Earth science 21.3
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The greenhouse effect refers to the heating of the Earth's surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Global warming is the increase in average temperatures due to increased carbon dioxide levels from human activities. Changes in ocean circulation, Earth's land and water distribution, and its orbital and axial motions can cause both long-term climate changes and short-term climate fluctuations.
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The document discusses both long-term and short-term effects of climate change. Over millions of years, continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit have triggered changes by altering ocean currents, wind patterns, and the distribution of land masses. In the short-term, volcanic eruptions and shifts in air and ocean currents can temporarily cool the climate by blocking sunlight. The Milankovitch cycles of Earth's orbit and axial tilt occurring over tens of thousands of years are linked to recurring ice ages and interglacial periods.
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The document discusses long and short term changes in climate. Long term changes occurring over millions of years are influenced by continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit. Short term changes occurring over decades to thousands of years can be caused by volcanic eruptions, fluctuations in the sun's radiation, and shifts in ocean and air currents. Major long term climate shifts are also linked to variations in Earth's axial tilt, orbital shape, and the wobbling direction of its axis.
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Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses both long-term and short-term effects of climate change. Over millions of years, continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit have triggered changes by altering ocean currents, wind patterns, and the distribution of land masses. In the short-term, volcanic eruptions and shifts in air and ocean currents can temporarily cool the climate by blocking sunlight. The Milankovitch cycles of Earth's orbit and axial tilt occurring over tens of thousands of years are linked to recurring ice ages and interglacial periods.
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The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
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- Evidence from geology and fossils shows past climate changes, including intervals warmer than today and ice ages. The last ice age peaked around 20,000 years ago and glaciers have since retreated.
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This document discusses whether climate change is natural or man-made. It first defines climate change as a change directly or indirectly caused by human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition beyond natural variability. It then outlines opinions on the issue and parameters to measure climate change such as temperature, precipitation, sea level, solar activity, volcanic activity, and chemical composition. While some argue multiple factors can cause climate change, data on temperature, precipitation, sea level, and chemical composition suggest human activity is the dominant cause of current climate change. The document concludes natural cycles only have a small effect and recommendations are provided for mitigating climate change.
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Climate is defined as the general weather patterns of a region, including variables such as temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The climate of the world is changing rapidly due to both natural factors like variations in the sun's output, continental drift and volcanic eruptions, as well as man-made factors like increased greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as vehicle exhaust, oil refineries and forest fires. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming and leading to problems such as more droughts and floods, less ice and snow, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the impacts of climate change.
Natural causes of climate change
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Global Climate Change-CMC
The document discusses whether global climate change is man-made. It summarizes that while the climate has changed naturally in the past due to the greenhouse effect, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change claims most recent climate change over the last 50 years is due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It notes that carbon dioxide levels have risen faster since the Industrial Revolution, trapping heat in the atmosphere. While some argue climate change is natural, many scientists and countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol argue we need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to mitigate further climate change impacts.
Lec 1 weather_ climate_greenhouse_effect
This document provides definitions of weather and climate, noting that weather is atmospheric conditions at a given time while climate refers to long-term averages and statistics. It discusses climate variability, which refers to fluctuations around the mean temperature, and climate change, which is a long-term trend responding to a forcing factor. Positive feedback loops can cause dramatic climate change through self-reinforcing effects, while negative feedback acts to stabilize the climate system. The greenhouse effect naturally regulates Earth's temperature, but human emissions of greenhouse gases are enhancing this effect and raising global temperatures beyond natural variability. There is still uncertainty around how exactly the climate system will respond to increased CO2 levels.
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Climate refers to the average weather conditions over a long period of time for a given area, while climate change refers to changes in the Earth's climate especially a gradual rise in temperature caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases. The document discusses factors that affect climate change, dividing them into artificial factors like yagya ceremonies and natural factors like tree planting during birthday celebrations.
