1. The document discusses biasing and stability analysis of a common emitter amplifier using hybrid-T and small signal models. 2. Key parameters discussed include input impedance, voltage gain, current gain, and output impedance. Expressions for these parameters are derived using the hybrid-T model. 3. Emitter degeneration and compensation techniques like emitter bypass capacitor are explained to improve stability against temperature variations.

1. Fixed Bias
Atblyivgk VL *
le Siele ines
+Vcc
R VccJARetV&E
TBR Vet- VaE
Ve e Vce VeE
VgE. dhtyerenio wrtJ
iva
0-
We lkmow thol
Stsbihit:S
Faut
Swbstitwthv i )3ie
S -B(0)
:5

2. Arbhng VL at the Sde
Vce Rc +VecE
JcRc Vec- VeE
Vce VeE
Ic
RC

3. Fyon te llettvr (wman
E
noticm of CE Ampyhos
wa
1c pIe+(tP)Ico
(A)
Stabilit Fauter s
Cn ba derivedl bConsidesina
Fiv
epebaxametes.
B,Ie Ic, VeE Omol
IC
W hwe twaa
Stobiit
FontUYS S, Somd s"

4. To find 5
Ic
S
Ico by ovnsiderimo
Constamts
Diffemtioia ) w.rt I
BOAt(HA)dTe
Ic dLC
TCo
TC
TC S by
S S l+P_
-PA)

5. Colletor to M iA o
Cole t Fealbae
+Ve VL
Rc
Ta R
R
RA
NE
VRE
Ca). Cb)
Aphin kvi at inpwt de of Cbivas
VccI Re+TsRe+ VBE-0
a
omd I, I+Ie k e L a
S wb i Oinas
Vc (I+Ta) RL 4 a Re +Vee
-

6. JBRC JcRe +IRR : Ve-VeE
Vcc VGE -
TcRC
JeL RB+Re]
Vct VBE-ICRC -G
RB+RC
ditferevatitin t o Icaiva
Re+RC
RC
RaRC
Omd Sfoikr fontur
S
1-P()

7. . 7
S
Rgt RC
14+P
+BRC+RB
. S

8. Voltae Dvíder ia CoT) Self iaA
COY) Emitter BiA
Vec
+Nc
T Re
Je
R
Vat
R
Je
M
Te vseE.
R
RE
TEIe+ss)
c
Ca.
VL o the E n t t e YnM
8ivas:
1gRe + VB£ SE RE
IeRB VAE + (I+T6)RE -
C TE:Ic+IB)
V LRe VeE + Jc Re+JBRE
& (Re+RE)+I RE VBE

9. J&Re+RE Vae V -IcRE
VT V&e IRE
Re+RE
sferontiaAig w. tO
RE
Re+RE
RE
RetRE
4
S
-P
S in
S
P RE
Re+RE
S +B
+RE
RA+RE

10. To fndS'
aVee Ie om Ico onstomt
Fm O we hw
V I2 Re + VeE + IE RE
IeRe) +V6E +Lc +Je)keE
V=Ief re+RE) + IL RE +Ve
And fam enpes sie of a CE Ampbher
ehowe
I
BIs Ic-+Ico
TC + ) Ico -
So. in ives
JCCH)Ito
Ret Re

11. Re+RE) - *(1+(ta+R<)
+VeE + RE
diyferenhony W.. to VeE ves
r ) -
RetRE )-
vBE CRstR
+VgE+ (RE)
VeE
+
RBtRE
RE
aveE
( B
BRE+RetPE -
VBE
IC
C+)RE +RB
veE
dvBE 0+P)RE +RB
s '
Re+O+RE

12. Similam S
P Icap VeE - (onstmt
SIc
PC+

13. Da the de haodine omd dotermine ha
o i t fr tha given paNametes by
AY t .
B-Vec: bv Rc 34 , K e s s o k
TYomttm ís Simovm tpe
Re ER S3ok 3k
E
D Load Lne:
We kow that
kyL t inpwt hda. nuag:
VccTBR8+VAE - O
VL o pt
VecIcRC+VLE -

14. howe
whemn We
Vc o) RC +VE
Vc VcE
VCE v(" Ve =+ bv
L
i emm
VCE D in, We hma
VcL IRC+O
Vc
Ic
RC
( Vctbv, R: 3 k
3Xlo
2
Ic 2 A
Te 2mA
-

15. To fix th opeabiay p0iwt 9
fom OD, nm
Vec SeRe + Vge
IeRe Vce VBE
Vct VsE
R
VaE6-+V,
Vc bv, Rar 53ok
S3ox
53
530
A
oxlo° A
|Ie 1onA
Ic
T
Jc: BXIB :
I0x |oxl
-6
I c loooxo6
Icg ImA

16. Now Na nane
new Te, Hot s Ts
to new
w
Vama for tincing th
VE o n t 1 haw Vce loo
VeFs)
Sb. hew Ic n
VcL I R + VE
VcE V c e - I t k c
Ic= ImA, R314)
VE 3V
Vceg3v-
We nne ho pot tu Valmes uOT
i he ood ana nhlh
b o t

17. 7
3 - o t i e k a n e .
-Poivt r
YeE
VeEC)

18. Bias Ombwsaicn Teimmdua
Therwi stus amd Samsistor pnpeatios
TaxwMStoY opBnsahm:
+Vce
RT hewistur hawing nagothve
Rc
Vout C-2va tembrwtume (oehiet
onnod is (onneuted jn paraldel
wi R. T Yehltena
RT dairases wi MCrRas
Rr PRe TCe
n t e m h e r a t a r e
mreas in tempeatume
VeE by
RTCme Yedmlas the
RT
wiu Yaoua ta
Te. Hema, Hms reoas a Icftar
T
Yeaung tts
Semsistor pomsatn ovn
Rs-Senitr haWw bositive
CHve)tmporakur o-fuet
otVcc
Cno is lwnnette in barallel
wit R . The rsiltmla of
Vowt
C
T Rs
resea with Inreas
kce
Re
M temerature,
R Lnrease m tempeature
Wil imUseane the Rs aml reoluas tha Vse
VgE
Yeduum 1heTe, Heml, tts Yemus the T furthe

19. VeE
(2). Diode lompemSation s t Vovmoion M VBE
.VE isthe dof o s s RE
R oml Ve 1ERE
VE
RE
-O
Te
D
We howe Ie: Ic *Y8
VR Ra
.I£ Ic -
Sls. in O 3ives
Ic PE
O-Ewntter o iva
KVL ovt
V Vae+ IERE
- Th tovnhito
Vs Vae+Ic RE
nd dioda. mgt
Ve- VeE
ICRE be mn lome
Vs-NsE-.
PE fawitmatenal
V+ Ve
Snb
Ta eftert lmel
I
V+VR
-
Vee
I
PE tomaerovtwre2
V R + ' - V e Z
Ic wiu be (omoylatelf
PE Hhe e/ert a
Dio ele d Connoutel ln
VR
PE e inpwt &iele.

