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Earth science day one
1. Lab one
• Part 1-the scientific method
• Part 2-based on Hardness
• (excell file)(Moh’s Scale
• Part 3-based on cleavage
• GOOD NEWS( most of the lab is done for You!!
• Again-this is very boring but the exciting part is
the concept of learning to classify items!!!
2. Do not focus on the mineral itself
• Focus on the method
3. The whole lab
• Part 1-the scientific method
• #1 on p.2
• #2 on p. 4-what is the difference between a
rock and a mineral
• #4 on p. 8 –excell sheet
• #5 p. 12
• #6 –extra credit
4. Also . .
• Due sept. 16th –all properties will be used to
identify rocks
• “how minerals effect every day life”
• You must bring me the prelab assignment on
page 20-21 (INSULIN CRYSTAL GROWTH)
5. Lets start with p.2
• Part 1-the scientific method
• “how did early geologists classify Earth
minerals?”
• To simplify –in groups of 3-4-use one box
• I will assign 6 geological samples to you
• Please make a flow chart based on “what
stood out for you?”
6. Your group must pick one property ,
then . . another property and so forth!
7. The groups-please choose a name(
• Eratosthenes
• James Hutton
• Mary Anning
• Friedrich Mohs
• Alfred Wegener
• Inge Lehmann
• http://coolsciencelab.com/geologists.htm
8. Worksheet on page 2
Group Defining critieria for each group
Specimens in
Group
EEratosthene
s
Jonath
an,
Trevis,
Ana 5,10,4,10,9,3
. .
9. Eratosthenes-grade A+
• Jonathan,
• Trevis,Ana
• 5,10,4,10,9 and 3
• Color=how many are brown?
• 5 is brown, 4 is black, 10 is burgundy, 10a
clear, 9 white, 3 is black
10. Eratosthenes-high proficient talk-
ready to press forward A+ work
• Texture
• 5. softer than a glass , harder than a penny
pumice rock
• 10. harder than glass and penny scoria rock
• 4. harder than glass and penny obsideant rock
• 10. softer than glass and penny
• 9. softer than glass and penny and fingernail
• 3. softer than glass and penny
11. Eratosthenes
• Went on to identify minerals to expert level of
performance. Nice work “Eratosthenes”
12. James Hutton-did not present
• Stephanie
• Amandy
• Angie
• Rocks: 8,13,20,28,11 and 33
• Color: 8 is grey, 13 is grey=20 is blk, 28 is grey
• 11 is grey and blk, 33 is brown
13. Mary Anning-did not present
fossils
• Renee’,Mario, Arturo
• 16,23,9,28,32,and 8
• Color:
• 16 is brown, 23 is beige, 9 is blk and white, 28
is green, 32 glass blk, and 8 is brownish grey
• Texture:
15. Friedrich Mohs-no comments- A+
• Marcy, Catherine, Chante’
• 2, 15, 21, 5 and 20, 17
• Color : 2 is cloudy clear, 15 is clear, 21 is platinum, 5 is light grey
with pink, 20 is transparent blue green, 17 is shimerry yellow gold
• Size: 2 large and heavy, 5 large nd heavy, 21 small, 17 large and light
weight, 20 medium size, 15 large
• Hardeness: 2 hard as glass, 5 rough, 21 smooth as a penny, 15 hard
as glass, 17 hard and rough, 20 harder than a penny softer than
glass
16. Friedrich Mohs
• Next is shape:
• This group had excellent presentation skills.
• Demonstrated use of the scientific method.
• All participants contributed, and no one was
isolated or unenvolved. Exceptional
presentation guys.
17. Doppler Group-A+work
• Andrew, Danny
• 1, 6, 9, 16, 18, 20
• Color: 1 is peach, 6 is black, 9 is white, 16 is
clear, 18 is black, 20 is green
• Texture-will finish this
18. Doppler Group-A+work
• This group went ahead to indentify hardness.
They class would say they had sufficient
knowledge of the scientific method which was
the desired goal.
19. Alfred Wegener-did not present
• Andrea, Jermaine, Eunice, Troy
• 12, 20 , aa, ab, ac, ad
• Color: 12 is black, 20 is black-all minerals
• Shape: 12 and 20 rectangular(rhonbodal)
• Aa and ab flat and rectangular
• Ac and ad-chopped and screwed
20. Inge Lehmann-inner core-did not
present
• Priscilla, Diane, Mary
• 21, 20, 18 ,10 , 24 and 1
• Tetuxe: 21 is soft, 20 is rough, 18 is rough, 10
is really soft, 24 is not so rough, 1 is smooth
21. What is a justifiable property?
• Size
• Shape
• “is the rock clear, transparent, very dark?”