Climate change
The document summarizes the key findings from IPCC reports on the likely impacts of climate change. It discusses that global surface temperatures are projected to increase 1.1-6.4°C by 2100, higher than any warming seen in the last 650,000 years. Precipitation patterns will be disrupted and extreme weather events will increase in severity and frequency. Sea levels are projected to rise 18-59 cm by 2100 but could be higher depending on ice sheet melting. Some climate changes such as ocean warming and sea level rise will continue for centuries.
Non Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change
The document discusses evidence that climate change has occurred in the past due to non-anthropogenic or natural causes. It provides examples from geology of past periods of glaciation and warming from factors like variations in the Earth's orbit and volcanic eruptions. While acknowledging natural climate variability, it also notes that the current pace of warming seems to be increasing due to human activity like greenhouse gas emissions. The document concludes by arguing for a comprehensive strategy to mitigate risks from climate change through renewable energy, international agreements, carbon markets and efficiency improvements.
Theglobalwarming
1) Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth from the greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide and other human emissions.
2) Evidence shows the climate is warming, with land temperatures increasing about twice as fast as ocean temperatures since 1979.
3) External factors like changes in greenhouse gases, solar activity, and volcanic eruptions can cause the climate to warm or cool by altering the Earth's energy balance. Human emissions have likely contributed to observed changes like sea level rise and declines in Arctic sea ice.
Weathering and Erosion Notes
Weathering is the natural breakdown of rocks through atmospheric and environmental forces. There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical processes like ice wedging or abrasion, while chemical weathering breaks rocks down through chemical reactions like oxidation or hydrolysis. The rate of weathering is affected by factors like the rock's composition, exposed surface area, cracks and joints, climate, and topography. Erosion is the movement or transportation of weathered rock debris.
What climate changes are likely
This document summarizes the key findings from the IPCC reports on the likely impacts of climate change. It predicts increases in global surface temperatures from 1.1 to 6.4°C by 2100, greater warming at high latitudes, changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events, and sea level rise of 18 to 59 cm and potentially over 1 meter. The impacts are projected to include worsening droughts, stronger storms, and threats to coastal infrastructure from rising seas.
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Climate change refers to significant and long-lasting changes in weather patterns due to both natural causes and human activities. Natural causes include variations in solar energy and volcanic eruptions, while human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation emit greenhouse gases that trap heat and cause global warming. As the planet warms, consequences like rising sea levels and changes to agriculture threaten coastal cities and international food systems. Collective action is needed to address climate change and protect the planet.
The atmosphere and the oceans
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred throughout the atmosphere using radiation, conduction, and convection. The document also mentions clouds and the water cycle.
Sea Level Rise
Sea levels are rising due to global warming caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases. The two main causes of sea level rise are the thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms and the melting of land ice sheets and glaciers. Current estimates show sea levels rising 3.2 mm per year globally but faster in some areas, threatening coastal communities with problems like flooding and erosion. To mitigate further dangerous sea level rise, experts recommend reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, though even that may only limit warming to 4-6 degrees Celsius by 2100.
The global warming
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth from human industrial and agricultural activity. Evidence shows the climate is warming, with land temperatures increasing almost twice as fast as ocean temperatures due to higher heat capacity of oceans. External factors like increased greenhouse gases and changes in solar activity can cause the climate to warm or cool. Human greenhouse gas emissions have likely contributed to changes like sea level rise, extreme weather events, and reduced Arctic sea ice. Long-term global warming will be determined by how much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted.
Ocean atmosphere interactions
The document discusses how the ocean affects climate through various mechanisms:
1) It regulates global temperature by storing and transporting heat around the globe via currents and influences wind and precipitation patterns.
2) Ocean currents stabilize climate in coastal regions and bring nutrients to marine environments.
3) The ocean cycles gases by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
4) Human activities like greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes are altering the climate system.
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This document defines and describes various atmospheric circulation patterns and pressure systems:
- Cyclones are low pressure centers with counterclockwise winds in the Northern Hemisphere. Anticyclones are high pressure centers with clockwise winds.