20. C3 Dioda omaonsathiam agonn&t Vaniatiom in Lco
+Vcc APP keL t da a
ves
Re
- Vo. = I , + JB - 0
Te I - Io
E
-
D
iS i oYnovM
AS ons as the teyperature
tyvnht Cmd T
edidle Me dTs T.Ts,
UYmal
naweL tna
femeature InCrenses ml it ihireases
+ Ito twrther Ton taa eesa Saturati n
ioda also my@aas , Sinia
Cuwemt 1 f
Yg i&r omd taa oiiocla cue mSome 7aily
H YeNenge Crent Vouimes w t olfo b S ma
Hema, 1nreaLa 1u to Inuyeage Tha-
tthe
I Cmd Taak Yemas the
1 IB,ton VeE amel
1
Ic fowter Sivnla Ts: -,Io
1o- imUrensasS mam
Te - eimmas

21. (
2 monk wastioms wit Awer
i
istit-th typas of
Fixo biosin
Co lle tos -
Bde blakia
Su Bios /Votnsa bivider Bios Emitter
. Deine stnbikby faute
Stabiktr tot is the
bint
trombltvr Yedire
otw fr he Varios iwputs
ewiMmit
ditgerenw temponature
S,somd s"' aML he fatas to he
Studied CE
sulf kiased amufer
.Capara aMA ite twree bi
onhngnettwds
S Bynbx
fiXe n e CoMelte to
Baabg
CRetRE
RcRD,
POor Stbuty Modefate
Stwnh Sstovbrty*

22. ndin Terma Twnown
The oleukor a lekage CwweNt 1co
cmomges seat wítn temperatara st dowles
Cmomae4
fr eno 10°c ise in Tmptnture
We hwe Lc: Ble + (1P)ICo
lnirese i Jco intreasasthaIc md
tat I tenatoura. fortter,
muraaL M twpeatwe intraojes h 1C%
farter. Ts mwlakva. whan Camie hwga
MTA i tRmperatare i(Mal Tarmal ramamaw
whodis
s 2
itis ts Stnbiity fontr amd
L o explaine b onidoring-
howmga of tolleutur twmrent L fr the Chaengo
l t Lase Laalsase umemt ICo
OS Awmna
on wmant Ie md Cwmewt m
Ora ConKtama
P
Ic B omd Ie ome otantk

23. .what is 2
s
S"is te stashtr fwto of cE
ovmu. Cam b fownd n lor1ng
honga Coletr wrant I f«
nong.o iM
Tc md VBE me nstom
Its amd VsE a ostomts
wot 1S
S is t n i it fautw of CE
e r , i cam be fomml 6ewineriy
Yke o hnge af wllestr wtontT f tha
Comga im baye ewitter po tential Vee
Ico amd Oe Constams
Vee
Ito and vse tmamts
. Anoall ha, iah tewimes, i h one
isoed_ md ww?
Set bimvi tth ece
got d Stabiht
i n t omborsntin Euignes:
Semsistu Cov nsnha
ThoN wis tor omeuahen
Dioda maans aha

24. 10Eslann,wny omostin is Temreel )
Comevs anon Tmoe fet Longeal
by f tema asttye Pennates S h au
Tto ownd vBE. And omamshon o ws t h
Cirit toWex k freeby wmdar Vamon Dntions
wiow the mwntel tema2rature fet
. Dukx win the oeatinpo1mts
saiderg Ke Cirmt ivemTrmhstur i kLen)
+VC
Giren Vcet1v
Re 9oke
RB
79okL
RC 5K
B l00
RC 5xlu3
B:oo
VsE 0.7(iken)
snleing tue pwt hide of the urw
Vcc ILRe + VeE
6TBx 790lo+0.7
5 . 3 o=0. ol94X
le
19.4 xloA
TT
19.4 rA
we aN Ic BTA lo0x 19.4xlo
bA
1-94 X
fC 1-14mA

25. nilesi_ the omt pwt Sida of h
ATWit
Vc Ic Re + VeE
1b 1.94xI)(5x)+ VcCE
Vce - 9.7
6.3V
Ic 1.94mA ond VE4.3v Ore
The bhoratinK oiMs.
Stoiitt far s' of a
C.Find the
CE pher ilering Ic:2 mA
IB 2o Aamol xel ias,
CE
Sbiit Fmter
S tP
IC 2 m4 2xl
omel
Te 20X
2xto
26xlDK-3
3
o o
Sol

26. Unit 02
TT- AmpiiersS
Emitte
Conuwration - with
Eitte yoasS CatpakitosCE)
CTCt DTm
Nec
Rc
-oVo
R
R c
B
E
Is
Cin BY
E R
FRe
ReCe V
Ra
Hybrid T Modol| Smal Signal Nodel
Ts R
T B
Lo
Rs
ReVo
R V
Ro
E
Ri

27. Parawmetum to befound
0. Input I mpedamlalR/)
A Hhe Yesistam2s wnasle in the
he
npwt Side boMe -Q_itfer Side) Df ha
ybie T- Modlal.
te,R R RelYT
(2). Voltage GnaAn (A,)
Vo Ontput Voltage
Ay
Vs Inpwt Voltaz-e.
ron t Wpwt Side Colleto - emitter sida.)
We VMWe.
Vo IRcl|ro)
bw C -lo
Vo -IoRcllr.)
bw o = m VT
TY s wndutovna
VTT - ode- Emtter potentil Vse)
VT
Vo 3mVr(Rcllo) -

28. From vpws Sida
Ri
We hane
VT .V
RitRS
suo. i )we hawe
R
Vo -9m Vs (Relle)
RAtRS
R
Vo gm (RcllY
RiRs
Vs
R
RtRS
R e l l ) -
Av
Av
(3). Current noin CAI)
Io
AT Tc
AL
- 9mhr
To 0mVTr,
Ar:-mIr
AT -P B:m Yr)

