This document summarizes a longitudinal study that examined the quality of mother-infant and father-infant interactions during feeding in families where the mothers experienced early relational traumatic experiences such as sexual/physical abuse or emotional abuse/neglect. 136 families were divided into three groups: those where the mother experienced physical/sexual abuse; those where the mother experienced emotional abuse/neglect; and a control group of healthy families. The families participated in assessments at pregnancy, when the infants were 3 months, and when they were 6 months. Assessments included observing feeding interactions and having parents complete a symptom checklist. The study found that higher maternal depression and experiences of neglect/abuse predicted more negative mother-infant interactions, and
The document discusses a study that examined emotion regulation (ER) patterns in 196 Chinese school-age children using reports from mothers, teachers, and children themselves. A cluster analysis identified 3 ER groups: a poor family ER group, poor school ER group, and overall good ER group. The study found significant differences among the groups in teacher-reported psychopathological symptoms like depression and attention problems, but no differences in mother-reported symptoms. Children in the overall good ER group had fewer symptoms, showing the value of a multi-informant approach to understanding children's emotional profiles and functioning.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
The document summarizes a final project proposal that examines the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and subsequent substance use disorders. The proposal includes a literature review of 6 articles on the topic and a proposed correlational research study using assessments to measure PTSD, childhood trauma, and substance abuse severity in adults undergoing residential treatment. The hypothesis is that adults who experienced childhood maltreatment and developed PTSD will be at increased risk for substance use disorders.
This document outlines factors that influence a working woman's ability to manage menopausal problems based on Pender's Health Promotional Model. It discusses individual factors like biological characteristics and psychological factors. Socio-cultural factors like education and religion also impact management. Perceived benefits include managing problems with less medical support while barriers include lack of time. Self-efficacy and the pre-test assessment of knowledge are examined. Interpersonal influences like healthcare providers administering programs and situational influences like family and coworkers are also considered. The model shows how a plan of action after a program can lead to health-promoting behaviors in managing menopause independently.
Behaviourism is an approach in psychology that views human behaviour as determined by environmental stimuli and conditioning processes. Behaviourists believe that behaviour can be explained without reference to internal mental states. They study learning through classical and operant conditioning, using controlled experiments with animals and humans. While behaviourism introduced scientific methods to psychology, it is criticised for ignoring cognitive influences on behaviour and oversimplifying human learning processes. Nonetheless, behavioural techniques have proven effective in modifying problem behaviours.
A paper that reviews the impact that a person's stress levels have on their relationships. Within the CFLE matrix, this review falls under the interpersonal relationships and internal dynamics of families substance areas and the writing/materials development and program development/information application competency areas.
Applied psychology in the care of health care usersChantal Settley
This document discusses psychological development across the human lifespan. It covers Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development, which proposes 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood defined by developmental tasks and psychological crises. Each stage is associated with challenges that must be resolved to progress emotionally. The document also examines physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in early childhood, including attachment, motor skills, speech, self-control, relationships, and the importance of play.
This document presents a developmental psychopathology model for understanding childhood traumatic stress and its intersection with anxiety disorders over the lifespan. The model incorporates a tripartite etiology of post-trauma distress involving child-intrinsic factors, developmental experiences, and environmental influences. It recognizes the complex interplay between trauma exposure, reminders, secondary stresses, and developmental stages in shaping proximal and long-term outcomes. A key aspect is how appraisal and response to danger evolves throughout childhood, which impacts trauma responses. The model provides a framework for investigating interactions between trauma, psychopathology, and disturbances in acquiring competencies over the life course.
This document provides an overview of experimental psychology and the scientific method. It discusses the importance of gathering data systematically and objectively without personal biases. Nonexperimental research methods like case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys are described as alternatives to experiments that can still provide useful psychological data while imposing less control over subjects. Proper research ethics, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding harm to participants are emphasized.
The document discusses a study that examined emotion regulation (ER) patterns in 196 Chinese school-age children using reports from mothers, teachers, and children themselves. A cluster analysis identified 3 ER groups: a poor family ER group, poor school ER group, and overall good ER group. The study found significant differences among the groups in teacher-reported psychopathological symptoms like depression and attention problems, but no differences in mother-reported symptoms. Children in the overall good ER group had fewer symptoms, showing the value of a multi-informant approach to understanding children's emotional profiles and functioning.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
The document summarizes a final project proposal that examines the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and subsequent substance use disorders. The proposal includes a literature review of 6 articles on the topic and a proposed correlational research study using assessments to measure PTSD, childhood trauma, and substance abuse severity in adults undergoing residential treatment. The hypothesis is that adults who experienced childhood maltreatment and developed PTSD will be at increased risk for substance use disorders.
