Walsh Construction rented two BAUER Drilling Rigs from specialty foundation equipment supplier Equipment Corporation of America to overcome challenging subsurface conditions during the $89.9-million Crum Creek Viaduct Replacement project in Swarthmore, Pa. Story by Brian M. Fraley, Fraley AEC Solutions, LLC.
This construction job story, "Keep on Boring," ran in the November 2017 issue of Foundation Drilling Magazine. It also ran in several American, Canadian, and European construction magazines.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)Ryan Coggins, P.E.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)
http://www.berkelandcompany.com/technical-resources/technical-papers
Please visit Berkel & Company at www.berkelandcompany.com for additional information about the construction and engineering services we offer for your next project. Contact your regional Berkel office ( http://www.berkelandcompany.com/locations ) or you may contact me directly to facilitate your request.
Ryan Coggins, P.E.
rcoggins@berkelapg.com
Martin Cox - Directional Drilling - technology, development and achievements ...MiningInstitute
Presented to the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (8 Dec 2016).
At the end of the 19th Century oil well drilling was a slow process, based on a variety of mining based innovations, combined and adapted to access simple, close to surface reserves. The Spindletop discovery, Beaumont Texas 1901, utilised the rotary drilling process to access a reservoir at +/- 1,000ft, and the Texas Oil Boom soon made the USA the world's leading oil producer.
As the demand for oil and gas increased, the industry faced increasing challenges, the drilling process has required major advances to meet demand and keep the industry competitive. The development of directional drilling technology has had a major impact on the industry’s ability to access smaller, more complex reserves with increasing environmental constraint. Accessing unconventional reserves such as geothermal energy and carbon capture developments will require its use.
Martin Cox began in 1979 as an NCB Student Apprentice in the South Nottinghamshire Area. Graduating in Mining Engineering he joined the offshore oil industry. His 30 years in well engineering activities, overseas & the UK, includes commercialisation and development of directional drilling & related technologies in use today. Now with Aberdeen Drilling Management (ADM) engaged in investment, application of
expertise and technology, with a view to future energy requirements and environmental challenges. Martin is President elect for the Institute IOM3 2017/18.
This construction job story, "Keep on Boring," ran in the November 2017 issue of Foundation Drilling Magazine. It also ran in several American, Canadian, and European construction magazines.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)Ryan Coggins, P.E.
2015 Recent Developments in ACIP and DD Piling (NeSmith)
http://www.berkelandcompany.com/technical-resources/technical-papers
Please visit Berkel & Company at www.berkelandcompany.com for additional information about the construction and engineering services we offer for your next project. Contact your regional Berkel office ( http://www.berkelandcompany.com/locations ) or you may contact me directly to facilitate your request.
Ryan Coggins, P.E.
rcoggins@berkelapg.com
Martin Cox - Directional Drilling - technology, development and achievements ...MiningInstitute
Presented to the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (8 Dec 2016).
At the end of the 19th Century oil well drilling was a slow process, based on a variety of mining based innovations, combined and adapted to access simple, close to surface reserves. The Spindletop discovery, Beaumont Texas 1901, utilised the rotary drilling process to access a reservoir at +/- 1,000ft, and the Texas Oil Boom soon made the USA the world's leading oil producer.
As the demand for oil and gas increased, the industry faced increasing challenges, the drilling process has required major advances to meet demand and keep the industry competitive. The development of directional drilling technology has had a major impact on the industry’s ability to access smaller, more complex reserves with increasing environmental constraint. Accessing unconventional reserves such as geothermal energy and carbon capture developments will require its use.
Martin Cox began in 1979 as an NCB Student Apprentice in the South Nottinghamshire Area. Graduating in Mining Engineering he joined the offshore oil industry. His 30 years in well engineering activities, overseas & the UK, includes commercialisation and development of directional drilling & related technologies in use today. Now with Aberdeen Drilling Management (ADM) engaged in investment, application of
expertise and technology, with a view to future energy requirements and environmental challenges. Martin is President elect for the Institute IOM3 2017/18.