29. Outpwt ImpedanceCRo
OWEpwt
Sida collettor -
Ewitter sicla) f fbe
hylrid - Madl.
Al Ke Yastomas owaM lasle in tre.
Rell To
Ro
Ro R c
ComMan Emitter Configuyation withowt
Ewwttey BypasS Calpa crtoy C CE) Nt
+Yec
R Vo
R Rc
Rs R
Cin
RE
RE
R
Hubrid T Model Snal Sgnal Node!
RC
Rs RB
TRE
Li
R Ro
R

30. O. Ivpwt inpedam CR)
frm the Bnde-Ewitter oop we hwe
ILYT + Ie Re
=
ILT +Ic+I DRe
V Ib(Tr ++P)Re) (
V Ri Yyr+A Re
dvmd t h a mpt mpeolamu. R :Re|lR:'
Voltag Gnoin CAv)
Vi -Vs
RS4R
m VT e lR)
nd GAive Vo
M-P(r.]Rc)
Ve ILCT+ (+RE)
Vo
CR)Vs
R Vs
. Vo
l R c )
IL(TTt0+RE)
R
Av
(Toll R)
Ri+RS
CmeNt nn Ar)
p -P
Ar:
A P

31. Owtput Smp edane Ro):
Ro YollRC
Ro RC

32. COMMON BASsE _CCB AMPLI fIER
brid - del Amalyhs
-
AC Eivnlarvt
Crnt
CTCt +Vec
Nee
ierRe seRe
Covet
Cin
Ni
B
h- owmetes, - Mudel Eswnvalaant urmt
I
Be Re
grohr
Ro
R
emtho CiTMt. ipedaneRs
R RE
om the output Sa of Hha iruut W ane
Vo Ic RC I. Re
WL hanNe
Vo = mV Rc -0
mel forn the. 1 wt hicda Wa hwe
VT e tr
-
Sato.inO ivs
Vo m Te¥rRc
-

33. Vo m Se TTRc
Vots nainAN)
md Vi = VT
Vm = e T
Vo 9m ViRC
Vo m RC
AV mRe
Cuwret Gamy A): VT
BTe
AT
P met
1e Ve Utag
VT
Ovt pwt m podom Ko
R Rc
L

34. Snoll Signal brid Tmodd Anayss of
awwwwon_ulester (Cc) Ahtier
h-Povammeter T-Modas
CAYUnt
CAY wit Diagrowm
4VcC RS
R
Rs C'm
Ns
o
|9nT
Vo
FR- RE
RL
Rs
-Ro
e
VnRRa
YoREE
No
F
alove rwt,
Fvom fhe
-lnánie KCL at a gives
lo BIbIb
Aa Ha owt put Voltag
Vo Je (Relh) -
Vo Io (Rel%)C
CJoJe)
Vo is
Vo I (1+A) (Rellr) -
Vo
KVL a the bn ewmttey oos iva4
Vin Vyn+Vo -
Vin b YT 9+A)IL (FEY.) -
I
Vin:I Y04)(RellY.)-

35. Vin IL(YrtO+pP(RelT)|-(
Vin YT++)P=l%)
Rbin)
Rib YT+(4pllRE)
Rib)s he npedomla rsemsed in
he boN ittey Yeo
Anfron the oda of ffigura , we hawa.
tha botentiod div'ider nist of Ri-ipt ivpedoma
amd Rs -
imbnt Yesstamta with a Sowra otetioil
fV
R
And tha videl potetial Vin =( ).Vs -
Ri+RS
Ri
Vin
VinRlR And R sV
impedemL
RiRib lle.llR/
Sw.in 3ivas
-
( R
Ri+RS
Av
The Votaga 9nm
Vo
VS
uo. ivas

36. IH) (REll)
Av
ILT (1+) (rollRE))
Ri+RS
P)Rel%)_
R+RS
R
-
T+(+)(Vo lRE)
.Av =
Ri+RS
To ivd ha
Outbwt mpedomu. Ro,Sehwe to
To
Ro
aelel a
dummy Sowla Vywit a wwet Ty
tha owtpt Side amol Shot rmt Mpnt
npwt Sida
ffgwra . fau bovmes
E)
Ad vo w,
Ro
TRlR
Short
n i t RE OV duvnng Some
ovt phda
-
d e
Frm8 th irectian of Va omd VTT Oe
Ppo sit e to eau other,
Adding tha CremS Nha ontsut ida
Gives Ix gmV Yo +
RE Y
Ched R Y
I

37. Snb. in 8ive
Ix+gm-Vx)= + Yo
Ix
L4 H+9mIr
+
Yo
Re + Yo +
=
Ovndd
Ro ell
T
R)
H-d ttha h-pMometus md ma
RiR|lR|Rib
4(T RE) R
Av
PitR
Po
el A I

38. Darlington Amplifier
SHmbol
Cwwewt_haM
c
Pp:Pi Br
B
, (AD
E
B
C
-
i anel 8
nn Sam fowwil
S2CF2)
E
Cimt Diagrn: (Snpar beka Aw
- w e w t
9 tVec
ieRC -Vo
Ri
C
C2
V RB
AE:
Ce
AC Egumvalemt_Cirwnt
with
.Pwex Swpply mwst be reslatad
md potemd) omesha).
Copaitos mut b Xeplancd with
Sho irwit.

39. AC E4ivalant AYmt
n-potovmeter T-Model
Snall Simal Analygs -imt
V
RC
V
C
Ba
8 RC
RB
rom the T Mocdel uNCwt, we hawa
m, vT, m, I; T, (- by O)
VT P Ii ( Jm,T =P tor) gmYT P
Simila VT CurmeVt x YTa
-
=
(Ii+ 3m,VT,)x7T
Curentfom +
Cwet pro 4
1pSideCI)
=
P, J + Ii) T2
VT2
The Cwret n is
m VTa Smz Ii(I+P) TT2 -
=m2TT2 C ItB)I/
9ma V =
Pz(1+ P) Ii -
The tpnt wwwt I is the addit n
0f
T 9-mr,+JmzT -
Cets i ,mol 91.