• Texture-”feel smooth”
• Etc.-this is calite
• A rhombohedral
• (60 degrees and
• 120 degree angles)
28. Use the terminal in front of you . .
• http://library.thinkquest.org/J002289/mohs.ht
ml
29. Moh's Scale measures
• The Moh's Scale measures the relative
hardness of various substances. It uses ten
reference minerals. The hardness of a
substance is determined by scratching it
against a reference mineral. If it scratches that
mineral, then it is of equal hardness or harder
than that mineral, otherwise it is softer then
that mineral. The picture below shows the
minerals that are used on the Moh's Scale.
31. Can use this one as a comparison
Moh's Hardness Scale
Hardness Mineral Description
1 Talc Fingernail scratches it easily.
2 Gypsum Fingernail scratches it.
3 Calcite Copper penny scratches it.
4 Fluorite Steel knife scratches it easily.
5 Apatite Steel knife scratches it.
6 Feldspar
Steel knife does not scratch it easily, but
scratches glass.
7 Quartz
Hardest common mineral. It scratches steel
and glass easily.
8 Topaz Harder than any common mineral.
9 Corundum It scratches Topaz.
10 Diamond It is the hardest of all minerals.
Back Next
32. Second scale
• Which rock scratches the surface of which
rock?
• Feldspar will scratch Gypsum
33. Nice web site
• http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/tweiland/sedrx2.ht
m
34. Dr Skaggs suggest’s . . .
13 softer than 21
based on 21
scratches 13
13 does not
scratches 21
finger nail
at Calcite
35. Use this principle
any thing I can scrathe wih my
finger nail
3 below fingernail
so now build up to finger nail
any thing I can scrathe wih my
penny
3 below Penny (copper)
so now build up to copper
any thing I can scrathe wih my
glass
3 below glass
so now build up to glass
36. • Do you know the difference between a rock
and a mineral? Minerals are the building
blocks of rocks. Here are some of the basic
characteristics of minerals to help you
understand what they are:
37. They are . . .
• Naturally occurring
• Homogeneous
• Inorganic
• Solid
• Ordered internal arrangemnt of atoms
• (crystals or glasses)
• Distinctive chemical composition
38. caesium chloride unit cell
this structure is more likely to be formed from two elements
whose ions are of roughly the same size (for example, ionic
radius of Cs+ = 167 pm, and Cl− = 181 pm).
39. .
• Minerals are inorganic; they are not alive and
they are not plants or animals. An example of
a rock that is not a mineral is coal. Coal is a
substance formed from decayed plants and
animals. Therefore, coal is not considered a
mineral.
40. • Minerals are found in the earth or are
naturally occurring substances. They are
found in dirt, rocks, and water. They are not
made by man
• A zincblende unit cell
41. • Minerals are chemical substances. Some
minerals like gold or silver are made of only
one element. Other minerals, like quartz and
calcite, are combinations of two or more
elements.
42. • Minerals always have the same chemical
makeup. For example, quartz will always
consist of one part silicon (an element) two
parts oxygen (another element).
43. • Minerals always have the same chemical
makeup. For example, quartz will always
consist of one part silicon (an element) two
parts oxygen (another element).
44. • About 2,000 minerals have been found.
Oxygen is part of many minerals. Minerals
containing oxygen make up almost half of the
earth's crust. Quartz is a common mineral.
Other common minerals are feldspar, mica,
and horneblend. Many rocks are made of
these common minerals
45. • Some minerals are rare and expensive. They
are called gems . Diamonds, rubies, and
emeralds are good examples of such
minerals. Gold and silver are also minerals.
Together, these natural substances are used
to make beautiful jewelry
46. A rock
• Is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid
consisting of an aggregate of mineral grains ,
pieces of older rocks, or a mass of natural
glass
49. Click here to go back to the main page
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth
planes parallel to zones of weak bonding.
50. • Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break
along curved surfaces without a definite
shape. These minerals do not have planes of
weakness and break irregularly. See the
picture below:
56. Calcium sulfate-dihydrate
• Gypsum=CaSO4.2H20
• Occurs in crystals or gray or white, earthly
masses –alabaster
Colorles, white and gray
• Hardness = 2
• Perfect cleavage in one direction-may show
two other directions not at 90 degrees
58. KAl2 (AlS3010)
• Can be pealed into transparent, elastic sheets
• Specific gravity = 2.66
• Streak = yellow
• Perfect cleavage in one direction
• Hardness= 2-2.55
