Earth Attacks!
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The document discusses the implications of space exploration and some challenges facing NASA. It notes that space exploration is driven by curiosity, political interests, and economic constraints. While collaboration with private sectors and innovations can help, there are also risks like budget cuts, technical shortcuts, and environmental pollution. Ethical issues around astronaut safety and selection processes are discussed. The system is assessed to determine if it is "anti-fragile." Recommendations include using artificial intelligence and robotics to enable deep space exploration and establishing an international treaty and tax policies related to space activities. The document also considers how the system might be stressed by events like war or an alien invasion.
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Earth Attacks!
- 1. Earth Attacks! Implications in Space Exploration Bay Bridge Team 1 | Belloni Nwokike Tan Wang Yepez
- 2. Highest Order Aspiration “We need to be multiplanet species for human being to survive“ Char le s Bold e n 1 2 t h A d m i n i s t r a t o r o f N A S A ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 7 ) - C u r i o s i t y o f u n k n o w n - Po l i t i c a l I n t e re s t - E c o n o m i c Co n s t ra i n t s
- 3. + Nasa System Loop Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet + - - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B
- 4. - + + Nasa System Loop Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B
- 5. + Nasa System Loop Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet + - - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B
- 6. - + + Nasa System Loop Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B
- 7. Environment, Politics and Law • NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017, S.442 ($ 19.5 billion budget) • Mandate to send astronauts to Mars by 2033 • Establish to monitor the health of former astronauts • 5% reduction in Earth Science budget • Space debris and human spacecraft • Depletion of stratospheric ozone • Contamination of soil in launching rockets • 1967, "Outer Space Treaty” (105 countries signed) • 2015, SPACE Act
- 8. Ethical issues • Safety of the astronauts • Radiation Risks • Selection process: gender, age, risk-takers…. • Rationing and medical treatment • Long term survival of the group VS completion of the mission • Space exploration or tourism?
- 9. Is the system anti-fragile? • Government funding • Effect on Climate Change • Astronauts Safety • Space Race • Private Sector Collaboration • Technology LicensingAnti-fragile
- 10. + Recommendation 1: AI Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet + - - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B Artificial Intelligence Boom Robot Astronauts Deep Space Exploration - + + +
- 11. + Recommendation 2: TAX Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet + - - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B Tax Space Exploration - +
- 12. + Recommendation 3: International Treaty Collaboration w/ Private Sector High innovation Regulation International Competition Government Budget cuts Tech- discoveries Curiosity of unknown Economic Interest Astronauts Safety Tech- shortcuts Space Mission Tech pollution Effects on Climate Change Need to find Earth-like planet + - - + + + + + + ++ + - + + Pressure to succeed Cost of Mission + - + R R B International Treaty - - +
- 13. Stress Test: How will the system react?
- 14. Stress from War w/ Korea • Government militarizes NASA for their expertise • Lack of Government funding for Space Exploration • Private Sector Partnerships • Space Exploration/Research
- 15. Stress from Alien Invasion • NASA becomes a key player • Increase funding • Increase understanding • Increases collaboration in new technology
- 16. • Code of Conduct to deal with the increase implementation of AI • Work with UN to have a new treaty to avoid militarizing or weaponing space • Legislation to manage intelligent agencies use of space for surveillance New Governance System and Rules
- 17. Q&A
Editor's Notes
- Charles Bolden, Head of the US space program from 2009 to 2017, in presenting the three-stage approach at the Humans to Mars summit, said: “If this species (humans) is to survive indefinitely, we need to become a multi-planet species, we need to go to Mars, and Mars is a stepping stone to other solar systems”. Curiosity of unknown Political Interest Economic Constraints
- We decided to focus on the curiosity of the unknown loop, astronauts safety loop and its relation with the search for Earth like planets. The more curiosity of the unknown, generates more economic interest in space, which generates more international competition which generates a space race that generates more pressure to succeed, which keep regulation low and incentivizes innovation, innovation generates more tech-discoveries which generate more curiosity of the unknown. This is a reinforcement loop. The more economic interest in space, incentivizes collaboration with private sector, which lowers tech-shortcuts, less tech- shortcuts increases astronauts safety which lowers the cost of each mission which incentivizes more collaboration with the private sector. This system loop is also affected by government budget cuts that will increase tech-shortcuts, that will decrease astronauts safety, increasing the costs of missions, requiring more collaboration with private sector, that will lower tech-shortcut and increase astronauts safety and lower the costs of mission. The more Economic interest also increase the number of space mission, which currently increases tech pollution, which increases effects on Climate Change, which increase the need to find earth like planets, which increases the number of missions.