40. mVTr, +gnVT2
Sw e md in iwe
-
PTi+ B+P) I
IoIi(P+PrC+PO)
P+P +P B Az)
As
P + P(tA)D
Ar
omol -ISa
ngn volmed
pwt mpadamla R
from the Ibwt Sicle
R
of th UY Wt, we hame
o
R - ,
Cme V Vr,+VTz
SRL
VT T2
n t
mol )
V T+(TP:) T
R: Yr, + A) IT2 -
Cy )

41. We kMo that wwrewt eymahomM
from Co llettorx
ftYombi stor
Ic =
B VT les 1 IcB1b
YT
we hawe Co lle tu
Fom e above eessi CM,
CwemNt for 8B
BYT
Icg, P VT md
fex
Ic B2 Ic8, Ic :P )
I8
Ic Cwment
snb.in vas,
BVT
I8
2
T
I8
T P T (IY
Snb. ) im
vas
R +tB) IT2
BT2 t(tP1)T2
R
Vaud)
Ri 2PY

42. Mul stnge Awphfes
C stade Amphhier Cowneh
C t D1gYmm +Vcc
RE
Simlar ine of
8TT Afiers
Cavnfigwathma)
in Series b
CE
Ri
RG B
Rs C
-Ro
C2 CC
M
R
exf tha
RRECE,Rc2
to A-
Cahey
h-
bantanmeter -
Sml hqnal -
T-mocdel- wt
Ro
Rs
M-
RL
Re
wpedamiu. R T mVTR
R RillR2lT,
R
ot Lmpelame R
RoRa|lRL
Ro RC
A
Voltage GoinAy
Vo
Av
Vm Vs
nd famm the oe sele wa hm,
V gmaV RrallRL)-®

43. Vo m VT ( R(alR)
Gond VT
- w VT(RellYTT
S in 8vs,
gma9m, VT (Reill ) (Real RL)
-
Vo
wt S e{e T tha
R Omd Rs
dvidel he
RA!
Ptenhio
avove
vidox
V
d i v i d e d
pterhiol =
s
Rs
RR
RA
Ri
VT RitRS Vs - (
S in
Vo 9 gm Vs (RlIlT)
RitfS
Vo
R)R
Vo
ggm (Rc.ll¥a)(RLlRL) (
Rits
Ri
Av m(R YT) (Rlll RL)R+RS

44. Multistaga Apiher -CosCoda Actlfiog
Ciret Diogsom ptc
. Cowneuhvg
ditexent nd
R R T Vo
CB
ofBIT Amplfies
t
FRC
Ez
R
n Seies
C C
efotm t task
E
af omphuhn
Vs
Rece Ex. CE wita C B
Confiawrahon
h- oramekey T - Model
-Vo
(B2)
1
mode a
The tota Nent ent
I , +I
VT2
J V T t
VT
V V T
Fm the inbnt Sida
VT + 3 , VT
VT
T+P

45. VT Jm,VT TT
enatn CM, ves,
Snb. Q in Ta Obove
VT
m, Vs YT
+
TT2C9m,Vs)
TT moclel, w w ,
-
Vo -gmaTRallRL)
mT
o
TL
RC2 RL
Vo -9m T g-V.) CReallRL)
Swb. in ivas
No n, Vs CRea||RL)
C B nYT)
Vo -
g m CRCa llRL)
Av-Jn,
(RcallRL) | )
it - lange Volua.)

46. Bootsta Te unwidue
edto o v e the
Jt is a tehigma
cAmphfie/ vottaga
inpt pedama of cc
owey Yut
Yesistn R3
ges M ndditi onal
wtt Conpautur C'
moig the impwt impedamle maka
wmottn w erfet.
mpedame
npedamu.
neh g impadamia dnak to a Anuo wnedama
Sowr
neh
R
CAYi t Digrom
+Vc
Rott
R -Av
Rs C B
MHE- he
c'
Vo
Av
R Vs
RE
Ri
pedomu- in tta b eya emittey (oY) I Yeg1on
is Tadutad To bolamte
etama f otenti ol dividler tha
R
R c' is add eol
adAi thmal net werk wi t
t a e eritter rain witt to
eta ipt ipedama Reft

47. Iuvtomt hos ovt AbwavS)
&TT C
.Lit h h-parametens meswved Jm
Con omen
inadam -Ri
-RA
opwt LmpadamL -Ro
VoAkage Cnoin Av
Cwwmet nonn As
2. ent
1
1s the wa of evwitfey ass am tur
MCE ongothon
it i se to by pas tho AL Mo13 yovmpenent
sgnal nesennteel in the Rmitter Yagom
DC
CE-pnhau otin. also 1nreases
taAp kijer,
Dhna impaaana Nmastthng.
Jtis t s s of wmeuhneAaw neoloms
So w a to W paodama onel.
. Jnnt is d t Stralp tamique
i i ta taimwmoma
Wel to Iprova tha
Mpwt impedama.
Doine MRR
Yoho bewa0m differemle mda
ndn oele Ganu Ac
Ad
Ac
CmRR

48. CL-Apuiher
Vo Atoge fs ower
EitteN eefo lower
Sstor
ren Anphfier
. akovt the ninC(vokase) of cc-Ampiher,
Owtwt lows tha. npWt. Henu
Vot Vot ( Vi
Av Vow
n m Vi
A
Dorlhngtom Amtiher. ta
eAvolavmt Yesitma
lo. nd tha
IS oo witt
with a Voua of
JwnWhCm
p t wpadam2
2.T
npt impecdonu R :
R 2xloox o
2, Uoo JL
Ri 2
whwtis ta
o f Doivgtan Ampife ?
isvMael as a
wwret Apufen.
Ai
Sin itS Umet m Ai alws. Lt
Spe Bata A fer
Find the CMRR by anhlenne A 2omel
Ac . S
CMRR O
-S

49. obJet A
O. Voltago follo wer is
CL)Acdder Cc)Etter Folower
Ca). Ti me
) . Raistor.
pedome (Matdwi Com l done by
CL) pw voltoge.
0Lnbwt uwwremt
Inpnt Tpadama
. T Gm of Donintem AMfier
C) ) P
whwt iha moin plpo ia ef nddiv
ng CE-t
n c-e tontigwratin.
a). Raenta Ac Noe
CE-it
C Pena DNoij
C. ReAna. Gamn ) Rama AcMapis md
1damtity withis h-amomater
osi Capamtama
a). Resstovm
C. Ps apamtam . Voltoge m
. Impvi ta ipt impelamu
(a. 0ottras rn c. phfiatioM ce),
Cd. Mois remoyal (d). Mulipiaticn.
oH a CE Amsh fer
by
.Cwt in Vohag VBE is sat by
(a. Ib. Y ). I.Rc c). Ie RE
e Te. Y

