The document discusses earthing systems and their components. It describes the objectives of earthing which include conducting fault currents safely to earth, providing a zero voltage reference point, and achieving equipotential bonding. It classifies earthing systems based on how the supply system and exposed conductive parts are earthed. Electrodes are the most important part and different types are discussed. Factors that influence earth resistance like soil composition and moisture are also covered. The document provides guidelines on earthing cable sizes and connections to the electrode.

1. IKRAM EARTHING 1
EARTHING
by:
RAIS BIN MA’AT
Institut Latihan dan Pembangunan
Infrastruktur Ikram

2. IKRAM EARTHING 2
TUJUAN PEMBUMIAN
• Mengalirkan arus bocor kebumi dengan seberapa
banyak dan cepat supaya alat perlindungan, geganti
atau peranti perlindungan dapat berfungsi dengan
berkesan bagi mengelakkan berlakunya kejutan
elektrik
• Mendapatkan voltan rujukan kosong untuk star point
alatubah dan janakuasa supaya talian neutral dapat
digunakan dan voltan bekalan stabil serta
mengelakkan voltan terapong
• Mendapatkan voltan samaupaya (equipotential
voltage) supaya tidak berlaku step voltage bahan
pengalir yang terdedah (exposed conductive parts)

3. IKRAM EARTHING 3
CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Supply authority or supply source earthing
arrangement are indicated by the first
letter:
• T – one or more points of supply are
directly connected to earth
• I – supply system not earth, or one point
earth through a fault limiting impedance

4. IKRAM EARTHING 4
CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Relationship of exposed conductive parts
to earth are indicated by the second letter
• T – exposed conductive parts connected
directly to earth and which is independent
of the supply earth
• N – exposed conductive parts connected
directly to the earth point of the source of
the supply

5. IKRAM EARTHING 5
CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Arrangement of neutral and protective
conductors in T-N system is indicated by a
third letter
• S – separate neutral and protective
conductors
• C – neutral and protective conductors
combined in a single conductor

6. IKRAM EARTHING 6
EARTHING SYSTEM
• For normal installation practice, earthing is to
connect together the exposed conductive parts
of various items of the equipment to a common
terminal (main earthing terminal), this in turn is
connected by the earthing conductor to an earth
electrode, buried in the mass of earth
• The earth installation must be capable must of
carrying the prospective fault currents without
danger and without excessive heat. It must have
low resistance at all times with good resistance
to corrosion

7. IKRAM EARTHING 7
ELECTRODE
• The most important part of the earthing system
is the electrode
• Electrode are made from a number of materials
like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel and
they may be in the form of plate, tubes, rods or
strips
• The most favored material is copper which has
good conductivity, is corrosion resistance to
many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is a
material that is easily worked

8. IKRAM EARTHING 8
ELECTRODE
• These consist of some form of deeply
buried conductor, since the major earth
resistance lies on the top soil
• Buried copper or galvanized earth plate
have largely given place to threaded
copper-clad steel-cored rods

9. IKRAM EARTHING 9
TYPES OF ELECTRODE
• Earth rods or pipes
• Earth tapes or wires
• Earth plates
• Earth electrodes embedded in foundation
• Metallic reinforcement of concrete structure
• Metal pipes
• Lead sheaths or other metallic covering of
cables

10. IKRAM EARTHING 10
EARTH RESISTANCE
• The earth resistance depends on soil
resistivity and characteristic. The type of
soil suitable for earth electrode are:
• Wet marshy ground
• Clay, loam soil, arable land
• Clayey soil, loam mixed with small quantity
of sand
• Damp and wet sand

11. IKRAM EARTHING 11
EARTH RESISTANCE
• Achieving a good earth will depend on
local soil condition. Three factors that
affect the soil resistivity are:
• Moisture content of the soil
• Chemical composition of the soil
• Temperature of the soil

12. IKRAM EARTHING 12
EARTH RESISTANCE
• In area of high soil resistivity, it is difficult
to obtain an earth resistance say one ohm
or less. Several option are available in the
form of soil conditioning agent e.g copper
sulphate, sodium carbonate, bentonite and
marconite

13. IKRAM EARTHING 13
APA YANG PERLU DIBUMIKAN
• Semua peralatan elektrik yang dibuat dari
logam atau bahan yang boleh mengalirkan
elektrik, samada alatan elektrik ataupun
bukan
• Star point alatubah dan janakuasa
• Terminal bumi DB, lampu, soket 13A, dsb.
• Konduit, trunking, tray, riser, busduct, dan
apa-apa jua bahagian logam pemasangan
elektrik

