John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131John Chapman
We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.
John A Chapman push back against anti-development voices 20121101John Chapman
The Burns Lake Region has significant potential for discovery and development of mineral deposits – however, there is a rising tide of negative forces in British Columbia that is preventing or impairing the mining industry’s ability to construct and operate new mines. As a mining engineer, resident of British Columbia and citizen of Canada, I am personally appalled at the British Columbia Government’s increasingly complex regulations, the rising power costs, the carbon tax, the pandering to environmental NGOs and the ceding of authority to Native Indians, Regional Districts and Federal Government. Especially when we consider the very alarming levels of debt and deficit loads we are carrying in British Columbia and Canada, both governmental and personal. British Columbia’s mineral resource revenues have dropped to a decadal level of approximately $1,500 per capita from their decadal level in the late 1960s and early 1970s of $2,400 per capita (in 2012 dollars). How can we expect to maintain British Columbia’s major social programs such as education, health and transportation when we allow one of its principal long-term wealth generating engines, the resource sector, to seriously deteriorate?
This presentation discusses the mineral resources in the Burns Lake Region and the opportunity for their development, as well as the related needs for (1) low-cost reliable electric energy, (2) elimination of excessive and redundant environmental regulations and taxes, (3) common-sense on climate change, and (4) a push-back against the groups that are strangling mine development.
Historically successful mine developments close to communities will be shown as benchmarks for future British Columbia mine development.
Most rural communities in British Columbia owe their existence and well-being to the early mineral exploration and mining successes all over the province. In fact, over the past 150 years, some $700 billion (in 2012 dollars) have been recovered from mining activities in the province. Historically British Columbia has been a true leader in mineral developments and we don't want to see that change! But, we need your help now to make sure that the exploration and mining companies continue to feel welcome here.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
B.C. Geophysical Society Presentation 20130221 - Importance of Mined Material...John Chapman
There is presently a surge of government and commercial space initiatives that harkens the beginnings of a new age – that of space development beyond Earth orbit. Dot-com billionaires along with well educated and experienced space scientists, engineers and technologists have begun forming companies focused upon advancing human civilization toward utilization and occupation of the moon, mars and asteroids.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
A Dilemma for New Producers of PGE/Base Metal Flotation and Gravity Concentra...John Chapman
New producers of base metal/PGE/precious metal concentrates are faced with very unique challenges regarding downstream processing to saleable metals. The normally complex sulfide concentrate produced consists principally of nickel, copper, cobalt, PGE’s, gold and silver. The alternatives available for downstream processing to saleable metals are very few, and at this time the only standard commercial route is by way of conventional smelting (pyrometallurgy), hydrometallurgical/electrochemical refining to recover base metals, and then a complex chemical (leach and precipitate) refining process to recover PGE’s and precious metals from the base metal leach residue.
John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131John Chapman
We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.
John A Chapman push back against anti-development voices 20121101John Chapman
The Burns Lake Region has significant potential for discovery and development of mineral deposits – however, there is a rising tide of negative forces in British Columbia that is preventing or impairing the mining industry’s ability to construct and operate new mines. As a mining engineer, resident of British Columbia and citizen of Canada, I am personally appalled at the British Columbia Government’s increasingly complex regulations, the rising power costs, the carbon tax, the pandering to environmental NGOs and the ceding of authority to Native Indians, Regional Districts and Federal Government. Especially when we consider the very alarming levels of debt and deficit loads we are carrying in British Columbia and Canada, both governmental and personal. British Columbia’s mineral resource revenues have dropped to a decadal level of approximately $1,500 per capita from their decadal level in the late 1960s and early 1970s of $2,400 per capita (in 2012 dollars). How can we expect to maintain British Columbia’s major social programs such as education, health and transportation when we allow one of its principal long-term wealth generating engines, the resource sector, to seriously deteriorate?