This document outlines factors that influence a working woman's ability to manage menopausal problems based on Pender's Health Promotional Model. It discusses individual factors like biological characteristics and psychological factors. Socio-cultural factors like education and religion also impact management. Perceived benefits include managing problems with less medical support while barriers include lack of time. Self-efficacy and the pre-test assessment of knowledge are examined. Interpersonal influences like healthcare providers administering programs and situational influences like family and coworkers are also considered. The model shows how a plan of action after a program can lead to health-promoting behaviors in managing menopause independently.
Behaviourism is an approach in psychology that views human behaviour as determined by environmental stimuli and conditioning processes. Behaviourists believe that behaviour can be explained without reference to internal mental states. They study learning through classical and operant conditioning, using controlled experiments with animals and humans. While behaviourism introduced scientific methods to psychology, it is criticised for ignoring cognitive influences on behaviour and oversimplifying human learning processes. Nonetheless, behavioural techniques have proven effective in modifying problem behaviours.
A paper that reviews the impact that a person's stress levels have on their relationships. Within the CFLE matrix, this review falls under the interpersonal relationships and internal dynamics of families substance areas and the writing/materials development and program development/information application competency areas.
Applied psychology in the care of health care usersChantal Settley
This document discusses psychological development across the human lifespan. It covers Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development, which proposes 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood defined by developmental tasks and psychological crises. Each stage is associated with challenges that must be resolved to progress emotionally. The document also examines physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in early childhood, including attachment, motor skills, speech, self-control, relationships, and the importance of play.
This document presents a developmental psychopathology model for understanding childhood traumatic stress and its intersection with anxiety disorders over the lifespan. The model incorporates a tripartite etiology of post-trauma distress involving child-intrinsic factors, developmental experiences, and environmental influences. It recognizes the complex interplay between trauma exposure, reminders, secondary stresses, and developmental stages in shaping proximal and long-term outcomes. A key aspect is how appraisal and response to danger evolves throughout childhood, which impacts trauma responses. The model provides a framework for investigating interactions between trauma, psychopathology, and disturbances in acquiring competencies over the life course.
This document provides an overview of experimental psychology and the scientific method. It discusses the importance of gathering data systematically and objectively without personal biases. Nonexperimental research methods like case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys are described as alternatives to experiments that can still provide useful psychological data while imposing less control over subjects. Proper research ethics, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding harm to participants are emphasized.
This document discusses several specialties within psychology, including:
- Developmental psychology, which studies physical, emotional, and intellectual development from pre-natal stages onwards.
- Educational psychology, which uses psychology to help children in the education system and studies factors influencing learning.
- Social psychology, which studies the impact of social institutions and external influences on individual behavior.
- Clinical psychology, where psychologists specialize in treating behavioral problems and mental illness through specialized training.
- Occupational health psychology, which focuses on the work environment, individual, and work-family interface to improve quality of work life and worker well-being.
The document lists several other specialties and asks which area the reader
This document discusses attitudes and how they are formed. It defines attitudes as psychological responses that influence our behaviors and can be positive or negative. Attitude formation is a result of learning from others, experiences, social roles and norms. Attitudes have explicit, implicit and dual components and include affect, cognition and behavior. They can positively or negatively impact one's behavior and can be infectious. Maintaining a positive attitude is important for leadership.
This document provides an overview of a framework called the Generative Language Matrix for developing natural language and social skills in children with autism through intensive early intervention. It describes analyzing a child's language and social behaviors, identifying clinical behavior problems, and using applied behavior analysis techniques to directly teach skills and weaken stereotyped behaviors to promote typical language development and social functioning. The goal is for children to gain independence using skills across natural environments without specialized support.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. It aims to describe, explain, predict, and potentially manage basic components of behavior. There are many approaches in psychology, such as structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, psychoanalysis, cognitive, behaviorism, humanistic, biological, and eclectic. While psychology uses various methods like experimentation, observation, questionnaires, and case studies, it is a unified science that seeks to understand behavior comprehensively. Psychologists work in various fields such as clinical, counseling, school, industrial, sports, and forensic psychology to promote well-being and solve problems using behavioral principles.