- Trade winds blow eastward on both sides of subtropical high pressure belts. Westerlies blow west to east between the subtropical highs and polar regions.
- Polar easterlies blow from polar highs toward subpolar lows but are not as persistent as trade winds. The polar front separates cold polar and warm tropical air masses.
- Monsoons are seasonal wind reversals over large continents like Asia, blowing from land to sea in winter and sea to land in
Earth science 20.3
Thunderstorms are relatively short storms accompanied by lightning, thunder, wind gusts, heavy rain and sometimes hail. Tornadoes are small, intense storms with very high winds. Hurricanes are tropical cyclonic storms with winds over 119 km/h that form over warm ocean waters and include an eye wall of strong winds surrounding a calm eye.
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This document summarizes the key causes and effects of sea level rise. The three main causes are thermal expansion of oceans, melting of glaciers and ice caps, and melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Some of the major effects are coastal flooding, increased storm surge damage, coastal erosion, habitat destruction, and challenges for coastal adaptation. Observations show that sea level rose by about 3 mm/yr over the last century, and the rate has increased to about 4-6 mm/yr recently. Predictions estimate 0.05-1m of additional sea level rise by 2100 depending on future greenhouse gas emissions and ice sheet dynamics.
Climate changes past and future
- Climate change occurs on various timescales and is influenced by factors like solar activity, Earth's orbit, atmospheric composition and greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like fossil fuel burning.
- Evidence from geology and fossils shows past climate changes, including intervals warmer than today and ice ages. The last ice age peaked around 20,000 years ago and glaciers have since retreated.
- Future climate is uncertain but computer models predict global warming and changing precipitation patterns if CO2 doubles from current levels due to feedbacks like ice-albedo and water vapor effects. Careful study of past and present helps understand complex climate system.
Is climate change natural or man made?
This document discusses whether climate change is natural or man-made. It first defines climate change as a change directly or indirectly caused by human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition beyond natural variability. It then outlines opinions on the issue and parameters to measure climate change such as temperature, precipitation, sea level, solar activity, volcanic activity, and chemical composition. While some argue multiple factors can cause climate change, data on temperature, precipitation, sea level, and chemical composition suggest human activity is the dominant cause of current climate change. The document concludes natural cycles only have a small effect and recommendations are provided for mitigating climate change.
Climate change
Climate is defined as the general weather patterns of a region, including variables such as temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The climate of the world is changing rapidly due to both natural factors like variations in the sun's output, continental drift and volcanic eruptions, as well as man-made factors like increased greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as vehicle exhaust, oil refineries and forest fires. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming and leading to problems such as more droughts and floods, less ice and snow, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the impacts of climate change.
Natural causes of climate change
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Global Climate Change-CMC
The document discusses whether global climate change is man-made. It summarizes that while the climate has changed naturally in the past due to the greenhouse effect, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change claims most recent climate change over the last 50 years is due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It notes that carbon dioxide levels have risen faster since the Industrial Revolution, trapping heat in the atmosphere. While some argue climate change is natural, many scientists and countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol argue we need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to mitigate further climate change impacts.
Lec 1 weather_ climate_greenhouse_effect
This document provides definitions of weather and climate, noting that weather is atmospheric conditions at a given time while climate refers to long-term averages and statistics. It discusses climate variability, which refers to fluctuations around the mean temperature, and climate change, which is a long-term trend responding to a forcing factor. Positive feedback loops can cause dramatic climate change through self-reinforcing effects, while negative feedback acts to stabilize the climate system. The greenhouse effect naturally regulates Earth's temperature, but human emissions of greenhouse gases are enhancing this effect and raising global temperatures beyond natural variability. There is still uncertainty around how exactly the climate system will respond to increased CO2 levels.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate refers to the average weather conditions over a long period of time for a given area, while climate change refers to changes in the Earth's climate especially a gradual rise in temperature caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases. The document discusses factors that affect climate change, dividing them into artificial factors like yagya ceremonies and natural factors like tree planting during birthday celebrations.
