The document summarizes political, intellectual, and economic developments in China, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and India during the late medieval period. In China, the Ming Dynasty was established in 1368 after the collapse of the Mongols and lasted until 1644. The Ming promoted Confucianism, civil service, and technological advancement through Zheng He's naval expeditions. However, isolationist policies later halted exploration. In Japan, powerful warlords like Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country under a shogunate government with the emperor as a figurehead. The Ottoman Empire expanded under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman, establishing Istanbul as the capital and

1. Recovery in China Ming China Political Development Mongols collapsed in 1368. Hongwu established the Ming Dynasty. Erase memory of Mongol occupation. Confucian education and civil service reinstated. Private merchants traded and manufactured porcelain, silk, and cotton. Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty lasted until 1644. Intellectual Development Neo-Confucianism promoted Yongle Encyclopedia promoted Chinese traditions. Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduce European technology and beliefs. Wider production of printed materials. Novels written in Chinese. Largest cities in world Hongwu controlled nobles with fear and violence

3. Japanese Unification Oda Nobunaga Tokugawa Ieyasu Emperor was a figurehead – no real power Shogun held real power! Major Achievements: Japanese novels, Kabuki Theater, Literature, art, Castles, block printers. Women’s rights restricted: lacked education, arranged marriages, Toyotomi Hideyoshi Highly regulated trade – Closed country edict Threatened by Christianity and Spain in Philippines Allowed the Dutch, Chinese, and Korea limited trade

5. The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy SULTAN Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors Muslims Jews Christians Led by Sultan – Absolute power Chief minister, or adviser, to the Sultan GrandVizier Viziers Positions were based on merit, not birth. Provincial Governors (Beys) And Military elite - The Janissaries Heads of Individual Religious Millets Process of succession was not distinct – could cause conflict Who do you think had the real power?