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Its main goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are several modern approaches to psychology including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychometric, humanistic, and cross-cultural. The biological approach examines how genes, hormones, and the nervous system influence behaviors and mental processes. The cognitive approach studies how information is processed, stored, and used. The behavioral approach looks at how learning and conditioning shape behaviors. A psychologist requires a PhD and studies behaviors, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medication and diagnose physical/neurological causes of behaviors. There are several branches of psychology including social, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and
This document presents a study that examines the effects of Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) on bullying and aggressive behavior in adolescents. The study aims to determine if BSFT can help lower aggression scores, as measured by the Social Behavior Assessment Inventory, in families of aggressive adolescents who receive the therapy compared to those who do not. The rationale is that bullying originates in the home environment due to factors like inconsistent parenting. Therefore, family therapy may help address the root causes by improving family relationships and communication. The hypothesis is that adolescents who receive BSFT will have significantly lower aggression scores post-treatment than those who do not receive the therapy.
The Jet Press 720S printed 11 unique jobs in one 8 hour shift, including brochures, posters, books, calendars, and direct mail. It printed over 100 sides at a rate equivalent to 147 sides on an offset press. The schedule details each job printed, including paper stock and quantity. An average of 4 plates were used per job, with some paper changes and head cleans between jobs. By the end of the shift, over 550 sides had been printed and the press was shut down.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
(A)social internet projects as modulators of social realityshtatspb
The document discusses how social Internet projects can modulate social reality. It argues that the Internet increases the possible nature of social reality by broadcasting information about norms. It acts as an arena for forming representations of normal/deviant behaviors and reflects reality through meanings and narratives. If these meanings resonate widely, the Internet can modify and strengthen social norms. Social Internet projects are defined as sets of ideas and discourses reflecting desires to change behaviors, values, and practices through social marketing strategies in virtual communications. The strategies discussed include positive self-presentation, inclusivity, personalization, recruitment of supporters, and weakening opponents.
The Jet Press 720S is a sheet-fed digital press that uses a traditional paper feeding mechanism for accuracy. It prints in four colors with SAMBA print bars in a single pass on standard coated paper. The press features infrared drying, scanning of each sheet, variable data printing using barcodes, and ultra-high capacity servers to enable on-the-fly variable data printing.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This poem explores moving on from love and relationships, as indicated by lines about no longer thinking in love and living without attachment or law. The speaker expresses how they once trusted but now distrust, and would vanish their past love without doubt. They can only stand by themselves now and aim to get what they want independently rather than think of love anymore.
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
Presented by Seck Yee Chung - Partner - Baker & McKenzie Vietnam
This slideshow is from a presentation at the M2 Marketing & Media events in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam organized by ITV-Asia.com and VietnamBusiness.TV
To see videos from the events, interviews with speakers and to get information on upcoming M2 - Marketing & Media Network events please visit VietnamBusiness.TV
This document discusses various philosophical and social science fields and concepts. It presents concepts from epistemology, philosophical psychology, sociology, anthropology, and pedagogy. It was presented by Julia Apaza Lanque.
Audience – the theories and our target audienceRyparsnips
This document discusses several theories about how audiences interact with media:
The Hyperdermic Needle Theory proposes that media has the power to directly influence passive audiences. The Lifematrix Theory defines 10 audience categories centered around values, attitudes, and beliefs. The Users and Gratifications Theory argues that individuals actively select media based on their own needs and desires for information, identity, entertainment, and social interaction.
The document concludes that the film "In Thus Life" will target audiences aged 16 and older, as it is a horror thriller containing violent scenes, and audiences aged 15 and over have shown greater interest in horrors than other genres.
The document discusses various reading strategies that can be used before, during, and after reading to help students comprehend texts. It notes that reading is a complex process involving word recognition, comprehension, and fluency. Some strategies discussed include KWL charts, vocabulary pre-teaching, anticipation guides, double-entry journals, think-alouds, summarizing, and RAFT writing assignments. The purpose of these strategies is to activate background knowledge, build comprehension, and develop critical thinking skills around texts.
This document discusses how technology can negatively impact well-being in three areas: intellectual, physical, and social. Regarding intellectual well-being, heavy technology use can rewire the brain and be psychologically addictive. Physically, sedentary lifestyles due to technology lead to health issues. Socially, technology overuse can increase isolation and harm communication skills. Solutions proposed include limiting screen time and encouraging offline social interaction.
This document discusses several specialties within psychology, including:
- Developmental psychology, which studies physical, emotional, and intellectual development from pre-natal stages onwards.
- Educational psychology, which uses psychology to help children in the education system and studies factors influencing learning.
- Social psychology, which studies the impact of social institutions and external influences on individual behavior.
- Clinical psychology, where psychologists specialize in treating behavioral problems and mental illness through specialized training.