- The more curiosity of the unknown, generates more economic interest in space, which generates more international competition which generates a space race that generates more pressure to succeed, which keep regulation low and incentivizes innovation, innovation generates more tech-discoveries which generate more curiosity of the unknown. This is a reinforcement loop.
- The more economic interest in space, incentivizes collaboration with private sector, which lowers tech-shortcuts, less tech- shortcuts increases astronauts safety which lowers the cost of each mission which incentivizes more collaboration with the private sector. This system loop is also affected by government budget cuts that will increase tech-shortcuts, that will decrease astronauts safety, increasing the costs of missions, requiring more collaboration with private sector, that will lower tech-shortcut and increase astronauts safety and lower the costs of mission.
- The more Economic interest also increase the number of space mission, which currently increases tech pollution, which increases effects on Climate Change, which increase the need to find earth like planets, which increases the number of missions. This loop shows the relationship between space exploration and earth science and climate change.
- Environmental issues Space Debris and Human Spacecraft There are over 500,000 space debris in the Earth’s stratosphere because of past space exploration missions. These debris travel at a speed up to 17,500 mph. The increase in space exploration, especially manned space missions, increases the risk of space junk in the Earth's stratosphere https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/whyweexplore/why_we_explore_main.html Depletion of stratospheric ozone Rockets engines emit gasses that are harmful to the ozone layer and human health. Although, roughly 1% of total ozone depletion is attributed to rocket launches but this percentage may rise when CFC fades from the atmosphere and there are more launches from NASA and private companies such as Space X. NASA is also spending$ 6 million a year trying to decontaminate soil under its primary launch site Cape Canaveral in Florida. There are 2 square miles of contaminated soil and groundwater, and several decades of neglect in caring for the local environment. https://writingforright.org/2015/03/06/the-devastating-environmental-impact-of-the-space-program/ Political Congress passed the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017, S.442 with a budget of $19.5 billion. However, this increase in budget comes with policy provisions such as a mandate to send astronauts to Mars by 2033, establishing NASA’s ability to monitor the health of former astronauts and a reduction in the budget of Earth sciences by 5%. https://futurism.com/congress-just-passed-nasas-19-5-billion-budget/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-budget-would-cut-earth-science-and-education/2017/03/15/c08e1e2c-0997-11e7-93dc-00f9bdd74ed1_story.html Law The Outer Space treaty, which is signed by 105 countries, is a UN treaty that forms the basis of international space law such as freedom of exploration by all states and that outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty. http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html SPACE Act of 2015 (The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act), which recognizes and promotes the rights of U.S. companies to engage in the exploration and extraction of space resources from asteroids and other celestial bodies http://www.utne.com/science-and-technology/ethical-dilemmas-of-space-exploration?pageid=1
- The normal rules of society should be suspended in a harsh environment? Long-term survival of the group and completion of the mission might become more important moral goals than the liberty, or even survival, of any one individual. How to tackle issues around sex and reproduction on-board a lifelong mission? Rationing and medical treatment: Justice – or treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to the relevant inequality- might take a more Marxist turn: From each according to their ability and too each according to their needs. Morality of preparing people: should resilient and virtuous people be selected? Martyts or survivors? SPACE EXPLORATION OR TOURISM? The way the law works, the Secretary of Transportation cannot create preventive regulations that would stop the first rich tourists from dying of cosmos-caused cancer or cardiovascular disease while cataracts cloud their eyes. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/nasa-mars-radiation-rule/ https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/03/31/will-humans-need-unique-set-ethics-deep-space-exploration-colonizing-planets/
- Obviously, the system is not anti-fragile. Collaborating with private sector is robust in the system, but it could be affected by government regulations. Technology licensing is anti-fragile. Nasa has already had program called Nasa Spinoff to bring Nasa cutting edge technologies back on earth. The program enables technology commercialization as well as raises funds for future investment. Here are the fragilities: Government funding – The funds are controlled and signed by Congress. Nasa is financial dependent on Congress decisions. Effect on climate change – The more space missions, the more pollutions and contaminations which would lead to earth climate change. Astronauts safety – Astronauts safety can not be 100% guaranteed in terms of launching risk, radiation exposure, space debris, etc. Space race – This will lead to unhealthy international competition. Astronauts are sent to space for the purpose of demonstrating national strength rather than space exploration.