14. IKRAM EARTHING 14

15. IKRAM EARTHING 15

16. IKRAM EARTHING 16

17. IKRAM EARTHING 17

18. IKRAM EARTHING 18

19. IKRAM EARTHING 19
EARTH PLATE

20. IKRAM EARTHING 20
STEP VOLTAGE

21. IKRAM EARTHING 21
STEP VOLTAGE

22. IKRAM EARTHING 22
AVERAGE RESISTIVITY OF THE
EARTH
Type of Earth Resistivity/Ohm-meters
Wet organic soil 10
Moist soil 100
Dry soil 1000
Bed rock 10000

23. IKRAM EARTHING 23
JENIS KABEL BUMI
• PVC hijau
• PVC hitam untuk star point janakuasa
• Pita tembaga (copper tape) – 3mm x
25mm

24. IKRAM EARTHING 24
SAIZ KABEL BUMI
• Sama dengan saiz kabel fasa sehingga
16mm²
• 16mm² jika saiz kabel fasa diantara 16mm²
hingga 35mm²
• Separuh dari saiz kabel fasa jika saiz kabel
fasa melebehi 35mm²
• Gunakan pita tembaga 3mm x 25mm jika
saiz kabel bumi melebehi 70mm²
• CENTRAL earthing bar 50mm x 6mm

25. IKRAM EARTHING 25

26. IKRAM EARTHING 26
CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

27. IKRAM EARTHING 27
CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

28. IKRAM EARTHING 28
CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

29. IKRAM EARTHING 29
EARTH CHAMBER

30. IKRAM EARTHING 30

31. IKRAM EARTHING 31

32. IKRAM EARTHING 32

33. IKRAM EARTHING 33
JENIS-JENIS ELEKTROD
BUMI
• Standard copper-jacketed steel core earth
rod 16mm diameter and 1500mm long
• G.I pipe 2 in diameter
• Wire mesh
• Building steel reinforcement
• Javelin rod (overhead line)

34. IKRAM EARTHING 34
UJIAN ELEKTROD
BUMI

35. IKRAM EARTHING 35
RINTANGAN ELEKTROD BUMI
Elektrod bumi pemasangan 1 ohm
Elektrod bumi penangkap kilat 10 ohms
Transformer and generating station
10,000 kVA and over
2 ohms
Small transformer stations and
distributing stations
10 ohms
Small outdoor station 15 ohms
Distribution transformer installation 25 ohms

36. IKRAM EARTHING 36
JENIS SAMBUNGAN KE
ELEKTROD
• Earth clip
• Plumbed joint
• Brazing
• Bolt & nut / socketing
• Riverting
• Exothermic welding (CADWELD/FURSE
WELD)
• Cold pressure welding

37. IKRAM EARTHING 37

38. IKRAM EARTHING 38

39. IKRAM EARTHING 39

40. IKRAM EARTHING 40

41. IKRAM EARTHING 41

42. IKRAM EARTHING 42
COPPER TAPE
PEMBUMIAN
SEMASA
PEMBINAAN

43. IKRAM EARTHING 43

44. IKRAM EARTHING 44

45. IKRAM EARTHING 45
PEMBUMIAN
SUISGIAR
MENGGUNAKAN
COPPER
BRAID

46. IKRAM EARTHING 46

47. IKRAM EARTHING 47

48. IKRAM EARTHING 48

49. IKRAM EARTHING 49

50. IKRAM EARTHING 50
DOWN CONDUCTOR INSPECTION POINT

51. IKRAM EARTHING 51
DOWN
CONDUCTOR
INSPECTION
POINT

52. IKRAM EARTHING 52

53. IKRAM EARTHING 53

54. IKRAM EARTHING 54
PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

55. IKRAM EARTHING 55
PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

56. IKRAM EARTHING 56
PEMBUMIAN BILIK SUIS

57. IKRAM EARTHING 57

58. IKRAM EARTHING 58
PEMBUMIAN
DIBAWAH
TIANG TALIAN
AERIAL

59. IKRAM EARTHING 59

60. IKRAM EARTHING 60
PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

61. IKRAM EARTHING 61
PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

62. IKRAM EARTHING 62

63. IKRAM EARTHING 63
PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL
DAN
STAR POINT
ALATUBAH