- Occupational health psychology, which focuses on the work environment, individual, and work-family interface to improve quality of work life and worker well-being.
The document lists several other specialties and asks which area the reader
This document discusses attitudes and how they are formed. It defines attitudes as psychological responses that influence our behaviors and can be positive or negative. Attitude formation is a result of learning from others, experiences, social roles and norms. Attitudes have explicit, implicit and dual components and include affect, cognition and behavior. They can positively or negatively impact one's behavior and can be infectious. Maintaining a positive attitude is important for leadership.
This document provides an overview of a framework called the Generative Language Matrix for developing natural language and social skills in children with autism through intensive early intervention. It describes analyzing a child's language and social behaviors, identifying clinical behavior problems, and using applied behavior analysis techniques to directly teach skills and weaken stereotyped behaviors to promote typical language development and social functioning. The goal is for children to gain independence using skills across natural environments without specialized support.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. It aims to describe, explain, predict, and potentially manage basic components of behavior. There are many approaches in psychology, such as structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, psychoanalysis, cognitive, behaviorism, humanistic, biological, and eclectic. While psychology uses various methods like experimentation, observation, questionnaires, and case studies, it is a unified science that seeks to understand behavior comprehensively. Psychologists work in various fields such as clinical, counseling, school, industrial, sports, and forensic psychology to promote well-being and solve problems using behavioral principles.
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Its main goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are several modern approaches to psychology including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychometric, humanistic, and cross-cultural. The biological approach examines how genes, hormones, and the nervous system influence behaviors and mental processes. The cognitive approach studies how information is processed, stored, and used. The behavioral approach looks at how learning and conditioning shape behaviors. A psychologist requires a PhD and studies behaviors, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medication and diagnose physical/neurological causes of behaviors. There are several branches of psychology including social, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and
This document presents a study that examines the effects of Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) on bullying and aggressive behavior in adolescents. The study aims to determine if BSFT can help lower aggression scores, as measured by the Social Behavior Assessment Inventory, in families of aggressive adolescents who receive the therapy compared to those who do not. The rationale is that bullying originates in the home environment due to factors like inconsistent parenting. Therefore, family therapy may help address the root causes by improving family relationships and communication. The hypothesis is that adolescents who receive BSFT will have significantly lower aggression scores post-treatment than those who do not receive the therapy.
The Jet Press 720S printed 11 unique jobs in one 8 hour shift, including brochures, posters, books, calendars, and direct mail. It printed over 100 sides at a rate equivalent to 147 sides on an offset press. The schedule details each job printed, including paper stock and quantity. An average of 4 plates were used per job, with some paper changes and head cleans between jobs. By the end of the shift, over 550 sides had been printed and the press was shut down.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
(A)social internet projects as modulators of social realityshtatspb
The document discusses how social Internet projects can modulate social reality. It argues that the Internet increases the possible nature of social reality by broadcasting information about norms. It acts as an arena for forming representations of normal/deviant behaviors and reflects reality through meanings and narratives. If these meanings resonate widely, the Internet can modify and strengthen social norms. Social Internet projects are defined as sets of ideas and discourses reflecting desires to change behaviors, values, and practices through social marketing strategies in virtual communications. The strategies discussed include positive self-presentation, inclusivity, personalization, recruitment of supporters, and weakening opponents.
The Jet Press 720S is a sheet-fed digital press that uses a traditional paper feeding mechanism for accuracy. It prints in four colors with SAMBA print bars in a single pass on standard coated paper. The press features infrared drying, scanning of each sheet, variable data printing using barcodes, and ultra-high capacity servers to enable on-the-fly variable data printing.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This poem explores moving on from love and relationships, as indicated by lines about no longer thinking in love and living without attachment or law. The speaker expresses how they once trusted but now distrust, and would vanish their past love without doubt. They can only stand by themselves now and aim to get what they want independently rather than think of love anymore.
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
Presented by Seck Yee Chung - Partner - Baker & McKenzie Vietnam
This slideshow is from a presentation at the M2 Marketing & Media events in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam organized by ITV-Asia.com and VietnamBusiness.TV
To see videos from the events, interviews with speakers and to get information on upcoming M2 - Marketing & Media Network events please visit VietnamBusiness.TV
This document discusses various philosophical and social science fields and concepts. It presents concepts from epistemology, philosophical psychology, sociology, anthropology, and pedagogy. It was presented by Julia Apaza Lanque.