Climate change
The document summarizes the key findings from IPCC reports on the likely impacts of climate change. It discusses that global surface temperatures are projected to increase 1.1-6.4°C by 2100, higher than any warming seen in the last 650,000 years. Precipitation patterns will be disrupted and extreme weather events will increase in severity and frequency. Sea levels are projected to rise 18-59 cm by 2100 but could be higher depending on ice sheet melting. Some climate changes such as ocean warming and sea level rise will continue for centuries.
Non Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change
The document discusses evidence that climate change has occurred in the past due to non-anthropogenic or natural causes. It provides examples from geology of past periods of glaciation and warming from factors like variations in the Earth's orbit and volcanic eruptions. While acknowledging natural climate variability, it also notes that the current pace of warming seems to be increasing due to human activity like greenhouse gas emissions. The document concludes by arguing for a comprehensive strategy to mitigate risks from climate change through renewable energy, international agreements, carbon markets and efficiency improvements.
Theglobalwarming
1) Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth from the greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide and other human emissions.
2) Evidence shows the climate is warming, with land temperatures increasing about twice as fast as ocean temperatures since 1979.
3) External factors like changes in greenhouse gases, solar activity, and volcanic eruptions can cause the climate to warm or cool by altering the Earth's energy balance. Human emissions have likely contributed to observed changes like sea level rise and declines in Arctic sea ice.
Weathering and Erosion Notes
Weathering is the natural breakdown of rocks through atmospheric and environmental forces. There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical processes like ice wedging or abrasion, while chemical weathering breaks rocks down through chemical reactions like oxidation or hydrolysis. The rate of weathering is affected by factors like the rock's composition, exposed surface area, cracks and joints, climate, and topography. Erosion is the movement or transportation of weathered rock debris.
What climate changes are likely
This document summarizes the key findings from the IPCC reports on the likely impacts of climate change. It predicts increases in global surface temperatures from 1.1 to 6.4°C by 2100, greater warming at high latitudes, changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events, and sea level rise of 18 to 59 cm and potentially over 1 meter. The impacts are projected to include worsening droughts, stronger storms, and threats to coastal infrastructure from rising seas.
Climate change (1)
Climate change refers to significant and long-lasting changes in weather patterns due to both natural causes and human activities. Natural causes include variations in solar energy and volcanic eruptions, while human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation emit greenhouse gases that trap heat and cause global warming. As the planet warms, consequences like rising sea levels and changes to agriculture threaten coastal cities and international food systems. Collective action is needed to address climate change and protect the planet.
The atmosphere and the oceans
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred throughout the atmosphere using radiation, conduction, and convection. The document also mentions clouds and the water cycle.
Sea Level Rise
Sea levels are rising due to global warming caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases. The two main causes of sea level rise are the thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms and the melting of land ice sheets and glaciers. Current estimates show sea levels rising 3.2 mm per year globally but faster in some areas, threatening coastal communities with problems like flooding and erosion. To mitigate further dangerous sea level rise, experts recommend reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, though even that may only limit warming to 4-6 degrees Celsius by 2100.
The global warming
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth from human industrial and agricultural activity. Evidence shows the climate is warming, with land temperatures increasing almost twice as fast as ocean temperatures due to higher heat capacity of oceans. External factors like increased greenhouse gases and changes in solar activity can cause the climate to warm or cool. Human greenhouse gas emissions have likely contributed to changes like sea level rise, extreme weather events, and reduced Arctic sea ice. Long-term global warming will be determined by how much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted.
Ocean atmosphere interactions
The document discusses how the ocean affects climate through various mechanisms:
1) It regulates global temperature by storing and transporting heat around the globe via currents and influences wind and precipitation patterns.
2) Ocean currents stabilize climate in coastal regions and bring nutrients to marine environments.
3) The ocean cycles gases by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
4) Human activities like greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes are altering the climate system.
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- Trade winds blow eastward on both sides of subtropical high pressure belts. Westerlies blow west to east between the subtropical highs and polar regions.
