This document provides information on how earthquakes are generated and measured. It discusses how tectonic plates interact underground, building stress until rocks fracture and slip, releasing energy as seismic waves. It describes the layers of the Earth's interior, and how the movement of partially molten rock in the asthenosphere causes the overlying tectonic plates to shift slowly over time. The document also outlines two key measures of earthquake strength - intensity scales the observed ground shaking, while magnitude refers to the amount of energy released at the source.
Formation of typhoon is the known natural calamities specially in the places located near the equator. The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other part of the Pacific Ocean the equivalent term is hurricane. During typhoon we expect:
Lot of rain; and
strong winds that move in a certain direction around an area. The word TYPHOON comes from the word “Tai Feng” means “great or big wind”.
Hurricane comes from the word “Huracan” which means “Storm”.
Formation of typhoon is the known natural calamities specially in the places located near the equator. The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other part of the Pacific Ocean the equivalent term is hurricane. During typhoon we expect:
Lot of rain; and
strong winds that move in a certain direction around an area. The word TYPHOON comes from the word “Tai Feng” means “great or big wind”.
Hurricane comes from the word “Huracan” which means “Storm”.
The topic of plate tectonics is largely based on Alfred Wegner's theory of continental drift, which became accepted with the discovery of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean, and after fossil, flora, and geological studies in Africa and South America. In this lesson, students will learn about Earth’s structure, differences between various types of tectonic plate boundaries, their outcomes, and their connection to locations of volcanoes and earthquake activity.
A report about earthquakes. Inside this powerpoint are: the meaning of earthquakes, types of plate movement, and how does an earthquake occur. Have Fun!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Lesson 1: Identifying Places Where Earthquakes Occur
Lesson 2: Describing an Earthquake and Its Effect
Lesson 3:Predicting Earthquakes
Prepared by:
Marissa A. Jore
3.
4.
5.
6. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
• Earth is made up of distinct layers: Crust
(oceanic crust and continental crust),
upper and lower mantle, and outer core
and inner core. Of these layers,
earthquakes occur somewhere in the
crust and lithosphere. The crust is the
outermost solid portion of the Earth that
houses all living things. It is
characterized by various land features
that you are commonly familiar with like
volcanoes, islands, continents, and
mountains.
7. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
• The lithosphere is a region that
carries the entire crust that
extends down to the upper
portion of the asthenosphere.
The lithosphere, as previously
mentioned, have segments called
tectonic plates or lithospheric
plates. Thus, the lithosphere is a
singular collection of lithospheric
plates.
8. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
• Each scientists found out that the
lithosphere is “elastic solid” such
that similar to the rocks of Earth’s
crust, the rocks here are elastic
but brittle that they deform or
fracture as they receive and store
stress due to the force rendered
by the movement of rocks in the
asthenosphere below it.
9. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
• The upper mantle, also known as
the asthenosphere, from the
Greek word asthenes meaning
“weak” and sphere, lies beneath
the lithosphere. It is about 100 –
650km deep and is considered
“plastic solid”. The rocks in the
asthenosphere are partially
molten due to high pressure and
temperature where they exposed.
10. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
•This characteristic, “plastic solid”
allows the partially molten rocks
to flow in convection pattern in
the asthenosphere. As these rocks
flow, the overriding lithosphere
(or lithospheric plates) that
carries the crust move along with
it.
11. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
•Scientists believe that this
extremely slow movement or
tectonic force enable lithospheric
plates to collide (caused by
compressional force), separate
(caused by tensional force), or
slide past each other ( caused by
shearing force).
12. How Earthquakes are
Generated?
•As lithospheric plates and the
crust moves overtime, their rocks
interlock and deform, which
cause stress and friction to build
up. When the amount of stress
and fiction exceeds the strain
threshold of rocks, they fracture
20. Adam lifts a 10 kg mass from the floor
and puts in on a table 5 meter high.
What is the work done?
__________________________
21. A fourth grade class has 22 students.
Each box of crayons has 24 colors. If
each student brings 2 boxes crayons
for school supplies, how many
crayons is that in all?
25. What is Intensity?
•measures the observed effects of an earthquake
on people, geologic structures, and man – made
structures. Intensity varies from one location to
another. The severity of disaster rendered by an
earthquake on certain location depends on the
design and kind of the construction materials that
were used and the type of ground or soil edifice
where infrastructures are built.
26. What is Intensity?
• One popular and currently used scale is Modified
Mercalli Intensity
( MMI ) Scale.
• Guiseppe Mercalli, an Italian seismologist, complied
the original scale in 1902.
27. What is Magnitude?
• pertains to the strength and the “size” of an earthquake.
• It is measured of the amount of energy released by an earthquake at
the epicenter using mathematical formulas and the information from
seismograms.
• measured by the Richter Scale developed by Charles Richter, an
American seismologist in 1935.
30. How underwater Earthquake
Generates Tsunamis
• Tsunami – is a series of huge waves caused by an
earthquake that occurs underneath or near the ocean.
It is a Japanese term that means “ harbor waves “ .
• can also be generated by underwater volcanic
eruptions and landslides and rarely by the impact of
an asteroid or a meteoroid crashing into the ocean
from outer space.
31. TSUNAMI
• can be very large – their wave height can reach up to 30
feet or more.
• can travel at great speed exceeding 500 miles per hour (
as fast as a jet flies )
• For an underwater earthquake to cause tsunamis, its
magnitude should be over 6.75 on the Richter Scale.
35. What’s Inside the Earth?
• Comparatively seismic waves move more inward into the crust,
they speed up. This suggests that at the bottom the rocks are
denser. In the uppermost part of the mantle, the waves decrease
down. That means the rocks there are partly melted.
• As the waves enter the core, one variety of seismic waves (s-
waves) disappears. That suggests that the outer core is liquid. At
particular depths, the waves are reflected and refracted (bent).
That means the Earth must exist layered.