Audience – the theories and our target audienceRyparsnips
This document discusses several theories about how audiences interact with media:
The Hyperdermic Needle Theory proposes that media has the power to directly influence passive audiences. The Lifematrix Theory defines 10 audience categories centered around values, attitudes, and beliefs. The Users and Gratifications Theory argues that individuals actively select media based on their own needs and desires for information, identity, entertainment, and social interaction.
The document concludes that the film "In Thus Life" will target audiences aged 16 and older, as it is a horror thriller containing violent scenes, and audiences aged 15 and over have shown greater interest in horrors than other genres.
The document discusses various reading strategies that can be used before, during, and after reading to help students comprehend texts. It notes that reading is a complex process involving word recognition, comprehension, and fluency. Some strategies discussed include KWL charts, vocabulary pre-teaching, anticipation guides, double-entry journals, think-alouds, summarizing, and RAFT writing assignments. The purpose of these strategies is to activate background knowledge, build comprehension, and develop critical thinking skills around texts.
This document discusses how technology can negatively impact well-being in three areas: intellectual, physical, and social. Regarding intellectual well-being, heavy technology use can rewire the brain and be psychologically addictive. Physically, sedentary lifestyles due to technology lead to health issues. Socially, technology overuse can increase isolation and harm communication skills. Solutions proposed include limiting screen time and encouraging offline social interaction.
Similar to Early maternal relational traumatic experiences and psychopathological symptoms: a longitudinal study on mother-infant and father-infant interactions
Parent-infant interactions in families with women diagnosed with postnatal depression: a longitudinal study on the effects of a psychodynamic treatment
The study examined intergenerational trauma and resilience in families of former child soldiers in Burundi. It found three main ways trauma is passed down: through parenting styles influenced by soldiers' experiences, parental mental health issues affecting children, and community stigma. Family therapists could help by addressing parenting, mental health, and social support through community-based interventions, parent training, and attachment-focused family therapy.
Addressing parental bereavement support needs at the end of life for infants ...Cláudia Farinha
This document summarizes a study exploring parental bereavement experiences after an infant's death from a complex chronic condition. The study involved longitudinal interviews with 14 parents from 7 cases. Findings were organized into 5 categories: 1) Having Expectations - parents who acknowledged negative outcomes coped better; 2) Continuity of Care - parents valued consistent caregivers who witnessed the journey; 3) Memory Making - creating memories, such as time spent with the infant, was important for coping; 4) Wide Network of Support - social support helped parents process the experience; 5) Altruism - parents found purpose in helping others facing similar situations. The study provides insight into anticipatory support needs to help parents transition from caring for an ill infant
The document discusses the "toxic trio" of domestic abuse, parental substance misuse, and parental mental health issues and their impact on parenting and child outcomes. It provides prevalence rates for these issues among child protection and family services cohorts. The document also examines barriers to supporting families dealing with the toxic trio and discusses emerging models like Hampshire's Family Intervention Teams that aim to address toxic trio issues swiftly with integrated specialist support.
A list of possible essay questions 1. Discuss classic stra.docxsleeperharwell
A list of possible essay questions
1. Discuss classic strain theory and general strain theory (GST) in detail, focusing on 1)
whether general strain theory (GST) is a more convincing explanation for why individual
commit crime than classic strain theory and 2) major sources of strain and three key
propositions of GST.
2. Discuss Hirschi’s social bonding theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of
crime; 1) explain key elements of the social bond, 2) key dimensions of low self-control,
3) primary source of the development of self-control, 4) the main propositions of each
theory, and 5) various criticisms of each theory.
3. Why does crime occur according to routine activities and rational choice theories? For
each theory, explain 1) key concepts, 2) propositions, and 3) empirical findings in detail.
4. Discuss deterrence theory in detail, specifically focusing on 1) basic assumptions the
theory is based on, 2) key propositions, 3) key elements of effective punishment, and 4)
empirical findings on the effects of deterrence-based policy interventions on criminal
behaviors.
5. Compare and contrast social learning theories with general strain theory. Which offers a
more convincing argument for understanding crime and delinquency and why?
6. Moon et al. (2009) with a longitudinal data of 659 Korean adolescents examined key
propositions of GST; 1) describe main purposes of the study, 2) explain key strains,
negative emotions (two types), and conditioning variables used in the study, 3) overall
findings, and 4) limitations of the study.
7. Hay (2001) and Moon et al. (2014) tested key propositions of low self-control. First,
explain main purposes of each study. Second, describe key findings of each study.
Finally, discuss theoretical implications of each study’s findings in detail.