50. . I 4 tk valua of TT esser
polal onietim of Re omdY', ten
in ho
Yaytaal Vadme mu ba edmalto
(C7 RB.YT d). Retr
a RB CL.
( . w i ch ona Sro
wndel fr
1S to be
nstruh Ac euivalat uruut.
Ca. nput Ce. Copaitor
d Power npply
m T
CC). Cwret
Cn). aiy .
Rabistoma
. Votage
nVT is
a1. Resist o m a (,O1p Crent (C)pwment
Volkoga
of Amplifier
is gmoal t
C- E
CC) Ie d). VeE
Ca). PI
mV ofa C--
Amplifier is eual to..
1. pIb d). VeE
Yovtio btweam vvt pwt e to
impwt Vvoltaga BE atromilt 1S .
Ca2 nnn
). Impadama
T
C). Rastoma CC. YomsConclm ttama
T a raho btweam P Volteg.o to p wment af
CC). ChomM d). Twmslonoubtm
Anpiher 1s
a). ampedama
C-E
wramt

51. AND
Unit 03: Single Stage fET
MOSFET AmPLIFS
ERS
Sourc
Analysis of lonnon Eitter S) Avplifier
UAing briol Tnmodel: CFor Lot MogFEFT
nm FET)
Di m AC Eduvalant Caust
Crt
et VaD
R R
Vo
D
Vo
Ri Cc D
s
Vs
R2
R RSCs
h-poraneter 1- Equnlelant model
G Re
7
D Vo
R.IR
FYo RD
frn Te osove fawe, ttha Okpnt veliey
V. - mVgs(T. lR)

52. fyom tae ptside , we hane
Avnd - is the Potenti owviclal by
R Cinp inpadane) nd Rsi- Hhe pt
th
So wr resistamla.
R
Vgs ) xV
RiRSi
Sb. i O v
R
Vo m
md V ( R » ) 0
Vs RitRSi
-3mYollR) ( R
RitRSi
Voltga aam -
Ay
p t J wpedant R)
R,R2
(R)
Otput impedomta (Ro).
Ro (Rall)

53. Anolys of Connmon Gvate (C) Arplified
T Modol
Ac-e valant rumt
&rumt Diawm
Rsi
CLo
D
Vs
R
h-bovanmeter -Model
R
R
W-
Vo
[RL
RD
fem tha iame, he o wtpnt Volkasa. Vo 1s
Vo 8mVesRolRL)
is
md tem ta Imont Sida,
V IiRs-Vgs
Where : - lo
I 3 Vas -

54. sub. i Jives
Vs-mas Rsi -
Vag
- Vs
1+mRi
Susin ives
V
Vo Im +RSj
V m (RollRL)
mRilRL)
+ Rsi
Av
t Imprdana R):
R
-Ves
Io-Ii)
-3
R
Otpt inpelownte (R)
RDllRL
RD
Ro RL mgker tem
R
onndRo

55. Anaysis of ovnmon TDrain Anpiier bsi
Sowra Folower)
Hybid T Model
Crwt Diam
+VnD
AC- Edwvalont urit
D
R RSi
D
Rsi c
He
Ra
R
Vs RS
RS
N-borammoter T-Model
Rsi Ei n Vae -
Ns Vo
oRs
Th owtbnt Voltaga2 V
Vo mV CrollRs)
15
KVL at ta wt to ontpwt hop ves
Vin Vgs + Vo
dves
Su. O iv ives
in Vgs 43n Vgs (TRs)
VinVas1 Jm(Rsilr.))

56. Vin Vin Vas gm (Rsl}T))
I4CRslT.)
potemtisd vide by
Ri
Vin is the
RomRs
Vin RV
R
Vs
[RlRa
Sub.in G ves,
Vgs
R .Vs
RitRi
1+8nRS/%)
Sw. 1h O ivas
R
Ri+R Vs
1+gn RsIlYo)
Vo Jm T.1IRs
SnTo1IR
+g(6/Rs) Ri+Rsi
wm(To11RS)
tgYoVRS) RitRS
Ri
Vo
Vs
Ri
Av
Ípt npadama ( R)
Ri: RIR2

57. Owt put ImpalomlaRo):
To d R.
Tha i t Sido
W naad to shm urumt
md add a tnmy Sorla
patenid V wit trent Ix 1he ontpwt
wDedel beovmes
Ro
Side T h e
Rs
V
Ro Ix
RIR
KVL t tho Owt Pt texmnad give
It mVs +
Rs
Vgs onnd V ne opoaite to eah oter
Vgs - Vx
Snsin aives.
Vx
Ix m-V)= T
I N , + +
RS Yo
IxV ++
+Yo+ Rs
Jm
-
R lR
Re
ou ta rogihie Corag
tte de, peues I
-

58. B: CMos CAr ntt
ThadNamtages of BTT omd MoSFET
ovmsned omd kinled
brid denn CAl/onmed BicNmos Cirunt
Th owtpwt Sda nsdts of BTT
Onc tha inut Side oists of
of MasFET
CritEs
Tdpas of icMoS
mlington Amplifor
.BCMoS
Cnos Colada md Cosoda Amplaier
2
3 i CoS CwreM- Soures
cDS iffesentiod Amphfes
1 icas Darington A hfe
M
Narna one

59. mputzt 8t (shrt Awswers
Ci it 2
T ovwsivation of MoS tYamsistuy t
JT 1S icmos runt
. Find t owt
pwimpadana of a
am
me Mos FET Aphfe wit a DYma
Owtwt iwpadam2 Ro RD Tnepre
Ve otpht impaoloma Ro bo
.wwat the Speakh
LoLst bott MSFET md T .
MS FET
inpnt i hmoMel hy valtaga 0pevnte
s FET
nd O t ont is Jalyered b wnet oferonted TT.
s t few inos akpaiaions
Donlivgtam AFi
Djerentiod Anplifa
. Explain about he
MosrET Aeufier
TL Owtpnt Cwrawt C Mosrer msher
m gs.
Owtswt (wmaNt cf
m- 1Ymslancluitamia
aamd gake Somla
Vonkag

60. 0bjetive type A
.Steislity of BiMos
ca).la inpns iwpedan.
c Smal troma Lncuutamla. td). 1fmte injt
(b). Low V6ltag aon
impadomia
Owtpt impdame of wesFET Gta
Apiey is
Cal. Ro Rs (b. Ro : RD cc Ro RC CRo=
. 0wtpNt wwewt Df Dwmom Sowme FET
cC)0 m d).T Vs
a). 10: Jmgs
.Fhe Mowing i firt oanet in aBitmoS
Cell CC). Diode Co FET
.
MosFET ,L) BJT .
.Tw loiug is t Ovtpvwt delavemg vomponant
(al. osFE T . PN Jwnlthon ieda- C). FET
ed. BJ7
o fur hm2 0f a Com mon DYn
A hex?
Soru followex
(a1 fET Apuher
CC) Dar kngtem Anphher cd)
Ansli#ic