- Polar easterlies blow from polar highs toward subpolar lows but are not as persistent as trade winds. The polar front separates cold polar and warm tropical air masses.
- Monsoons are seasonal wind reversals over large continents like Asia, blowing from land to sea in winter and sea to land in
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The document defines different layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It also defines atmospheric phenomena like ozone, and seasonal events including the summer and winter solstices and spring and autumnal equinoxes. Key concepts are that weather differs from climate in being short-term versus long-term observations, and seasonal changes occur due to Earth's changing position along its orbit around the sun.
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Climates 21 3
Natural processes like volcanic eruptions, ocean circulation, solar activity, and earth's motions can cause climate fluctuations by increasing aerosols that reflect sunlight or changing ocean currents and the planet's orbit and tilt. However, human activities are also contributing to climate change by enhancing the greenhouse effect and global warming through increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, raising global temperatures. Both human and natural factors influence the climate but humans are currently impacting it due to fossil fuel usage and other industrial activities.
VCE Environmental Science - Greenhouse Effect
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Climate change (1)
Climate change refers to significant and long-lasting changes in weather patterns due to both natural causes and human activities. Natural causes include variations in solar energy and volcanic eruptions, while human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the lower atmosphere and contribute to global warming. As the greenhouse effect increases global temperatures, it threatens to melt ice sheets and glaciers, raise sea levels, and disrupt agriculture. Addressing climate change requires reducing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities to protect the planet.
Climate ChangeInvestigation ManualENVIRONMENTAL SCIENC
Climate Change
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CLIMATE CHANGE
Overview
In this lab, students will carry out several activities aimed at
demonstrating consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions,
climate change, and sea level rise. To do this, students will model
how certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat and then how
different colors and textures of surfaces reflect differing amounts
of sunlight back into space. They will create models of sea level
rise resulting from melting of sea ice and glacial ice and examine
the effects of this potential consequence of climate change.
Students will critically examine the model systems they used in
the experiments.
Outcomes
• Explain the causes of increased carbon emissions and their likely
effect on global climate.
• Discuss positive and negative climate feedback.
• Distinguish between glacial ice melt and oceanic ice melt.
Time Requirements
Preparation ..................................................................... 15 minutes
Activity 1: Modeling the Greenhouse Effect ................... 30 minutes
Activity 2: Modeling Albedo ........................................... 40 minutes
Activity 3: Sea Ice, Glacial Ice, and Sea Level Rise ....... 30 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
9 Safety
9 Preparation
10 Activity 1
11 Activity 2
12 Activity 3
13 Graphing
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
Background
For the last 30 years, controversy has
surrounded the ideas of global warming/climate
change. However, the scientific concepts behind
the theory are not new. In the 1820s, Joseph
Fourier was the first to recognize that, given
the earth’s size and distance from the sun,
the planet’s surface temperature should be
considerably cooler than it was. He proposed
several mechanisms to explain why the earth
was warmer than his calculations predicted,
one of which was that the earth’s atmosphere
might act as an insulator. Forty years later,
John Tyndall demonstrated that different
gases have different capacities to absorb
infrared radiation, most notably methane (CH4),
carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O),
all of which are present in the atmosphere. In
1896, Svante Arrhenius developed the first
mathematical model of the effect of increased
CO2 levels on temperature. His model predicted
that a doubling of the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere would produce a 5–6 °C increase
in temperature globally. Based on the level of
CO2 production in the late 19th century, he
predicted that this change would take place
over thousands of years, if at ...
Ch18 lecture 3e
This lecture discusses the basics of climate change including:
1) The key factors that influence Earth's climate system and how human activity has impacted atmospheric composition and global warming.
2) Methods used by climate scientists to study past and present climate trends through direct observation and proxy indicators.
3) The potential future impacts of climate change and ways to respond to rising temperatures and other changes.