DESIGN OF A MODEL HAULAGE TECHNIQUE FOR WATER FLOODING CAISSON ASSEMBLY.Emeka Ngwobia
Presented in this study is the engineering solution to the movement of a 63m, 45tons Caisson from a fabrication yard to a field location in the Gulf of guinea. This was achieved by dividing the whole process into three stages; firstly by using excel sheets with relevant design formulas to design the spreader bar configuration to lift the caisson from the quayside to a crane barge conveniently, showing the necessary lifting sequence employed to complete this process, also designing the lifting accessories needed which includes pad eyes, shackles, wire rope and spreader bars according to relevant codes and standards The first spreader Is an I beam of length of 25m and section with dimension 533mm by 229mm weighing 129kg/m, the second beam and the third beam are designed similarly as an I beam of length 9m and section 533mm by 229mm weighing 129kg/m. The choice of pad eye to be welded on the spreader beam was based on the working limit of the pad eye, which was analytically designed using spread sheet, performing necessary checks to make sure it will not break off during the lifting operations. It is reinforced with cheek plates at the pin hole to reduce the stresses at the pin hole. The total pad eye used for this operation is 16. The choice of shackle attached to each of the pad eye was based on the total self weight of all the lifting materials(55tons), according to the Crosby group catalogue it is an S2130 bow shackle of Nominal size 50.8mm, Stock no 1019659 and weight 23.7002kg, also the wire rope configuration chosen to based on the safe working load limit according to the Bethlehem wire rope general purpose catalogue ASME B30.5- 1995 the wire rope has nominal strength of 53.1tons, sling class 19x7 IWRC(Purple or extra improved ploy (EIP Steel).
. Secondly, by providing solutions to sea fastening for the caisson on the deck of the crane barge, which was modeled using STAADPRO, which involved support designs and loss of support designs, so as to accommodate for the hydrodynamic effect while the caisson is being transported by the crane barge, having in mind that the crane barge chosen will adequately accommodate the caisson because of the deck space required to fit the 63m long caisson, from the analysis the Caisson is supported by steel beams spaced at 10 m interval which is fastened with the aid of a clamp as seen in the detailed drawings, this caisson and beam supports are modeled with staadpro software and support reactions obtained. These supports are now spaced at 20 m intervals and analyzed to simulate a situation where there is a loss of support reaction during transportation of the caisson. A saddle clamp is to joined to a H beam for support to hold it to the deck at varying length and at the starting point a pivot made from a pad eye joined with a pin to connect the saddle clamp to allow for easy lifting of the caisson when it is at 25m to the FPSO.
Topsides installation options for semi-submersible floating production systemsNiels Haakman
The concept selection of joining the topsides to the hull of a floating production system has far reaching consequences on the shipyard work scope and the basic engineering and therefore warrants due attention in the earliest stages of field development concept selection. The concepts, benefits and challenges of float overs, heavy lifts, skidding and 20,000 ton crane TAISUN are discussed - slides of a presentation at the Deepwater Asia Congress in Shanghai, May 22 2009
Introduction to Advanced Construction EquipmentsATUL DONGRE
Study of different categories of construction equipment used conventionally with reference to available types and their types and their capabilities, operations and factors affecting their performance.
Earthmoving and other hauling equipment
Drilling and blasting equipment
Pile driving equipment
Pumping equipment (for water as well as concrete), applications of air compressor.
Dewatering techniques for trenches, tunnels.
Stone crushing equipment.
Think outside the box (culvert): How creativity sells more precastHamilton_Kent
Highlighting three important projects that are creating opportunities for producers of box sections, simply by utilizing an existing product in new ways and with new requirements.
This construction job story, "Deep Foundations Drill to Keep TBMs Crawling on Canada's Largest Transit Expansion," ran on the cover of Foundation Drilling Magazine. It also ran in several American, Canadian, and European construction magazines.
Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Coverijtsrd
Drainage manhole covers are widely used in sanitary sewer and storm water systems in world. However, technical information regarding their structural aspects is limited. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of main parameters that impact the design of manhole cover. A three-dimensional finite element model for circular manhole cover was developed using AutoCAD, solid works and NX. The 3d model was analyzed by ANSYS for different parameters like different load and different material. Here cast iron is used as material of cover. The load condition was applied for two type of cover one without stiffer and with stiffer. Dhruvkumar Joshi | Hardik C. Tekwani"Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Cover" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd13032.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/13032/effect-of-static-load-on-cast-iron-drainage-manhole-cover/dhruvkumar-joshi
SUBSEA PIPE LINES IN SUBMARINE STATE . • Flowlines transporting oil and/or gas from satellite subsea wells to subsea manifolds
• Flowlines transporting oil and/or gas from subsea manifolds to production facility platforms
• Infield flowlines transporting oil and/or gas between production facility platforms
• Export pipelines transporting oil and/or gas from production facility platforms to shore
• Flowlines transporting water or chemicals from production facility platforms, through subsea injection manifolds, to injection wellheads.