61. OtpM wwre MIfE T
is pwrey
wshter
in Smald ipnal sm n
ead of
ID Cc) 3m ) RD
(3) Otw imedomu. (R-) of a
is wnA
C
di
Onptia
T-wwelel.
al. VoAtogL Sowne Cb).
Cc. Raistma
cd Toswnnowtema
ftesema betweam
what is the mn
NOS FE T amol FET
Ca). npnt Lmpelomu CE).Strwtwe ) amm
cl) spad ooperotion.
adNmtaze f
mnM
MosFET cwwph
fietev FET md STT.
Ca a powa wnh Cb) Gnmn
(C) Smad ln 2 d. Dsijn is Simsl

62. Freuency Response Of
Ampifies
Unit 04
Fve4wens response BTT -Shvt Ciruit
Cutof fveduenu md
Cwret_Jonn_-
Wwty mn &mdwiotth.
+
No
b i T- moolel of a
Above Tre is t
CE AmpLitiar (eTT)
Cirt byLonsielerivg
The S me
rafmer Yosponte
C
vT TCT Yo
Emitter
T -s the B Me
i s fh a Colleltr Coyuns Capomter
CTT iS
7eaker tham C

63. wremE
We ow tha
o went
AT w n e t
A
I
a
3
The inpnt wment 1
VT +
jwCT
+ JwCT+ Jw
KCL at the otpwt odea ives
Ic m V
IcJnVy - jwcu VT

64. IcJmVy - jwqu VT
T V(g-m-jwp) -
I
omd Vr = -
(Ip-jwu)
Sb. in O ives
Ic
|juCr*)-
(m-wu)
fwn ) we kwe
9m-Jw Cu)
AI
tjw CC+CH)
T
to
Conpaig to
(Sm- is igher
arnd AT hfe -
Forwamel wwewgnn )
hfe
+ jw CTtu)
hfa +JwTT(CT+)
hfa 1+jw1 CTt(D
hfe
W 2Tf

65. +j 2-7f r CTt)
27T C(7+(u)
rhegefp Bvtt frepnengt
2TTTt CM)
Fn )we ana
hfe
Po
-
+CH
4 T (oAMfreany), tha ]e= | md
(8 womes
Bo
Po 4 (7/,) )
nd p
L L

66. mol
2 CTT+A)
( Pm
T r CT+M)
- Ui nmn
mdwidth
T(CTt()
-cbof4 fregmeny
Siinilan to His - i the
of C owmen u e awohe.
if hte fp (CTt Cp)
Mle Effett Miller Copountama ommo
Evoitter Configwrahon
Mler effe t or fead banki etfeut is a
mwbihcotioi efet of Cu Coplnng- catautone.
-
The C is divided into eual ots for
Otpwt a mom C
p t amd
Te potodure fo ividkp
is Called MiMey fert

67. T-Vodel of a Comnon Eitfer
Fm ho h-meteA
&TT- Ampifer wa hane
Re TRL
Rc
Fig.O
is
A terminal netwNk fo Cu
C I KVLte omoP
Vo r,(Tu)+V-
CAm form a wo r t
we
B wsing md (2)
I
metwor k
Ca Vo
N
IjwCuVT
fi
NoTton Eivolent tiruit)
fyumn t abon fgwne we hawee
Isc JwaVr
oml Tenl pant 0 Tsc a V mV
Wce V Jmr
Jm: wp;

68. m:w Cu
Jm 2F Cu
ond Cu =
27f
Keplati Cu in
T
et
Ic R K
1, T:
Fia
Norton fivalonvt Cuit
Omo
18, th C hog been eA disjded omd
plaLeol in tip omd °P sde
fm fY 9, we hme
impalam. In tu
P
Sde
nmpadomu in t p hda
RellRL)
wC CRclIRL) =I
2-Tf CRellRL) =
2TC RclRL)
nd I -is lowivg between Vy ownd V ia Cu
t P Sid
I
VTT-No
Juc Vm-Vo)

69. Vo
n tha ontt Voltasa Vo
Vo -my CReIRL)
Sb. iu 3ivas,
I (V -(-Jm/r CRe|IR)
I J wp VTT +9mV CRelIRLD)
jwc (+gm (ReIRL)) VT
-
L: Jw CM VT
r e CM : u+gm (ReIRL))
, e
te, 33 IscJwCu Vr
I Jw Cm VT
Sme Yess
ter finekng M, we hne t Small
Samad mde wit mler Capamemia,
R Te TM Rc RL
CAAC+m(RelIRL)) M- MilMe apom tmi
for Cu

70. High reimemy
Miler 4fe t amd MiMar Capantame
Yesponse of FET /msFET with
Cad Uwy noin Smdwi,
Tas
Covmmon Sowrte Amyie
Fig.O T-
MBdel of a
a
Wf abam taMes
KCL t tha ilp ida. ies
+
-
VgsLwtg4)
kCL at the
p ida ies.
+2 3
-
4I m as
/jgd
Id Jnvgs -
jwgl V
.3
Id Vas (Jm-jwg4)

71. Id
(S-m-jwg4)
Snb. in 0 gives
-ge
Jm-j-
jw gstg
Jm
AT
Jw gstgd)
A )
As
-
i4 ST wwimwm) , JAz =I L wwt gam)
2T(gg4)
T Uit ain bovndwidth

72. vilder Effek Coy) nmler tatom tamas
a
+
RL or) Ves
L
Fig.
Fyn h alebva
#iwa, w hawe He 1mbnt
wwent I.
Ys-Vds -O
/jws
i gswgs)+ as-Vlwql
Jwgivgs +jwegd (as-VAs)
Cwwems ihe wde a
Vas-Vds -
RL
R
+3s +Jucgd Vds-ys)o
VA+gmRLYs +JgdRL (vd-Vys) =
o
Vds (+jglRL V -jwglktvgs tImk Vgs =o

73. 4+mRLYgs +jwg-t R VAs -
jwcgd RLVgs = o
vas C1+jwgd RL) jwgdRLYass - gnRLVgs
Vds RLVsm-jwtgl)
+jwgdRL
(4
Swb in 3ives,
li jwgsVgs+J|s-(-R Vas (go-Jwg4)
1+wgdRL
JwgNgs+jwlgd Vgs+jwyslgdRL
+S RLVgs-jwaR.Vg
tJwgd RL
ii jwCasNgs
tjwtgd Vast JmRLV
4Jw gdRL
wadRL
C tjwgdRL 1)
. I : wg+gd(1gmRL)]s
i jw| g+m vgs
nhera, Cm Sad Hgm RL)