Global warming
Global warming refers to the increase in average surface temperatures on Earth since the late 19th century due to human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that human activity such as burning fossil fuels has been the main driver of increased temperatures since the mid-20th century. If emissions continue at a high rate, global surface temperatures are projected to increase between 1.1 to 6.4°C by 2100. Increased temperatures are expected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. While opinions vary on responses, many countries have agreed to limit greenhouse gas emissions through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
Unit 2 Earth's Atmosphere
This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and circulation patterns. It discusses key topics like the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, climate zones, and factors that create suitable conditions for life. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each with distinct temperature characteristics. Atmospheric circulation is driven by convection, wind patterns, and interactions between air masses. Climate and weather are also influenced by feedback loops within the carbon cycle and factors like albedo that can both amplify and dampen global temperature changes.
Animal climatology
Climatology is the scientific study of climate and a major branch of meteorology. There are three approaches to climatology: physical, descriptive, and dynamic. Physical climatology seeks to explain climate differences based on physical processes influencing climate. Descriptive climatology orients itself geographically and describes climates regionally without causal explanations. Dynamic climatology relates atmospheric circulation to climate. Climate is influenced by various physical and biological processes in the oceans and atmosphere.
Animal climatology
Climatology is the scientific study of climate and a major branch of meteorology. There are three approaches to climatology: physical, descriptive, and dynamic. Physical climatology seeks to explain climate differences based on physical processes. Descriptive climatology orients itself geographically and describes climates regionally without causes. Dynamic climatology relates atmospheric circulation to climate. Climate is influenced by both physical processes like ocean currents and heat transport, and biological processes in the oceans like the biological pump. Changes in elements like temperature, precipitation, wind and others are driven by factors like latitude, land-sea distribution, and topography.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses long and short term changes in climate. Long term changes over millions of years are caused by continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit, which affect ocean currents and heat transfer. Short term changes over decades to thousands of years can be caused by volcanic eruptions, which block sunlight, or changes in ocean currents and air currents driven by uneven heating of the Earth. The cycles of ice ages and interglacial periods that occur every 100,000 years are explained by changes in the Earth's orbit, tilt, and wobble over long time scales.
Global warming and greenhouse effect
Global warming is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by about 0.8°C since the late 19th century, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Effects of global warming include sea level rise, changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as climates shift. While some factors like solar activity and particulate matter have small temporary effects, greenhouse gases are the dominant long-term cause of increased temperatures according to scientific evidence and models.
Climate change scenario_new
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Rising Oceans
1) Global temperatures have risen over the past few decades and are projected to continue increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels from fossil fuel usage.
2) Warming effects will be greater at higher latitudes and polar regions, and land areas will warm more rapidly than oceans.
3) Melting glaciers are contributing significantly to rising sea levels, which are estimated to be rising at 1.5 to 2 millimeters per year.
Climate Change Anthropogenic or Beyond
Over millions of years, species become adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. A stable climate supports this process and allows living things to thrive. If the climate changes quickly, organisms don’t have enough time to adapt to new conditions and may no longer be able to survive.
4202: Climate change-1
This document provides information on climate change from a lecture given by Md. Abdullah-Al-Mahbub. It defines weather and climate, noting that weather is specific conditions over days while climate is average conditions over decades for a region. It discusses factors that determine climate like latitude, altitude, winds, and oceans. It also covers causes of climate change, distinguishing between natural causes like orbital changes, solar variations, and volcanic eruptions, and anthropogenic causes like greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and population growth since the Industrial Revolution. Finally, it lists some critical changes caused by climate change like warming temperatures, changes to the water cycle, and declining glaciers.
Causes global-warming
Global warming is caused primarily by human activity like the burning of fossil fuels which increases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and methane. The main effects are the greenhouse effect, where gases trap heat radiating from the Earth and solar variations which have contributed to increased temperatures in recent decades. Positive feedback loops from melting permafrost and sea ice also accelerate global warming further if not curtailed. While pollution caused some global dimming in the past, addressing only greenhouse gases is needed to avoid catastrophic warming this century.