DESIGN OF A MODEL HAULAGE TECHNIQUE FOR WATER FLOODING CAISSON ASSEMBLY.Emeka Ngwobia
Presented in this study is the engineering solution to the movement of a 63m, 45tons Caisson from a fabrication yard to a field location in the Gulf of guinea. This was achieved by dividing the whole process into three stages; firstly by using excel sheets with relevant design formulas to design the spreader bar configuration to lift the caisson from the quayside to a crane barge conveniently, showing the necessary lifting sequence employed to complete this process, also designing the lifting accessories needed which includes pad eyes, shackles, wire rope and spreader bars according to relevant codes and standards The first spreader Is an I beam of length of 25m and section with dimension 533mm by 229mm weighing 129kg/m, the second beam and the third beam are designed similarly as an I beam of length 9m and section 533mm by 229mm weighing 129kg/m. The choice of pad eye to be welded on the spreader beam was based on the working limit of the pad eye, which was analytically designed using spread sheet, performing necessary checks to make sure it will not break off during the lifting operations. It is reinforced with cheek plates at the pin hole to reduce the stresses at the pin hole. The total pad eye used for this operation is 16. The choice of shackle attached to each of the pad eye was based on the total self weight of all the lifting materials(55tons), according to the Crosby group catalogue it is an S2130 bow shackle of Nominal size 50.8mm, Stock no 1019659 and weight 23.7002kg, also the wire rope configuration chosen to based on the safe working load limit according to the Bethlehem wire rope general purpose catalogue ASME B30.5- 1995 the wire rope has nominal strength of 53.1tons, sling class 19x7 IWRC(Purple or extra improved ploy (EIP Steel).
. Secondly, by providing solutions to sea fastening for the caisson on the deck of the crane barge, which was modeled using STAADPRO, which involved support designs and loss of support designs, so as to accommodate for the hydrodynamic effect while the caisson is being transported by the crane barge, having in mind that the crane barge chosen will adequately accommodate the caisson because of the deck space required to fit the 63m long caisson, from the analysis the Caisson is supported by steel beams spaced at 10 m interval which is fastened with the aid of a clamp as seen in the detailed drawings, this caisson and beam supports are modeled with staadpro software and support reactions obtained. These supports are now spaced at 20 m intervals and analyzed to simulate a situation where there is a loss of support reaction during transportation of the caisson. A saddle clamp is to joined to a H beam for support to hold it to the deck at varying length and at the starting point a pivot made from a pad eye joined with a pin to connect the saddle clamp to allow for easy lifting of the caisson when it is at 25m to the FPSO.
Topsides installation options for semi-submersible floating production systemsNiels Haakman
The concept selection of joining the topsides to the hull of a floating production system has far reaching consequences on the shipyard work scope and the basic engineering and therefore warrants due attention in the earliest stages of field development concept selection. The concepts, benefits and challenges of float overs, heavy lifts, skidding and 20,000 ton crane TAISUN are discussed - slides of a presentation at the Deepwater Asia Congress in Shanghai, May 22 2009
Introduction to Advanced Construction EquipmentsATUL DONGRE
Study of different categories of construction equipment used conventionally with reference to available types and their types and their capabilities, operations and factors affecting their performance.
Earthmoving and other hauling equipment
Drilling and blasting equipment
Pile driving equipment
Pumping equipment (for water as well as concrete), applications of air compressor.
Dewatering techniques for trenches, tunnels.
Stone crushing equipment.
Think outside the box (culvert): How creativity sells more precastHamilton_Kent
Highlighting three important projects that are creating opportunities for producers of box sections, simply by utilizing an existing product in new ways and with new requirements.
This construction job story, "Deep Foundations Drill to Keep TBMs Crawling on Canada's Largest Transit Expansion," ran on the cover of Foundation Drilling Magazine. It also ran in several American, Canadian, and European construction magazines.
Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Coverijtsrd
Drainage manhole covers are widely used in sanitary sewer and storm water systems in world. However, technical information regarding their structural aspects is limited. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of main parameters that impact the design of manhole cover. A three-dimensional finite element model for circular manhole cover was developed using AutoCAD, solid works and NX. The 3d model was analyzed by ANSYS for different parameters like different load and different material. Here cast iron is used as material of cover. The load condition was applied for two type of cover one without stiffer and with stiffer. Dhruvkumar Joshi | Hardik C. Tekwani"Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Cover" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd13032.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/13032/effect-of-static-load-on-cast-iron-drainage-manhole-cover/dhruvkumar-joshi
SUBSEA PIPE LINES IN SUBMARINE STATE . • Flowlines transporting oil and/or gas from satellite subsea wells to subsea manifolds
• Flowlines transporting oil and/or gas from subsea manifolds to production facility platforms
• Infield flowlines transporting oil and/or gas between production facility platforms
• Export pipelines transporting oil and/or gas from production facility platforms to shore
• Flowlines transporting water or chemicals from production facility platforms, through subsea injection manifolds, to injection wellheads.
This cover story from the October 2000 edition of Constructioneer explains E.J. Breneman's cold in-place recycling process and how it was getting traction with local municipalities.
This cover story explains how heavy civil contractor Burke Construction conquered its first pile driving job using and RTG RG 19 T Piling Rig. This story also had one of Pile Buck Magazine's highest ever levels of engagement in the enewsletter.
This October 5, 1998 Constructioneer article by Brian Fraley explains how R.A.M. Construction executed a record-breaking pile driving project in Dover, Delaware.
The cover story for Rock Road Recycle tells the story of how Urban Foundation/Engineering used two BAUER BG Drilling Rigs from Equipment Corporation of America to conquer an underground boulder field in Brooklyn, N.Y. to make way for a high-profile tower.
This Piling Canada cover story reveals ECA's evolution from a World War I surplus equipment dealer to a global leader in specialty foundation equipment.
This 1921 brochure from Equipment Corporation of America (ECA) showcases the firm's manufacturing and rebuilding capabilities for construction and material handling equipment.
Featured in Vol. 33 No. 6 2017 of Pile Buck Magazine, this story focuses on the role of Deep Foundations Contractors' extensive fleet of BAUER Drilling Rigs on its Crosstown LRT project in downtown Toronto.
ECA is one of the first equipment distributors to participate in AED's Technician Certification Program. This article in CED Magazine explains how the move will benefit its customers.
This article in the December 20, 1999 issue of Constructioneer Magazine, explains how lifting equipment helped to transport and erect the famous Rockefeller Center Christmas tree in 1999.
This advertorial for Pile Buck Magazine explains the Second Chance Line Restraint, an innovative crane safety product that prevents the snapping of overloaded hoisting lines. It appeared in Volume 33 No. 4 2017 issue of Pile Buck.
This column by then-Editor Brian M. Fraley addresses the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's (PennDOT) adoption of GPS-controlled surveying. It was featured in the Spring 2007 edition of Highway Builder, the official publication of the Associated Pennsylvania Constructors.
Cover story from the November 6, 2000 issue of Constructioneer on how Popple Construction used a fleet of 20 Cat earthmovers to move 2.6-million cubic yards of dirt in preparation for a Procter & Gamble warehouse in Northeastern Pennsylvania.
This cover story, featured in the May 2017 issue of Hard Hat News, explains how PKF-Mark IIII took a break from traditional pile driving methods to rent two RTG Pile Driving Rigs from Equipment Corporation of America for its PA Turnpike/I-95 Interchange Project in Bucks County, Pa. The switch paid off.
This story, featured on the cover of PileDriver Magazine's Issue 2, tells the story of a forward-thinking contractor that abandoned its traditional pile driving approach and took a gamble on two RTG Pile Driving Rigs from Equipment Corporation of America. The results were positive and drastically improved the firm's performance on a $142.9-million infrastructure project in Pennsylvania.
