZA G. - Master ECM in Ecografia Internistica 2016 - Sabato 16 - 30 Gennaio e 13 Febbraio 2016 - Sala Congressi Fondazione Santa Lucia - Via Ardeatina n. 354 - ROMA
Sito ASMaD: http://www.asmad.net
Bedside ultrasound can help in the diagnosis and management of dengue infection in several ways. It can detect signs of plasma leakage like ascites, pleural effusion, and gallbladder wall thickening. These findings are seen more commonly in severe dengue cases than non-severe cases. Ultrasound can also identify patients at risk of disease progression by detecting subclinical plasma leakage. While nonspecific, ultrasound findings may help diagnose dengue in unsuspected cases or where laboratory testing is limited. Serial ultrasounds can monitor for developing plasma leakage not seen on initial exams.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological signs in thoracic radiology.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various radiological signs seen in thoracic diseases. It describes signs such as the silhouette sign, air bronchogram sign, signet ring sign, popcorn calcification, tram-track sign, tree-in-bud sign, CT angiogram sign, finger-in-glove sign, halo sign, reverse halo sign, coin lesion, miliary shadowing, Monod's sign, fallen lung sign, bulging fissure sign, flat waist sign, Golden S sign, bat wing appearance, ground glass pattern, crazy paving sign, mosaic pattern, sandstorm appearance, and honeycomb lung. Each sign is accompanied by an illustration and description of associated diseases.
1. Pneumomediastinum is caused by a rupture of the alveolus or pulmonary bleb which allows air to dissect along blood vessels into the mediastinum.
2. Presentation includes chest pain, difficulty breathing, and neck swelling. Physical exam may reveal subcutaneous air or Hamman's sign.
3. Chest CT scan can identify linear densities, the spinnaker sign, and air in the mediastinum. Treatment focuses on low pressure ventilation and drain placement if life-threatening.
This document provides an overview of lung ultrasound and discusses various lung pathologies that can be identified using ultrasound. It begins with background on lung anatomy and ultrasound principles. Various normal and abnormal findings are then described, including pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, consolidation, pleural effusions, and lung tumors. Case studies are presented to demonstrate ultrasound identification of conditions like emphysema, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and lung cancer. The document emphasizes that lung ultrasound allows accurate diagnosis of many lung conditions at the point of care based on visualization of artifacts, B-lines, lung sliding, and consolidations.
Ultrasound has many advantages for critically ill patients in the ICU. It enables rapid, repeated, and inexpensive bedside evaluation. There are two main probe types: B-mode produces 2D images while M-mode shows motion over time, analogous to video. Ultrasound can assess volume status by measuring the diameter and collapse of the inferior vena cava. It can diagnose pneumothorax by lung sliding signs or stratosphere and seashore artifacts. Ultrasound is also used for vascular access, intubation, diaphragm assessment, and identifying pleural effusions and hemothorax. Critical care physicians should receive training to utilize ultrasound's benefits for critically ill patients.
This document discusses imaging in abdominal trauma. It begins by outlining the mechanisms and types of abdominal injuries from blunt and penetrating trauma. It then describes the FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) exam and its role in the initial assessment of hemodynamically unstable patients. For stable patients, CT is typically used to further evaluate injuries suggested on clinical exam or FAST. The document outlines key CT findings for various intra-abdominal injuries and hemorrhage.
CT Angiography is an important technique for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). It allows direct visualization of blood clots in the lungs. A 16-slice CT scan can cover the entire chest in less than 10 seconds with 1mm resolution, evaluating vessels down to the 6th order branches. While CTPA is fast, non-invasive and highly sensitive and specific, limitations include potential allergic reactions to contrast dye or risks for patients with kidney problems or pregnancy. Proper technique including timing of contrast injection is important to avoid motion artifacts.
This document discusses cardiac output and continuous cardiac output measurement techniques. It describes how cardiac output is measured using a Swan-Ganz catheter via the thermodilution method, injecting cold saline and measuring the temperature change in the pulmonary artery. Continuous cardiac output can be measured minimally invasively using the PiCCO system, which uses a central venous catheter and femoral arterial catheter to inject cold saline and measure the temperature change, allowing beat-to-beat cardiac output monitoring. The document outlines the equipment, accessories, measurement procedures, and parameters provided by both methods.