Parenting Practices among Depressed
Mothers in the Child Welfare System
Patricia L. Kohl, Jacqueline Njeri Kagotho, and David Dixon
The purpose of this study was to analyze a nationally representative sample of families referred
to Child Protective Services (CPS) agencies, the National Survey of Child and Adolescent
Weil-Being, to examine the association between maternal depression and parenting practices
over a 36-month follow-up period.Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Depressed mothers are'
more likely to demonstrate harsh parenting than are nondepressed mothers; (2) depressed
mothers are more likely to demonstrate neglectful parenting than are nondepressed mothers;
and (3) depressed mothers are more likely to demonstrate emotional maltreatment than are
nondepressed mothers. The interaction between depression and time was also analyzed for
each parenting practice to determine how changes in maternal depression affected changes in
parenting. The sample for this study was 1,536 mother-child dyads in which the child was age
three to 10 years and remained in the home after a CPS investigation.
Impact of parental styles (ejop daniela)MarioBuzz1
- The study examined the impact of parental styles (unconditional positive regard, conditional regard, control, indifference) on psychological complaints.
- For both fathers and mothers, conditional regard was associated with significantly higher scores on nearly all psychological complaint measures compared to unconditional positive regard, even after controlling for gender.
- While lack of father warmth and harsh mother discipline predicted higher total psychological complaints, these factors only explained a small amount of the variance.
The study examined the relationship between parenting styles and self-regulation among university students in the Philippines. Statistical analyses showed that many freshmen (48%) and senior (44%) students reported their parents exhibited a negligent parenting style. While most freshmen had poor self-regulation (68%), most seniors had average self-regulation (56%), indicating other factors beyond parenting style likely influence the development of self-regulation in older students. The study suggests parenting style may not be the sole predictor of self-regulation, as seniors were more regulated despite having negligent parents, likely due to other influences such as self-determination.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
This study examined the associations between parental anxiety/depression and adolescent anxiety/depression, and whether adolescent self-esteem and physical activity moderate or mediate these associations. The study used data from over 5,700 Norwegian adolescents and their parents, collected over 10 years. Structural equation modeling found that parental anxiety/depression predicted adolescent anxiety/depression, and these associations were mediated by current parental symptoms and adolescent self-esteem. Physical activity moderated the association between maternal anxiety/depression and adolescent symptoms. Overall, the findings suggest familial aggregation of anxiety/depression over 10 years and that adolescent self-esteem and physical activity may influence this transmission.
TRAVAILS OF MOTHER WITH TERMINALLY ILL CHILD: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDYAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative multiple case study explored the experiences of five mothers with a terminally
ill child and their coping strategies while in the hospital for an extended period. The findings revealed that upon
their child’s illness, the mother’s world seemed to crumble, causing them to shower their children with love and
seek Divine intervention while trying to be strong for their child. The participants stressed the importance of
seeking refuge in the lord, seeking help from government agencies, and remaining positive and hopeful. The
study’s implication suggest that it could serve as a model for medical social workers handling challenging cases
and parents of terminally ill children who persevere through difficulties over several years. This study
contributes to the literature on social work and the struggles faced by mothers with terminally ill children
globally.
KEYWORDS: Social work, travails, mother w/ terminally ill child, multi-case study, Philippines
Association Between Relationship Quality and Childhood Trauma in Emerging Ad...John Mattscheck, M.A.
This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship quality in emerging adults. Researchers surveyed 1,904 college students about their trauma history and relationship beliefs, skills, and quality. Results showed that experiencing more childhood trauma was associated with lower quality relationships with parents and grandparents, but not with siblings or friends. There was no significant relationship found between trauma and students' relationship beliefs or interpersonal skills. The researchers hypothesized that resilience and support from non-family relationships may help explain why trauma did not negatively impact all areas of relationships.
Association Between Relationship Quality and Childhood Trauma in Emerging Ad...John Mattscheck, M.A.
This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship quality in emerging adults. Researchers surveyed 1,904 college students about their trauma history and relationship beliefs, skills, and quality. Results showed that experiencing more childhood trauma was associated with lower quality relationships with parents and grandparents, but not with siblings or friends. There was no significant relationship found between trauma and students' relationship beliefs or interpersonal skills. The researchers hypothesized that resilience and support from non-family relationships may help explain why trauma did not negatively impact all areas of relationships and functioning.
RUNNING HEADER COURSE PROJECT – INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCES1.docxagnesdcarey33086
RUNNING HEADER: COURSE PROJECT – INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCES 1
COURSE PROJECT – INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCES 2
Paper Week 06
Course Project – Introduction and References
Tania Hoffman
Rasmussen College
Author Note
This paper is being submitted November 16, 2014 for Cari Beecham-Bautista, M.A. G142/SYG1000 Section 14 Introduction to Sociology.