This story, featured in GeoDrilling International, explains how a forward-thinking contractor broke with tradition to install bridge foundations on the PA Turnpike/I-95 Connector Project in Pennsylvania. PKF Mark III historically relied on a crane-suspended pile hammer. Its decision to rent RTG pile driving rigs from Equipment Corporation of America (ECA) is paying off with doubled productivity, reduced labor, increased safety, and cost-savings.
This story, featured in Pile Buck Magazine, explains how a forward-thinking contractor broke with tradition to install bridge foundations on the PA Turnpike/I-95 Connector Project in Pennsylvania. PKF Mark III historically relied on a crane-suspended pile hammer. Its decision to rent RTG pile driving rigs from Equipment Corporation of America (ECA) is paying off with doubled productivity, reduced labor, increased safety, and cost-savings.
Fraley AEC Solutions Owner Brian Fraley and Pile Buck Magazine Editor Alex Smoot have a discussion in a Q&A format on the importance of marketing in the construction industry.
Walsh Construction rented two BAUER Drilling Rigs to replace a historic viaduct near Philadelphia. This story, published in Deep Foundations Magazine, details the many unique drilling challenges faced during this high-profile project.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
ECA Drilling Rigs a Perfect Fit for Viaduct Replacement
1. Viaduct Replacement
With ECA Drilling Rigs
The international deep foundations
and marine construction magazine
EST. 1984
mar/apr 2016
Volume 32, Issue 2
published 6 times a year
PLUS
a young Project Engineer and the Folsom Auxiliary Spillway
Retaining Wall Project
NUMA Faces the Challenge
Emergency bridge replacement
By Condon-Johnson
sheet piling 101Different shapes, production types and project applications
Precision Pile by Meever USA
2. 24 Pile Buck Magazine | Vol.32 No.2 2016 | pilebuck.com
JOB STORY
A
BAUER BG
18 H Rotary
Drilling Rig sits
wedged between
an earthen
embankment,
a shotcrete-covered bridge
abutment, a maze of rusty
steel trestles, and the un-
derside of a historic railroad
viaduct in Swarthmore, Pa.
on a glacial January morn-
ing. The rig, working in a low
overhead configuration, was
supported by a BAUER BG
20 H, both of which prime
contractor Walsh Construc-
tion of Chicago rented from
the nearby Aldan, Pa. office
of Equipment Corporation of
America (ECA).
Rebuilding a
Historic Viaduct
This high-profile
$89.9-million Southeastern
Pennsylvania Transporta-
tion Authority (SEPTA)
project requires the complete
replacement of the 925-foot-
long, 100-foot-high Crum
Creek Viaduct. The structure
Walsh is replacing, built in
1895, underwent repairs in
1983 but was in dire need of
replacement to safely carry
SEPTA’s passengers on the
Media/Elwyn commuter
rail line. The original bridge
on this site was a pre-Civil
War era, five-span timber
arch truss bridge on masonry
piers. It was owned by the
Philadelphia, Baltimore
Washington Railroad (PWB
RR) and later acquired by the
Pennsylvania Railroad.
Walsh began construction
on the substructure in Sum-
mer 2015 and is working ag-
gressively toward an etched
in stone deadline of Summer
2017. Despite the variety of
construction processes in-
volved, drilling the founda-
tions for new footings, piers,
and abutments was the key
to the project.
No Ordinary Site
Conditions, No
Ordinary Drilling Rigs
Walsh and ECA began dis-
cussing the project in March
2015 at The International
Foundations Congress
Equipment Exposition (IF-
CEE). ECA’s Aldan Branch
Manager Tim Dutton and
Engineering Sales Manager
Gordian Ulrich walked the
site in April with Walsh Su-
perintendent Richie Vance
to determine which drilling
rigs would work best on this
challenging site.
It was ultimately deter-
mined that Walsh would rent
the BG 18 H and BG 20 H
Premium Line Drilling
By Brian M. Fraley, Fraley AEC Solutions
ECA Drilling Rigs a Perfect
Fit for Viaduct Replacement
Swarthmore, PA
The BAUER BG 18 H Rotary Drilling Rig works in low overhead configuration to install drilled shafts near the Crum Creek
Viaduct west abutment with limited overhead clearance. Walsh rented the BG 18 H and BG 20 H from Equipment Corporation
of America to install eight 20- to 58-foot-deep, 36-inch-diameter drilled shafts at each pier and 12 at each abutment.