- Ultrasound of the inferior vena cava (IVC) can help assess intravascular volume status and guide fluid management. Measuring the diameter and collapse of the IVC during respiration provides a noninvasive estimate of central venous pressure.
- A case presentation describes a cirrhotic patient with hyponatremia whose IVC ultrasound showed 100% collapse, suggesting intravascular volume depletion. Based on this the patient was given normal saline and fluid restrictions were tightened to treat their mixed hyponatremia.
- Proper technique involves imaging the IVC longitudinally below the xiphoid process or in the mid-axillary
The document discusses empyema thoracis, beginning with definitions and a brief history. It describes the stages of empyema development from parapneumonic effusion to organized empyema. Common causes include bacterial pneumonias. Diagnosis involves pleural fluid analysis and imaging. Management includes antibiotics, drainage, and surgery if drainage fails. Surgical options range from VATS to open procedures depending on severity.
1) Pulmonary embolism can be diagnosed using several imaging modalities including ventilation/perfusion scans, CT angiography, and MRI angiography.
2) Ventilation/perfusion scans involve injecting radiotracers for perfusion imaging and inhaling radiotracers for ventilation imaging. Mismatches between ventilation and perfusion images can indicate pulmonary embolisms.
3) CT angiography is now widely used as the primary method for diagnosing pulmonary embolism but exposes patients to more radiation than ventilation/perfusion scans.
Daily awakening trials and discontinuation of sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients may help reduce the length of their ICU stay. Assessing a patient's readiness to wake up and breathe on their own is an important part of the weaning process from mechanical ventilation support in the ICU. Shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation can benefit patients by decreasing the risks of complications and allowing for earlier mobilization.
The document discusses the anatomy of the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It describes how the mediastinum is divided into three compartments - superior, anterior, and posterior. Each compartment contains different structures like blood vessels, lymph nodes, and organs. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to further examine abnormalities detected on chest x-rays by providing detailed images of mediastinal structures and lesions in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Key CT features of various mediastinal structures are also outlined.
Point of Care Ultrasound - Hyperechoic Future in Medical School?cbyrne2014
This document discusses the potential role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in medical school. It begins with an overview of ultrasound fundamentals and image interpretation. It then examines how POCUS can efficiently address focused clinical questions at the bedside, such as detecting pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. Emerging evidence demonstrates POCUS has diagnostic accuracy comparable to other imaging modalities. The document argues POCUS could improve patient care, be a valuable clinical skill, and enhance career satisfaction if physicians receive proper training. It encourages readers to consider incorporating POCUS into their practice.
This document discusses several radiographic signs seen on chest x-rays and CT scans. It describes signs such as the air bronchogram sign which indicates alveolar disease filling the surrounding alveoli and making bronchi visible. It also discusses signs seen in various lung pathologies like atelectasis, consolidation, and pneumomediastinum. Examples of specific signs mentioned include the halo sign seen in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, the luftsichel sign seen in left upper lobe collapse, and the cervicothoracic sign used to locate mediastinal lesions.
The document summarizes advances in pulmonary embolism imaging. It reviews the importance of clinical prediction scores and various imaging modalities for diagnosing pulmonary embolism such as CT pulmonary angiography, ventilation-perfusion scanning, ultrasound, and MRI. It also discusses findings on CT imaging including signs of right ventricular strain and thrombus burden. New techniques such as low-dose CT and dual-energy CT are introduced.
The document discusses the history and evolution of vaporizers used in anesthesia. It begins by explaining how vaporizers work to change liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for inhalation. It then discusses the early historical use of soporific sponges and development of devices over time. Key developments included Morton's ether inhaler and advances like temperature compensation. Modern vaporizers aim to precisely and consistently deliver anesthetic vapors. Desflurane requires a special vaporizer due to its high volatility. The Tec 6 vaporizer was specifically designed for desflurane, using a heated, pressurized dual circuit system to maintain a consistent vapor concentration.
Pitfalls in chest CT can usually be easily avoided, if the reader is aware of them.