This presentation discusses the mineral resources in the Burns Lake Region and the opportunity for their development, as well as the related needs for (1) low-cost reliable electric energy, (2) elimination of excessive and redundant environmental regulations and taxes, (3) common-sense on climate change, and (4) a push-back against the groups that are strangling mine development.
Historically successful mine developments close to communities will be shown as benchmarks for future British Columbia mine development.
Most rural communities in British Columbia owe their existence and well-being to the early mineral exploration and mining successes all over the province. In fact, over the past 150 years, some $700 billion (in 2012 dollars) have been recovered from mining activities in the province. Historically British Columbia has been a true leader in mineral developments and we don't want to see that change! But, we need your help now to make sure that the exploration and mining companies continue to feel welcome here.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
B.C. Geophysical Society Presentation 20130221 - Importance of Mined Material...John Chapman
There is presently a surge of government and commercial space initiatives that harkens the beginnings of a new age – that of space development beyond Earth orbit. Dot-com billionaires along with well educated and experienced space scientists, engineers and technologists have begun forming companies focused upon advancing human civilization toward utilization and occupation of the moon, mars and asteroids.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
A Dilemma for New Producers of PGE/Base Metal Flotation and Gravity Concentra...John Chapman
New producers of base metal/PGE/precious metal concentrates are faced with very unique challenges regarding downstream processing to saleable metals. The normally complex sulfide concentrate produced consists principally of nickel, copper, cobalt, PGE’s, gold and silver. The alternatives available for downstream processing to saleable metals are very few, and at this time the only standard commercial route is by way of conventional smelting (pyrometallurgy), hydrometallurgical/electrochemical refining to recover base metals, and then a complex chemical (leach and precipitate) refining process to recover PGE’s and precious metals from the base metal leach residue.
A presentation created by NASA Generation Y'ers has influenced three young Canadian engineers in a presentation to the government Industry, Science, and Technology Committee.
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1. Canadian Space Summit
November 21 - 23, 2008
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
CREATING A ROBUST CANADIAN SPACE RESEARCH, EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRY - THE CANADIAN MINERAL INDUSTRY FLOW-THROUGH SHARE ANALOG
John Chapman, Nadeem Ghafoor, Christian Sallaberger, Frank Teti
Financing of space research, exploration and development in the past has been mainly by governments. To create
a vibrant and sustainable space program, the private sector needs to be aggressively involved, building upon the
foundation established mainly by the USA and Soviet Union governments. There is an analog that could point the
way to rapidly opening space to private enterprise – that is the Canadian flow-through tax incentive for mineral
exploration. The flow-through tax credit program in Canada has facilitated the raising of billions of dollars
annually by mineral exploration companies, mainly from wealthy individuals, and this has kept Canada in the
forefront of world mineral exploration and mine development. In addition, Canada has, through this tax incentive,
developed a large base of experts in science, technology, legal, accounting, finance, etc. for mineral exploration
and mine development world wide. Statistics from the 2005 Canadian intergovernmental working group on the
mineral industry reported:
1. Canada continues to be the foremost destination for exploration capital globally. In 2004, some 20% of
the mineral exploration programs planned by the world’s mining companies were expected to be
conducted in Canada. As for Canadian companies, they were expected to undertake 43% of all the
exploration programs in the world in 2004, a share that is by far the largest of the global mineral
exploration market.
2. In 2003, C$12.7 billion in equity financing was raised for mineral exploration and development projects
around the world. More than 45% of the new funds were raised by companies listed on Canadian stock
exchanges.
These are amazing statistics as Canada represents only 7% of the land area on Earth and only 0.5% of the world’s
population. It is important to understand the details of the tax-driven incentive that encourages the exploration
and development of Canadian natural resources. The government allows Canadian natural resource companies to
issue common shares that entitle the holder to certain tax benefits. These shares are called flow-through shares.