3. pilebuck.com | Vol.32 No.2 2016 | Pile Buck Magazine 25
Rigs because they were
light enough to navigate
rough terrain with adequate
hydraulic output to core
through hard rock of up to
25,000 psi. The low head-
room capability of the BG 18
H was determined to be opti-
mal for drilling in work areas
with height restrictions.
ECA delivered both drill-
ing rigs in June 2015. The
BG 20 H, part of the Aldan
location’s existing rental
fleet, worked on site through
Christmas. ECA coordinated
manufacturing and delivery
of the BG 18 H with BAUER
Maschinen and imported the
rig from Schrobenhausen,
Germany. Its unique ability
to work in both low overhead
and standard configuration
kept the BG 18 H on site until
February 2016. ECA brought
in an operator from BAUER
to assist with training,
but all on-site service and
reconfiguration of the BG 18
H was handled by its own
technicians in Aldan.
These Premium Line
rigs offer some additional
benefits over BAUER’s
Value Line that were ideally
suited for the Crum Creek
Viaduct project. The main
difference between the
two is that the Premium
Line features a crowd cable
system with a winch as op-
posed to the crowd cylinder
system on the Value Line.
The Premium Line rigs, as
a result, deliver more crowd
force. They also comply with
the latest Tier 4 emission
standards, and are heavier
machines with greater hy-
draulic output.
Foundation Work
Sets the Pace
Walsh is tasked with
building a new viaduct
beneath the original struc-
ture before demolition can
commence. The keystone
of the project is foundation
work for the substructure,
which includes two abut-
ments and four sets of
piers. Walsh used the BG
18 H and BG 20 H Drilling
Rigs to install eight 20- to
58-foot-deep, 36-inch-
diameter drilled shafts at
each pier and 12 at each
abutment.
Vance indicated in Janu-
ary 2016 that drilling was
a week and a half behind
schedule primarily due to
unexpectedly hard rock
and environmental permit-
ting delays, but he was
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Walsh Construction is replacing the 925-foot-long,
100-foot-high Crum Creek Viaduct in Swarthmore, Pa.
4. 26 Pile Buck Magazine | Vol.32 No.2 2016 | pilebuck.com
JOB STORY
confident that Walsh would
be back on track shortly.
Despite the unforeseen
challenges, Vance was
satisfied with the drilling
production rate.
“Drilling is make or
break,” he says, as a SEPTA
railcar rattles across the
viaduct behind him. “De-
pending on how that goes,
it’s almost how the whole
job goes.”
Soil Conditions?
It’s Complicated
Project Geologist Bill
Bradfield of Schnabel Engi-
neering’s West Chester, Pa.
office describes the Crum
Creek site as “interesting.”
“We ran the full gamut of
drilling conditions within
the span of this bridge,”
he says, noting that meta-
morphic rock in this region
can be highly variable over
short distances.
The site contained
primarily Schist, but
production was hampered
when crews hit Amphibo-
lite. This extremely hard
metamorphic rock was
prevalent near the western
abutment and the Crum
Creek channel.
Bradfield recalls watch-
ing production drastically
improving from as little as
two feet per day with an
auger to a foot an hour using
the BAUER roller bit core
barrel, which is recognized
as a respectable rate of pro-
duction in hard rock. Walsh
initially tried a cluster drill
but had no luck keeping the
tool straight. The switch to
roller bit core barrels also
quieted drilling chatter and
reduced the strain on the
drilling rigs.
Roller Bit Core
Barrel Keeps
Production Rolling
Dutton confirms Brad-
field’s observations, noting
that the production increase
was mainly due to the
switch from conventional
tooling to the BAUER roller
bit core barrel. “With con-
ventional tools they were
getting two to three feet per
day,” he recalls, pointing
to an extracted four-foot
Amphibolite core. “When
the roller bit core barrel was
running in optimal condi-
tions they were getting a
foot an hour in some really
hard rock.”
Conventional drilling
tools could not stand alone
on this site, according to
Dutton. “This is the beast
here that did a lot of the
hard rock drilling,” he
says, pointing to a BAUER
roller bit core barrel. Walsh
initially considered down-
the-hole and hammer drills,
but ultimately decided the
core barrel was the right tool
for the job.