Technical issues, artifacts, error of perception and error of interpretation, if not recognized, can result in >>>>>>>>inappropriate treatment.
DOTT.SSA DANESE VINCENZA G. - Master ECM in Ecografia Internistica 2016 - Sabato 16 - 30 Gennaio e 13 Febbraio 2016 - Sala Congressi Fondazione Santa Lucia - Via Ardeatina n. 354 - ROMA
Sito ASMaD: http://www.asmad.net
1. Corso di Formazione in
ECOGRAFIA CLINICA IN EMERGENZA-URGENZA
24-25 Novembre 2016
Ospedale della Misericordia Grosseto
Torace
Anatomia ecografica
Diagnosi differenziale della dispnea
Ruolo dell’ecografia del polmone nell’EPA cardiogeno
Versamento pleurico e quantizzazione
Pneumotorace
ARDS
Addensamenti polmonari
Vincenzo Pennestrì
2. Intensive use of general ultrasound in the
intensive care unit. Prospective study of
150 consecutive patients
Intensive Care Medicine, 1993;19(6):353-5.
David Lichtenstein
4. • Rilevare un Pnx in un politraumatizzato in posizione
supina
• Identificare un emotorace o versamento pleurico e
guidare la manovra di toracentesi in emergenza in
posizione supina
• Distinguere versamento pleurico, consolidamento
alveolare o interessamento interstiziale
Ecografia toracica
versus
Rx torace
5. • L’obiettivo dello studio era confrontare sensibilità e specificità
dell’ecografia toracica a pz supino rispetto a una radiografia A-P con
apparecchio portatile nell’individuare un Pnx traumatico e valutarne
l’entità
• 64 pazienti sono stati arruolati in questo studio in un periodo di quattro
mesi
• Rx torace: sensibiltà 47% e specificità 100%
• Eco torace: sensibilità 100% e specificità 98%
• L’eco toracica sembra essere maggiormente sensibile rispetto alla
radiografia A-P supina nell’evidenziare un pnx traumatico ed è in
grado di differenziarne l’entità (parziale, totale)
A Prospective Comparison of Supine Chest X-ray and Bedside
Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Traumatic Pneumothorax
S. Duggal et al.
Academic Emergency Medicine Volume 11, Number 5 579, 2004
15. Linee A assenti?
• Sangue
• Edema interstiziale o alveolare
• Infezione
• Contusione
• Tumore
16. B Lines
• Artefatti
• Linee verticali (code di cometa)
• Ben definite
• Iperecogene
• Attraversano le linee A ed arrivano fino in
fondo
• Si muovono con gli atti del respiro
22. Dinamica pleuro-polmonare
• Gliding pleurico (o sliding): scivolamento della pleura viscerale
su quella parietale che si verifica con l’espansione polmonare
in assenza di aderenze pleuriche
• Pulse (o Lung pulse): movimento originato dalle pulsazioni
cardiache e trasmesso alle strutture pleuriche parietali in
assenza di versamento e di pnx; evidenziabile in assenza di
gliding
34. Attenzione!!!
Il gliding sign può essere assente in altre condizioni……..
• Versamento pleurico
• Addensamenti polmonari con adesioni pleuriche
• Intubazione selettiva con isolamento del polmone
controlaterale
• BPCO avanzata
46. Versamento pleurico
• Minimo: solo nello sfondato
• Piccolo: in una sola scansione
• Moderato: in due scansioni (500-1500 ml)
• Massivo: in più di due proiezioni (>1500 ml)
Mechanism of the artifact:The comet-tail artifact appears when there is a marked difference in acoustic impedance between an object and its surroundings. The reflection of the beam creates a phenomenon of resonance. The time lag between successive reverberations is interpreted as a distance, resulting in a center that behaves like a persistent source, generating a series of very closely spaced pseudo-interfaces . The beam is "trapped" in a closed system, resulting in endless to-and-fro echoing . The figure below shows the mechanism. The path of the sound beam is shown as a function of time. When the beam meets the sub-pleural end of the thickened septum, it reflects indefinitely at a speed of 1,450 m/s, resulting in an artifact composed of all the micro-reflections. Each reflection of the beam is displayed on the screen behind the previous reflection. A distance of about 1 mm separates each reflection.