Canadian natural resource companies have certain expenses, known as Canadian Exploration Expenses (CEE),
which can be deducted 100% for tax purposes by the purchasers of flow-through shares. The company’s tax
deductions are “flowed through” to the investor. In addition to benefiting a taxpayer in the current taxation year,
these tax deductions can be carried back three years and carried forward seven years. There is also a 15% tax
credit available to Canadian investors for "grass roots" mining exploration expenses incurred in Canada. This
applies only to exploration for metals and minerals and not for extraction of oil and gas. For investors in every
province and territory of Canada, the tax credit is at least 15% as long as the "grass roots" mining exploration
occurs somewhere in Canada. In addition, some (but not all) of the provinces and territories have added their own
tax credit, ranging from 5% in Ontario to 20% in British Columbia. The provincial tax credit only applies if the
investor is resident in the province and the exploration occurs in the same province. In addition to benefiting a
taxpayer in the current taxation year, these tax credits can be carried back three years and carried forward 10
years. Just imagine the impact of countries such as Canada and the USA adopting a similar tax-driven incentive
for space research, exploration and development – tens of billions of private dollars could be raised annually for
space enterprises.
AUTHORS
John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM, Principal J.A. Chapman Mining Services, is a Professional Mining
Engineer (British Columbia). He has worked for 42 years in the mining industry in mineral exploration, mine
development, operations, and engineering and as an executive. He has been involved in the financing of many
high risk mineral exploration and mine development ventures.
2. Nadeem Ghafoor, Ph.D., Manager of Planetary Exploration at MDA, Canada’s largest space company. His
background is in both planetary science and spacecraft engineering.
Christian Sallaberger, Ph.D.,Vice President & Director of Space Exploration at MDA. Previously held positions at
the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency, where he initiated Canada's Space Exploration
program.
Frank Teti, P.Eng., MBA, Manager of Autonomous Robotics at MDA. His background includes the development
of manned and unmanned systems for space and terrestrial applications.
3. CREATING A ROBUST CANADIAN SPACE RESEARCH,
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY
THE CANADIAN MINERAL INDUSTRY FLOW‐THROUGH
SHARE ANALOG
John Chapman, Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services
Frank Teti, Manager of Autonomous Robotics, MDA
Nadeem Ghafoor, Manager of Planetary Exploration, MDA
Christian Sallaberger, VP and Director Space Exploration, MDA
CANADIAN SPACE SUMMIT
NOVEMBER 21 ‐ 23, 2008
MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA
4. What are Flow‐Through Shares?
• The Canadian Income Tax Act allows mineral
exploration (high‐risk) to be funded by wealthy
individuals and corporations by way of flow‐
through shares that “flow” Canadian mineral
exploration expenses to the investor from the
exploring company
• The investor gets the tax write offs against any
income type and the company gives them up –
the company, like most early stage ventures,
probably has no source of income to write these
expenses off against
5. Proposal
• Canadian government can support space exploration in
Canada without need for new funding or budget request
• Apply flow through tax credits to space exploration
• Create whole new set of world‐class industries and
capabilities in Canada
– High tech jobs
– Spinoffs
– Tax sources
– Education
• Canada is a world‐leader in mining
• Canada can be a world leader in space exploration
6. High Risk / High Reward Ventures
• Mineral Exploration is probably the riskiest business on
the planet
• At very long odds, from time to time, immense wealth is