Walsh purchased 10 tools
from ECA, including pri-
marily 36-inch augers, core
barrels, drilling buckets, and
roller bit core barrels. There
were a few 42-inch tools for
overburden areas where the
rock was not immediately
below the surface.
Site Access, Low
Overhead, Steep
Slopes Vibration
Monitoring
The topography surround-
ing the viaduct is compli-
cated by steep inclines,
wetlands, the meandering
Crum Creek, and a narrow,
snake-like access road,
all encapsulated within a
densely wooded area that
happens to be a designated
arboretum. This challenging
terrain dictated not only the
selection of rigs, but also the
site preparation.
One of Walsh’s main chal-
lenges; however, was drilling
foundations in hard rock
beneath the viaduct with
limited headroom near the
east and west abutments.
Watching the BG 18 H
drilling below the farthest
western span of the viaduct,
makes it clear why its unique
low headroom capabilities
were essential. The rattling
tip of the mast is within
mere inches of the steel
girders. The BG 18 H worked
in standard configuration
from late June through early
October and was then recon-
figured to low headroom.
Site Geologist Bill Bradfield of Schnabel
Engineering measures the depth of a
recently drilled shaft beneath the viaduct.
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6. 28 Pile Buck Magazine | Vol.32 No.2 2016 | pilebuck.com
JOB STORY
Vance says the height
restricted areas were more
severe than expected
because the viaduct eleva-
tions Walsh was initially
given did not account for
drilling nuances. He indi-
cates that maneuvers such
as putting the drilling rig in
crowd force, or pulling up
a full bucket can require up
to eight inches of additional
overhead space.
One of SEPTA’s key con-
cerns was ensuring that its
commuter trains could con-
tinue to pass safely across
the existing viaduct during
construction. Every pier and
tower on the viaduct has a
sensor to monitor for vibra-
tion. There are also four
inclinometers in each slope
to measure movement.
Custom Casing Drive
Adapter Reduces
Waste Cost
ECA designed and
fabricated a custom casing
drive adapter for Walsh to
facilitate overburden drill-
ing. Dutton watches as the
operator of the BG 18 lowers
the mast, inserts the adapter
into J-shaped notches in the
casing, and begins to seam-
lessly drill it into the soil
from the cab of the rig.
“We fabricated that at
the Aldan shop,” he says,
as the casing descends into
the soil. “You need some-
thing to transfer the torque
against, so Walsh cut those
j-shaped notches in the top
of the casing.”
Vance says this innovation
reduced costs and elimi-
nated wasted material. “We
pulled a lot of the casings out
as we drilled shafts so we
saved a lot,” he says.
Bridging the Gap
Between Utility
Aesthetics
Walsh has demonstrated
considerable environmental
sensitivity throughout the
project because of active
involvement by neighbor-
ing Swarthmore College.
Although SEPTA had the
right-of-way available for
the viaduct, it negotiated
with the college to use a
necessary adjacent piece of
land instead of using Emi-
nent Domain. In addition to
obtaining permitting from
multiple agencies, the con-
tractor will have to rebuild
wetlands, replace up to
6,000 trees and shrubs, and
reconstruct a Stonehenge-
esque circular formation
of Wissahickon Schist
slabs dubbed “Crumhenge”
by locals.
SEPTA will shut down
service for roughly 10 weeks
during Summer 2016 to
allow Walsh to install new
girders, bridge deck, and cat-
enary towers. Rail cars will
travel over the new viaduct
by Labor Day 2016. Walsh
will conclude the project by
Summer 2017 with demoli-
tion of the existing struc-
ture, removal of the access
road, and restoration of the
site to original condition.
As SEPTA passengers,
college students, and lo-
cal residents admire the
towering modern viaduct
that has replaced the rusty,
outdated structure that
once straddled this area of
natural beauty, the critical
foundation work performed
by two drilling rigs with
custom tooling will remain
unknown. The folks at
Walsh, ECA, and BAUER;
however, will relish their
role in providing safe pas-
sage for mass transit pas-
sengers and improving the
aesthetics of a critical piece
of infrastructure.
ECA designed and fabricated a custom casing drive adapter to facilitate the
drilling of overburden. It reduced costs and eliminated wasted material by
allowing Walsh to easily remove and install casings during the drilling process.