Course Project – Introduction and References
We all want the best for our children and the children around us. The children in today’s society are the adults in tomorrow’s society. I have three children at home myself with a very supportive husband and family and friends around me. All three children have different attitudes and different behavioral issues that need addressing on a daily basis. You see the children out on the street, see the news and crimes happening all around us and don’t you wonder what is going on and why? Asking yourself, where are the parents!? I know I am guilty of just that.
Sociologists have become increasingly concerned with the ways in which families shaped children’s development and overall well-being. Sociologist’s examine the timing and duration of mothers’ poverty, single motherhood, welfare, employment, and kin coresidence through early and middle childhood. Child behavior problems are shaped by poverty and kin coresidence in early and middle childhood, and by parents use of physical punishment. Data was used on mothers and children from the NLSY, which showed strong demands of data, and provided strong tests of relationships.
A child’s behavior problems are a very important aspect of children development because it could be implicated in later adult outcomes. For example child temper tantrums could lead to later problems in life such as downward occupational mobility, erratic work lives, and divorce and separation (Caspi, Elder, and Bem 1987). Child development research find continuity between early behavior problems and later antisocial behavior (Olweus 1979; Loeber 1982), while criminological research finds continuity between behavior problems and later delinquency and crime (Farrington 1986; White et al. 1990). Such offenders in turn are more likely to suffer adult problems like joblessness, poverty, violence, and imprisonment (Nagin, Farrington, and Moffitt 1995; Farrington 1989; Hagan 1991).
Through the research in child psychology it has been determined that coercive or authoritarian control based upon force, threat, or physical punishment of children is ineffective in controlling and shaping children. What has been proved effective is inductive or authoritative control based upon reasoning, explaining, and understanding (Baumrind 1978; Boronfenbrenner 1979; Rollins and Thomas 1979).
Child development and parent child interactions have a large deal to do with social structure. For example this includes everything from parents working outside of the home which could impede parent-child interactions and increase problems. Then there i.
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1. The study examined the relationship between social stressors (low parental warmth, peer victimization) experienced in early adolescence and later neural response to rewards and depressive symptoms.
2. Low parental warmth was associated with increased neural response to potential rewards in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and amygdala. Peer victimization was associated with decreased response in the medial prefrontal cortex.
3. Concurrent depressive symptoms at age 16 were associated with increased reward anticipation response in medial prefrontal cortex and striatal regions. Response in these regions mediated the association between early social stressors and later depressive symptoms.
This summary provides an overview of a thesis that examined the relationship between prenatal cocaine exposure, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and behavioral outcomes in 153 children by second grade. The thesis reviewed literature showing that prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with behavioral dysregulation and problems. It hypothesized that prenatal cocaine exposure would be related to higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia in infancy/early childhood, which would in turn be linked to more behavior problems by second grade. Additionally, it proposed that this relationship could be moderated by factors like child gender, maternal negative affect, parenting behaviors, and exposure to violence. The thesis involved analyzing longitudinal data collected between 2001-2013 to test these hypotheses and explore potential pathways between prenatal drug exposure and later
Similar to Early maternal relational traumatic experiences and psychopathological symptoms: a longitudinal study on mother-infant and father-infant interactions (20)
Or: Beyond linear.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Early maternal relational traumatic experiences and psychopathological symptoms: a longitudinal study on mother-infant and father-infant interactions
1. 1Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
www.nature.com/scientificreports
Early maternal relational
traumatic experiences and
psychopathological symptoms:
a longitudinal study on mother-
infant and father-infant
interactions
Renata Tambelli1
, Silvia Cimino2
, Luca Cerniglia3
& Giulia Ballarotto4
Early maternal relational traumas and psychopathological risk can have an impact on mother-
infant interactions. Research has suggested the study of fathers and of their psychological profiles
as protection or risk factors. The aim of the paper is to assess the quality of parental interactions
during feeding in families with mothers with early traumatic experiences. One hundred thirty-six
(N = 136) families were recruited in gynecological clinics: Group A included families with mothers
who experienced early sexual/physical abuse; Group B was composed of families with mothers who
experienced early emotional abuse or neglect; and Group C comprised healthy controls. The subjects
participated in a 10-month longitudinal protocol [at the fourth month of pregnancy (T0), 3 months
after child birth (T1), and 6 months after child birth (T2)] that included an observation of mother-
infant and father-infant interactions during feeding (Scala di Valutazione dell’Interazione Alimentare
[SVIA]) and a self-reporting 90-item Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R). Maternal higher rates
of depression and early traumatic experiences of neglect and emotional abuse predicted more
maladaptive scores on the affective state of the dyad SVIA subscale. Paternal anxiety predicted more
severe levels of food refusal in the child during feeding.