created by a mineral deposit discovery
• The Canadian government for many years has recognized
that having a tax incentive for mineral exploration
creates great wealth for the country
• Success is related to the: project, team and financing
7. Spin‐Off Benefits
• The Canadian flow‐through policy has created a
World‐Class base, in Canada, of:
– Mineral finance institutions and stock exchanges
– A very large base of internationally respected mineral
specialists in the fields of:
• Geosciences
• Mining
• Exploration and Development Financial Analyses
• Accounting
• Legal
• Manufacturing and Supplies
8. Importance to Canada (2004 data)
• Canada has 7% of land area on Earth and 0.5%
of population
• 20% of World mineral exploration conducted
in Canada
• Canadian companies conduct 43% of the
World’s mineral exploration
• 45% of the World’s $12.7 billion raised for
exploration is via companies listed on
Canadian stock exchanges
18. Degree of Realism
• Any planetary body (Moon, asteroids)
• Already there are existing businesses involved
(Shackleton, Lunar Transporation Systems,
Jamestown Group, etc)
• MDA is involved
– Prime contractor for Odyssey Moon to deliver 5
commercial landed mission to moon
– Prime contractor to another commercial customer for
planetary mining mission concept development
• Most large space primes are involved and/or
reviewing these opportunities
19. Planetary Resources
• Use on the Moon
– Oxygen from Silicon Oxide
• for use by humans and for fuel
– Water (bring up Hydrogen)
– Methane (fuel source)
– Silicon to build solar power arrays
• Return to Earth
– He3 (use in nuclear fusion, extremely rare on Earth)
– Iron, copper
– Precious metals (platinum)
20. System Overview
Orbit & Orbital In‐situ In‐situ Surface Orbital & Human Sortie &
Surface Sampling
Transport Science & Science & Surface Exploitation & Surface Sustained
& Processing
infrastructure Prospecting Prospecting Exploration ISRU Infrastructure Presence
Robotic Site
Robotic Site
Characterisation
Characterisation
Robotic Remote
Robotic Remote
Sensing
Sensing
Shuttle & ISS
Shuttle & ISS Rendezvous
Rendezvous
Robotics
Robotics & Docking
& Docking Autonomous Surface &
Surface &
Autonomous
Robotics
Robotics Landing & Hazard
Landing & Hazard Subsurface Science
Subsurface Science
Avoidance
Avoidance Instruments
Instruments
Robotic
Robotic
Sample Acquisition &
Sample Acquisition &
Surface Mobility
Surface Mobility Sample Processing
Sample Processing
Transfer Systems
Transfer Systems
& ISRU Robotics
& ISRU Robotics
Human Surface Mobility
Human Surface Mobility Infrastructure Deployment
Infrastructure Deployment Human-Robotic Infrastructure
Human-Robotic Infrastructure
Robotic Human Field Assistance
Robotic Human Field Assistance & Assembly Robotics
& Assembly Robotics Assembly & Maintenance
Assembly & Maintenance
21. Prospecting – Remote Sensing
• Lunar & Planetary SAR
– World leading terrestrial SAR heritage:
RADARSAT‐1 & ‐2, Next‐generation SAR
constellation
– Planetary surface & subsurface mapping
– Regolith & bedrock topography for landing
site selection & resource / ISRU
• Spiral‐scanning Lidar Altimetry Instrument
(SALLI)
– Efficient generation of lunar surface
topography from polar orbiting spacecraft
– High‐resolution mapping &
reconnaissance for sortie and outpost site
selection
26. Autonomous Vehicles
• MDA has
successfully
developed a
software and
controls solution for
an underground
autonomous vehicle
to improve safety and
productivity
27. Advanced Vision ‐ Camera Based
• Vision‐based scene modeling
– Rapid in‐situ photo‐real scene modeling
• Handheld & vehicle‐mounted options
• Technologies being applied in mining,
forensic & security industries
– Autonomous site characterization &
prospecting
– Survey & contextual imaging (tele‐op
geology)
– 3D sample acquisition monitoring (e.g.
drilling) Credit: MDA
– Cost mapping for autonomous navigation
– Data‐storage & bandwidth efficiency
Triangular Mesh
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are needed to see this picture.
YUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Triangular Mesh
(texture added)
28. Advanced Vision ‐ Laser based
• Lidar‐based scene modeling
– Ultra‐high accuracy
– Range independent
– Lighting and contrast independent
• Applications
– Lunar shadowed region scene modelling
– Lunar shadowed region rover navigation
– Geological sample classification Credit: Optech
• Optech lidar recently utilized at Haughton Crater with
NASA Ames Human‐Robot Site Survey Project
Credit: CSA
Credit: Optech Credit: UNB / Optech Credit: Optech / NASA
29. Sample Handling & Acquisition
• MDA‐CSA Exploration Arm:
– Rover / lander mountable
– Low power, low mass, high tip load
– DOF: 4 ‐ 7
– Length: 1 ‐ 4m
– Range of end effectors (scoop shown)
– Regolith simulant tested
30. Sub‐Surface Acquisition
• Lunar & Planetary Exploration coring & drilling systems
• Collaborations
– hard‐rock mining partners
– ice‐drilling partners
• Proof of principle breadboarding
– Low mass, power, down force, rpm & comminution
– Rock‐bit interface characterisation
– Cuttings transport & core capture
• Drill architecture & control scheme trades
• Future exploration
– Autonomous lander & rover deployed systems
– Astronaut deployed systems
31. Processing and Transfer
• Sample handling design activities for
CSA, ESA & NASA missions (most recently MSR)
• Sample processing, sample transfer and sample
containment concept development
• Crusher breadboarding:
– Sample reduction investigation
– Low mass, low power
• Delivery to instruments, sample storage, inter‐
vehicle transfer, sample return transfer
Image: NASA
32. ISRU Robotics
• Prime contractor for US (DARPA) Phase A
lunar resource utilisation study
– Lunar surface prospector
– Mobile regolith processor & orbital delivery
• Sample processing systems
– Sample reduction
33. Return Minerals to Orbit
• 25 yrs of robotic deployment & assembly of
large‐scale human space infrastructure on
Shuttle & ISS
– Heavy cargo transport & deployment
– Vehicle docking & berthing
Credit: NASA
34. Orbit & Orbital In‐situ In‐situ Surface Orbital & Human Sortie &
Surface Sampling
Transport Science & Science & Surface Exploitation & Surface Sustained
& Processing
infrastructure Prospecting Prospecting Exploration ISRU Infrastructure Presence
Robotic Site
Robotic Site
Characterisation
Characterisation
Robotic Remote
Robotic Remote
Sensing
Sensing
Shuttle & ISS
Shuttle & ISS Rendezvous
Rendezvous
Robotics
Robotics & Docking
& Docking Autonomous Surface &
Surface &
Autonomous
Robotics
Robotics Landing & Hazard
Landing & Hazard Subsurface Science
Subsurface Science
Avoidance
Avoidance Instruments
Instruments
Robotic
Robotic
Sample Acquisition &
Sample Acquisition &
Surface Mobility
Surface Mobility Sample Processing
Sample Processing
Transfer Systems
Transfer Systems
& ISRU Robotics
& ISRU Robotics
Human Surface Mobility
Human Surface Mobility Infrastructure Deployment
Infrastructure Deployment Human-Robotic Infrastructure
Human-Robotic Infrastructure
Robotic Human Field Assistance
Robotic Human Field Assistance & Assembly Robotics
& Assembly Robotics Assembly & Maintenance
Assembly & Maintenance
35. Conclusion
• Robotics systems have supported sustainable human
space exploration infrastructure for 30 yrs
• Scouts, field‐scientists and prospectors for planetary
have been provided by robotic systems
• Many key technologies exist now that will form the
basis of the early human‐robotic activities on the lunar
surface
36. RECOMMENDATION
• Canada has a large and successful mineral exploration
science, technology and financial base already
established, that could be used as a solid foundation
for human lunar and planetary mineral exploration and
development
• The Canadian federal government should now extend
the mineral flow‐through financing tax incentive to
space research, exploration and development
• This tax policy would position Canada as a leader in
space research, exploration and development, with all
its spin‐off benefits, similar to those accrued from the
present Canadian mineral industry tax policy