- One of the recommendation is to increase investments on developing Artificial Intelligence. With the booms of AI, NASA is going to be capable of having Robot Astronauts. Robot Astronauts can replace human being to execute some risky missions, which will increase Astronauts Safety. On the other hand, Robot Astronauts could be assigned to carry out Deep Space Exploration mission, which will increase the efficiency of Space Mission, and at the same time, reduce the number of Space Missions. With the recommendation of AI, the NASA system would be more anti-fragile by balancing Astronauts Safety and Space Mission.
- Our recommendation is to use a tax system to reduce dependency on government funding. We recommend that the government introduce a tax system similar to California’s plan to tax commercial space travel for every mile a rocket travels in Californian airspace. https://qz.com/977207/californias-plan-to-tax-rockets-by-the-mile-is-exactly-what-spacex-ula-and-virgin-galactic-want/
- Part of our recommendation is for the old treaties to be updated in order for them to be relevant in the 21st century. Treaties such as the UN Outer Space Treaty is outdated and needs to be reviewed as they do not take into consideration modern technology and new space industries, such as space tourism and space commercialization . As space travel become more frequent and cheaper, it is essential to have a robust treaty that will standardized the ethics and law of space.
- War with North Korea will shift the country attention and budget to the military so there will be budget cuts to space exploration. With the fear of an escalation to nuclear war, the expertise of NASA in Satellite telecommunications, Satellite navigation and remote sensing will be a big asset to the US military which will provide NASA enough leverage to receive funding from the US government. With the Space Exploration department becoming increasingly underfunded and neglected, partnerships with the private sector will become crucial to pushing the agenda of research into space. President Trump tweets unfavorably about President Kim Jong-un President Kim Jong-un receives the tweets as a threat and shows military force President Trump reacts with military force and the US goes into war with Korea Threat of nuclear missiles Government militarizes NASA for their expertise Lack of Government funding for Space Exploration Private Sector Partnerships Space Exploration/Research
- With this event, the first point where it hits the system is "Curiosity of the Unknown". Since Nasa is already actively looking for life in other planets, they are the most comfortable US agency to make contact with the alien space shift. This emergency event, makes the US government declare state emergency and increases temporary funding for NASA logistical support.All NASA space explorations are suspended, so the loop about space mission disappears temporarily. As understanding with aliens lifeform increases and new technology is developed, NASA re-engages their space exploration program, contamination from missions decreases, the new technology give them more information about earth science and the effects of climate change.New planets are discovered. NASA will have an upper hand in this scenario, but it would have to work with other intelligence organizations,DOD , etc . In 2020, a spaceship lands in the central part of the US. The US government assembles a team with DOD, NSA, and NASA to approach the spaceship. Government funding is increased UN, Officer of Outter Space collaborates with the NASA team. The new office on interplanetary relations is created , Nasa role is elevated. This process last for a couple of months and people are getting nervous, economic stability is decreasing and security issues are increasing. As communication and relationship advances, NASA collaborates with Aliens, they help them learn new technology and solve many of the climate change problems.
- With these two extreme scenarios we have shown that even though the system for space exploration might be more anti fragile with our recommendations, there is still a problem of governance for it. We propose to work with our internal and international allies to generate a code of conduct for AI technology in space. This code of conduct, should be signed by all countries in order to guarantee more collaboration and more discoveries. The ongoing threat of weaponization needs to be reviewed. The UN treaties need to be updated to make sure new technologies are taken into account and to also incentivize more countries to get onboard. The security threats that the world has increased the need for surveillance. There needs to be a review from current legislation to make sure it is up to date and covers new technologies.
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