CLIMATOLOGY
This document summarizes key concepts about solar and terrestrial radiation, including:
- Solar radiation is energy from the sun, while terrestrial radiation is energy reflected back from Earth.
- Radiation can be direct, diffuse after scattering, or reflected. Some is absorbed by the atmosphere or Earth's surface.
- The reflectivity of surfaces like snow, sand, forests and grasslands affects how much radiation is reflected.
- Daily temperature cycles are driven by variations in net radiation from changes in solar insolation over 24 hours.
global-warming-presentation slides ofpptx
The document discusses global warming and its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It notes that global warming is primarily caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like industrialization, population growth, and fossil fuel use. Some effects of global warming include rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. The document explores various mitigation strategies like improving energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage, renewable energy, and reducing population growth.
Climate change
The greenhouse effect occurs when gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, warming the planet. According to scientific consensus, human economic activity has increased the greenhouse effect on Earth. The impacts of climate change include a rise in average global temperatures, more extreme weather like droughts and hurricanes, melting polar ice caps and rising sea levels, and shifts in precipitation and species populations.
Presentation
The greenhouse effect occurs when gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, warming the planet. According to scientific consensus, human economic activity is enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing climate change by emitting more of these gases. The impacts of climate change include higher average global temperatures, more extreme weather like droughts and hurricanes, rising sea levels from melting ice caps, and disruptions to ecosystems.
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Climate ChangeInvestigation ManualENVIRONMENTAL SCIENC
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This document defines key terms related to the animal kingdom, including invertebrates, vertebrates, feedback inhibition, blastula, protostomes, deuterostomes, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and more. It describes animals as multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs and outlines their essential functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Complex animals are noted to have high cell specialization, internal organization, bilateral symmetry, a head with sense organs, and a body cavity.
Biology 26.2
Sponges contain specialized cells like choanocytes that use flagella to move water through the sponge for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. They have structures like spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica that form their skeleton, and archaeocytes that produce these spicules. Sponges reproduce through internal fertilization and larval stages, and some can form protective gemmules during unfavorable conditions.
Biology 22.5
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Flowering plants can also be annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether their life cycle is one, two, or more than two years.
Earth science 13.1
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Earth science 13.4
The Cenozoic Era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animal, replacing reptiles. Flowering plants known as angiosperms also became the dominant land plant over gymnosperms. Major geological events like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes occurred in western regions due to plate tectonics during this era. Mammals were better adapted than reptiles for more active lifestyles through bearing live young and maintaining steady body temperatures.
Earth science 13.2
The Paleozoic Era saw an explosion of life, as the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia formed most of the southern and northern portions of the supercontinent Pangea. During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, life was restricted to the seas surrounding Gondwana, which contained the continents of present-day South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Asia. By the end of the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, all continents had fused into the single landmass of Pangea, and plants first began moving from waterside habitats onto land.
Earth science 13.3
The Mesozoic era was the Age of Reptiles, where reptiles like dinosaurs quickly became the dominant land animals due to developing shelled eggs. Gymnosperms also dominated as the prominent plant during this time. A major geological event was the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Many reptile groups went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Earth science 9.1
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Earth science 8.2
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Biology 2.4
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Earth science 7.3
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Earth science 7.2
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Earth science 7.1
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Earth science 6.3
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Earth science 6.2
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Earth science 6.1
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Earth science 21.3
- 2. Greenhouse Effect The heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere, mainly by the water vapor and carbon dioxide.
- 3. Global Warming The increase in average temperatures of Earth and the atmosphere due in part to increased carbon dioxide levels.
- 4. Key Concept The presence of aerosols in the air increases the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space. This causes Earth’s lower atmosphere to cool.
- 5. Key Concept These changes in ocean circulation also can result in short-term climate fluctuations.
- 6. Key Concept These geographic changes in Earth’s land and water bodies cause changes in climate.
- 7. Key Concept Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbits and the tilt of Earth on its axis are other Earth motions that affect global climates.