this ppt talks abt the management styles and provides an case study on the topic of earthquakes

1. Earthquakes
By Tanya Joshi

2. What is an earthquake?
 An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or
temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in
the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

3. Intraplate earthquakes
 Where plate boundaries occur within the continental
lithosphere, deformation is spread out over a much
larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of
the San Andreas fault continental transform, many
earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and
are related to strains developed within the broader
zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in
the fault trace (e.g., the "Big bend" region)

4. Earthquake and volcanos
 Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are
caused there, both by tectonic faults and the movement
of magma in volcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as
an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the
Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980.[16] Earthquake
swarms can serve as markers for the location of the
flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms
can be recorded by seismometers and tiltmeters (a
device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors
to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions

5. Effects of earthquakes
 Shaking and ground rupture
 Landslides and avalanches
 Fires
 Soil liquefaction
 Tsunami
 Floods
 Human impacts

6. Short term impacts
Social impacts
People may be killed
or injured. Homes
may be destroyed.
Transport and
communication links
may be disrupted.
Water pipes may
burst and water
supplies may be
contaminated
Economic impacts
Shops and business
may be destroyed.
Looting may take
place. The damage to
transport and
communication links
can make trade
difficult.
Environmental
impacts
The built landscape
may be destroyed.
Fires can spread due
to gas pipe
explosions. Fires can
damage areas of
woodland. Landslides
may occur. Tsunamis
may cause flooding in
coastal areas.

7. Long term impacts
Social impacts
Disease may
spread. People may
have to be re-
housed, sometimes
in refugee camps.
Economic impacts
The cost of
rebuilding a
settlement is high.
Investment in the
area may be
focused only on
repairing the
damage caused by
the earthquake.
Income could be
lost.
Environmental
impacts
Important natural
and human
landmarks may be
lost.

8.  prepare for an earthquake by identifying a safe place to go to,
having an emergency plan and survival items and keeping your
insurance up to date.In an earthquake, stop, drop, cover and hold
 You can sign up to get text alerts of emergencies, so that you get a
text message on your mobile phone warning you of any big
emergency Text Alerts
 In an earthquake, go to a safe place a few steps away - such as
under a sturdy table or next to an inside wall. Then drop to the
floor, cover and hold on until the earthquake has finished
 After an earthquake, there'll be aftershocks. Try and help those
around you if you can, report any injuries or fires (dial 111), and
listen to the radio for advice.
 If your property is damaged, take photos and document the
damage for insurance purposes.

9. What to do after an earthquake?
 Preparations for an earthquake also include knowing what to do, and not
to do, after the shaking stops... when there is danger from after shocks,
fires, falling building materials, debris, etc. Remain calm. You may have
to take charge of others. Take care of life-threatening situations first.
Remember, you may be on your own for 72 hours or more. Check your
home for structural damage and other hazards. Check yourself and
others nearby for injuries... administer first aid quickly and
carefully. If you are evacuating, locate and take your pack of
emergency supplies with you. Check utilities but do not shut them off
unless damaged. Leaking gas will smell. Don't light matches or turn on
light switches... until you are sure there are no gas leaks or flammable
liquids. Don't use your telephone, except in an extreme (life-
threatening) emergency. Stay at least ten metres from downed power
lines. Avoid waterfront areas because of the threat of large waves
(tsunamis).

10.  Wear sturdy shoes, gloves and protective clothing if it's
winter and/or if there's debris, particularly broken
glass. Check your neighbors after looking after your own
family. Your first help after an earthquake usually will come
from family and friends. Place a HELP sign in windows if you
need extra assistance. Confine frightened pets. Don't flush
toilets if you suspect nearby sewer lines are broken. Secure
your home against intruders. Turn on your battery-powered
radio (or car radio) and listen for broadcast emergency
instructions. Don't use your telephone, except in an extreme
(life-threatening) emergency. Stay at least ten metres from
downed power lines. Avoid waterfront areas because of the
threat of large waves (tsunamis).

11. Case study: haiti

12.  Location
Haiti is a small island located in the Caribbean, South
East of the USA and East of Cuba. Its capital city is
Port-au-

13. causes
 The earthquake was caused by the North American Plate
sliding past the Caribbean Plate at a conservative plate
margin. Both plates move in the same direction, but
one moves faster than the other. The pressure that was
built up because of the friction between the 2 plates
was eventually released causing a magnitude 7
earthquake on the Richter Scale with an epicentre 16
miles West of Port-au-Prince and a shallow focus of 5
miles. The earthquake struck at 16:53 (4:53pm) local
time on Tuesday 12 January 2010.

14. Effects: primary
 316,000 people were killed and 1 million people were made
homeless. 3 million people were affected by the earthquake
 250,000 homes and 30,000 other buildings, including the
President’s Palace and 60% of government buildings, were
either destroyed or badly damaged
 Transport and communication links were also badly damaged
by the earthquake
 Hospitals (50+) and schools (1,300+) were badly damaged, as
was the airport’s control tower
 The main prison was destroyed and 4,000 inmates escaped

15. Effects: secondary
 1 in 5 people lost their jobs because so many buildings were
destroyed. Haiti’s largest industry, clothing was one of the worst
affected
 The large number of deaths meant that hospitals and morgues
became full and bodies then had to be piled up on the streets
 The large number of bodies meant that diseases, especially
cholera, became a serious problem
 It was difficult getting aid into the area because of issues at the
airport and generally poor management of the situation
 People were squashed into shanty towns or onto the streets
because their homes had been destroyed leading to poor
sanitation and health, and looting became a real problem