74. Thun the epmvalewt wmit Tor
+
RL
Fig.
+
M
Tas Vds
FRL
Fig
CM Cgd (i+gmRL)
Omd
we hawe
n wre (2
- +
JwCM
I Vgsjwgs+Vgs jwCm
Ii J»gs+ M) Vys
Jw gs+ CM)

75. md howwt drin wet T1s,
Id: 3m
Snb in ves
I
d 8m
JwCstm)
Id Jm
Jwst)
Ar
jgstm)
Ccg4ttm)
OdA
Momwm) AI I
-TfTg8t(M)
Jm
2T gst CM)
Jm
2-T C

76. COnmou - Evwittes
Higm frecuenw Reyponse of
CeTT) Aplifer
Crwit Diogewm
R
Vo
TCL
Rs Ce
E
R RE CE
y
- Envalannt Cir wt wit Cr ome Cu
RS
o
RL
R,R
dAvided for bot inpt
Cu ha to b
md 0tbut.
CM- hns to be. itro
dutad
ontpwtipedamuas iM be R
RL Rc|Y.//RL

77. 1- Model wT Cm md R
Tkn tha new
Tolows.
R
V
TLM
R Rel.RL O
ormd fha otpnt Volkaga V - 9 R -
omd CM C+9mR)
1
wa howa th
cuonu t+ lp- Tiwwv
Fotur
omd Cr Reg. Ceq
nd umy th abrve tma,
RBll lRs -Al Yesstames inTo
Ye hda
Re
CT+CM
Le -AAN Capamtamas inf
T
d e
H
2TRe.Cet 2-T(Rellrl|RS). CTtM)
2-TRellYT|lRS) (C+(M)

78. RL
T- model Cm ond
fum th
V
pwt d e
RS
RS V
V RellY
). Vi
RellT+ RS
ss. i Gvas,
RelYT
Vo m Re
T 4 + R S V R L
fer
ReY
Vo -)
n RL
RalT+Rs
Vo
V
-9nR
REllTRRs.
Rel 7T
A Sm RL
Re|T+Rs

79. Lnrtnt vastons(wnMt Angwes
O. D t vectuam Yespmie we
AV
Bndwit
what is the
expressja for
treten
whera Cp- Tiig tto
2-1TCp
Tp: Ra4 Ce4 )
2TRe.ed
. ostexwwine reemut nsidring
R: lok amd C .MF
we htwe
2R e4
2-T Clox)C1xjo-t)
5.92 Hz
t tha mt npontamues tont inwlws
in tte fregew Ypme of Aplikens
upiy
pig (apawitame
tpt oplig el lwoul Casanbamle
pays apaitoma

80. Wte tha epassion fo B wtfd frakuany
of BTT ayisrer (CE-Madel)
2-TYTTCT+ 4)
.Fidtha -wt 9ff f«fanof67T
hyher bymidaivg YT .6 k T2pF
amd Cu: o.1pf.
We hawe,
2-TYTCT+C)
2-x 3.14x (2o+o.Ix )x2.6x
234x2.bxw(2.1x-2
29.I MHz Co 29.1Xlo z)
whwdt S he
enprassiom fra wt
wwt-
frepsan
f htep C+)

81. find tha gnn bove mdt pochmmt of a
8TT Apligior y waing fe =
loo#z, B, = 1oo
We hwa
J ooxloo
0,0Dbo
Define iller feut
Stis m etfett dnad b t gingr
Coneted i betweem
I amd
Available
Capamt C
T Same hay been anged as
Otsut side
CM md Shared b lsott inbwt amd ont pwt sioles,
alled mler
T etfeU of frdwvg Cm is
Rdtet CM C +gmRL)
Deine Miller theoeM.
i s t ttherem ivolveot in
splti
so t
C into tu haes
iput md bwtwt. And tue Cis Yeplated
wLapai tamia CM Uer Capamtame-
C

82. . AAfrer7
AV
2
wte Ta g i n fresue (ovo Brdwiclh
enpossi m
ofa fET orfitier
2 gst gd)
objetive pe A
The- prouss of divieivg t C wwpbing aomtmua.
is dona mta the hels f
a). Mler tet (b)Twesoleking Cc) Impadamu.
mtuin
od). n Impedawmu
.Uht gain bonndwidt oemt WiMtbe fow
btonsideing
Ca). hte CL) hfe : o Ce) hfe :
Weny high
d). 37=o
. mdwidth is fownd fm
4) retany Yespons twwwe (b). V-I Cwwva
)3de fretemuy Yespune ).bybot
Cww

83. momn Cmpmes i wAweal
te ig fagrast anahs of TT ahfens)
) gm f Vs
(4.whAk re
)Reqteq
cd) mRe
t
Muler
Miler efet is eyammel
ta)- LmpM 5ide (7 Otpwt sile CC) Bewaam InpM amd
wtn Sidas
cd) Covpoitor oWoi lalLla bitweem inpt mmel outpwt jole
nd wwidt is Lamlated by i
. : fh-fu 0) : fL-f CC). B-w: fH
iler Capritona. is hawive
hwi
Ca). Jm * Rasistma Cb). Jm wit ald owtpnt yehistamas
C). 3m alona C) m,otft Yokutwmas wih Copomtoma
A
8 oin bamd mdit pmelwnt is
ca). fe-Po C)T Po CC2 Bo.B
Cwent gai is ww wam
) f ( f= C) fT D ) p:o
fe is th tutff fratuan of CE-Ampliher, t M
f is ta ut off frefromy of
a) CB Aijer (b). Cc Amlhfier
d) bot CcCamd CE Owmpiher.

84. Us- oS
Tow ERSUPH TES AND ELECTRoNTC
DE VICE TESTTNG
iner Mode Powar SS MAS
vt T.
t
230V,SoH Steplaun|
7rom
forme
Bridge
Rectifien
Vokge DC
Main Filter d
Yoformey ep dawn)
Recule Voltaga cL he
Sundant winoi Usang
230V,
to tha Dc otpwt Yegunement
. T VoAkaga ak tha
sNndony
wndiv l baL F mes of
thaowtpwt DL
reiemmet

85. Rettifier lwae Restifer)
D
+T
RL V - R e u t i h i e d
O n t n t
2 3 0 v ,
S o t z
AC-Mam
V
D
DWng Taa Positive Penk of he inpws Vin
ON
yin +
VM No
RL
+ v e
P e a n k
D2 OFF
Revonde nnsed
No
Vin V postive pen Df
put

86. DWing Th vegoct1ve. fealk of the inpvd
in
OF
(Revense
&ned)
VM RL
v
.
- V e
P e a R
e-PL A
-
D
ON
CFirweml&iaded)
Wwe forms
+V
D- DN
/D2-OND-o
O
D2-oFFD-OFf Da0AF t

87. Bridge Rectifier -(Fml Wa)
in D4
2 3 0 V , S o t x ,
+
D RL
DWing he Pasitiva feale o pwt iM
ON
V n V a
D3 RL
Da #D-OFF
During the Negotive Peak ofinpt Vin
o
JA
V i n - V e
oFF
D FDe
RL
oN OFF
OFF

88. Wowe Foims
t
-
'No
D4H
Da - DN D4-oNi D - D
Di
D4-9FF D3-f, 4-DFF
FilteS
Indmttof Filtey CL)
Copouiter filter Cc)
Cov) L-Seticn iter
TT- pe Filte
CLC (or)

89. Copouts fiAter (C)
F l wawe
Retified inpnt
C RL
Vyms
VAc
C 413fcRL
gwb pws f cabomt Filter
Vripla
t
amel 0.0 fo
Cabomto ter

90. Voltage Kegulat
Series omd Swwt Rogwlatoy
Kegulatr with Cwnem eme omdl
wwfewt wwit pooteutiem
Evwwitter Ao wer hype Raanlatr.
wit ovey loal protetio
Eitter Folouwer THpe Ragukatoi with
ovelpad Preltho
Rse
E
R B
D
RL
Ot ws:
Vo

91. Design f De Ragwloted Powe
Sppy
Circmt Ddgom
A c
2-30V, AC
Rsc
E
R
-
-
RLS
ste Down
Tafrmey
BridgeNeuhfer D C
CApomtor
Fter
Voka
Rexloto
o
K g r l a t a l )
Wemefors
A pwt
8nid Keuhiher
Owtp
t
apit iltes
OMpt
K N Regukaked
otpat

92. Desnn
A SYstem neae to be powesed wit
9 V DDC So wr C
of maximum Cwe
00mA. Daian a ci mt to
sply powe
ileasla camadic Ac
Ac
ON dka yeuived, t Yeasonns
Asswm
PovileShat rmt stethon.
Solwho
Th Seondar tpwt oStep down
TYmayemes is tims th ow put DC
vAtas uYeel
Fnm Th vem DC i
edma mant f h o we stpt.
2.+3
Zx9 V
13V
ak ta. Seonelay Witins
Inaloacl wreM is O0mA JL
t rent Yotig () opeevh ng
Cw t 1.Sh nes a vma ximuum
1e, xDDmA =lsomA
Iut/
Isc

93. Tha R frerg 1e r wnt) ivem
Vpe
RL iL
dota
V
IL 00 l
RL 90
230V,
A ,
Sotz3
M M
V
Rsc
T
R Ds
/ o o o p
A Cobonitar tex I weto Yemove 7h wwwwted
rppla ml to pvodmu smoote. o
tntDO
Rippla Foautr T
43 fcRL
nd T 0. 03 for CapamtuN fites
0.03
3 X 50 x C x 90
5o Hz,RL 9o
C 0.03)
)ooof
C
C
Tha shont CiYwit esistamme Kse wmeut el ivM
Tha
Sexes S Tmaistor is
Rsc
VeE O.7
Isc ISOXIo3
RsC
Asswwne v for Zene Dioda
ovmol R - ISk2

94. Imortont uostions Cshot Anywes)
whnb me th dndferene pes of
Spphes2
Lanea ede Powe snppltieg LvmPs)
withed d e Power Ssnpplies (smPs)
De to De)(pe to Ac
.Lst few p t n t
M Y e m e w t of aa
mPs.
The Ac ppla
soulol be ow
T
Ove VoMaga. Dvteh on
Defina Rehatin.
Rectifatiom is te oosS of snveter
ACngnal iwo wmdiveticm oY) potial DC
AC
DC
Sigmot.
Define ippla fawter.
Sontia betweeM
Ys Value
toDc' valueof anpovent
to
of AC omboret
Vms CA)
VD
wwt is etifjir efiueny2
isthe wtio btWazM D owtpt power
tD AC ip owey
PAC

95. th fi Atexs
Imdwctus Fiktes
CApomtu ite
LC - f i l t e
RC Kter
RLC AAter
CLC FAter.
Rippla foytar enyriesaem of a
lter IS.
43fCRL
(2. W hat is Voltaga Raglater
i s an elottraviG Arnt that þvvides
a Stable Dvotage indapendomie of ha
o ad wnet
( Psovide taevpresiem fer ana Rezulafiam
chonmaa in owtpwt Voltasa
ine Regulatom
CwngaiM Mpw V0lkag
AV
inaRognlati on
what is oond Reglation
VnoLocd -Vfuu Load
Vfu hau
ool Ragulation :

96. ObjetiNe A
Th Sewndan windig
dn tromfermer is te oodmt of retmrad Dc
Naltage f a k
otexvhal dnd
a C) d) 45
RiPple fowt oa flter is
Ca)s CC) o.o2 o) 0.o3
A oyvers AC gned ito
ttht
UmdNANhonol sinal
Ca1. Rognlater Cb) Retitier cc). nnverter
How may hodes re meadeslto mtrwt
a idge vetidier?
C. 6
5. Peal-awtr 6fa fn WanWa Teutiher
- C)2 CC S
(6)Pe wesee Volkaga o filter iS
2Vm 6) V CC) Vm
Cd)

97. (7Jmpt neglotien ftur, ontpwt Yois tanuo
nd femeeratna. tiuiewt e fh inpetw
-ywtaA i dateNwmm of tha Tglaf
(b) na Yegdatha CC). Pearll lwOIse
Vkag
.Aad Yeslation.
(( what is te of Rsc resist
i t L LMPS
(b). mbo £ffhhent
Ca). S hont Ywt
totewhGn
Cc). T t Meae 7he owtowM
CNwwent*
d). T WeH the 0vwtsnt
voAtgge
.wnt is the Monn CombDnevvt I t
regnatoYto dna D
Temter e. Res)tor
a 2eer Diode
Capanitar
(IO) iS
a Tc Vo lfaga Yagnlotor
C CpoMtaN