Many authors have found that early relational traumatic experiences (RTEs) may predict the onset of
psychopathological symptoms during an individual’s lifetime1,2
and that women who have suffered sex-
ual/physical or emotional abuse and neglect can demonstrate anxiety, depression, and other severe psy-
chological difficulties during their transition to motherhood3
. Pregnancy can, in fact, trigger the woman’s
attachment system and activate her own representations based on her relationship with her parents4
. The
weight of these traumatic experiences with respect to the onset of psychopathological problems in moth-
ers is more powerful if the experience has been lived precociously; therefore, the abuse that occurred
in the mothers’ first 5 years of life is more likely to foster depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress dis-
order (PTSD)5
, and sleep disturbances, as well as a loss of concentration and interest in activities once
1
Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma,
Italy. 2
Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185
Roma, Italy. 3
Department of Psychology International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele
II, 39 00186 Roma - ITALIA. 4
Psicologia dinamica e clinica Department Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale
Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.C. (email:
l.cerniglia@uninettunouniversity.net)
received: 18 May 2015
accepted: 12 August 2015
Published: 10 September 2015
OPEN
2. www.nature.com/scientificreports/
2Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
enjoyed6
. In the affected mothers’ children, these maternal psychopathological symptoms can be associ-
ated with poor social and cognitive outcomes during infancy and toddlerhood7
, impaired psychological
functioning in adolescence, compromised empathy skills (which may be associated with problems in
moral reasoning and behaviors), weak school performance, anxiety, inadequate self-regulatory capacities,
and attachment insecurity8–13
.
During the past 20 years, these considerations have given birth to several different branches of research
and intervention methodologies: one of them addresses maternal psychological problems subsequent to
abuse and/or maltreatment, both in the childhood history and in the current family situation (mari-
tal maltreatment)14–17
. Another branch of research addresses PTSD and post-traumatic stress syndrome
(PTSS) in mothers who are survivors of traumatic experiences, such as sexual/physical abuse, natural dis-
asters, parental loss, wars, terrorism, and extreme traumatic situations such as the Holocaust18–20
. Other
authors, mostly using the attachment theory framework, have focused on the parenting characteristics of
mothers who have experienced traumatic events and have linked their often diminished parenting to a
lack of mentalization21
, which in turn is related to their past experiences. It has been shown that mothers
who have lived through traumatic experiences and developed PTSDs are more likely to display hostile/
intrusive parenting behaviors22,23
over time (starting during their children’s infancy and continuing in
their children’s toddlerhood) and have children with internalizing and externalizing problems24,25
. To
assess the quality of parent-infant interactions, most studies in this field have focused on play routines,
whereas only a few have observed feeding interactions26
. Nevertheless, many authors have suggested that
feeding interactions between parents and their children may be considered important contexts in which
children learn to identify and to give sense to verbal and non-verbal communications27,28
. This inter-
subjective process is suggested to represent a basis for attachment quality and for emotional/behavioral
functioning29
. Brazelton and colleagues30
described the specific characteristics of an interaction between
traumatized mothers and their infants. The authors demonstrated how these interactions are shaped by
emotional unavailability, a maternal flat affect, and frequent gaze aversion from the infant during daily
routines such as feeding or breast-feeding31–33
. More recently, it has been suggested that the psycho-
pathological risk subsequent to traumatic events can be intergenerationally transmitted to offspring, both
behaviorally/emotionally and genetically34,35
. The latter hypothesis stems from recent epigenetic theories
that emphasize the interaction between genes and environment36–38
. Notably, neurobiological studies on
trauma39
to date have mainly considered severe traumas (e.g., sexual violence, wars) and their common
association with PTSD1
. Yet, other studies have addressed more hidden—and just as problematic—types
of trauma related to emotional abuse or neglect that can alter the amygdala circuit, that is considered
to support maternal responsiveness and attunement with the child40–44
. In recent years, the fathers’ role
has also been addressed as a protective and adjunct risk factor for the onset of psychological difficulties
in children45,46
, due to changes in the families’ organization, which nowadays includes shared responsi-
bilities between mothers and fathers in the rearing of children (e.g., in feeding and sleeping routines),
with fathers involved in the care of their sons and daughters as much as mothers, who are now more
often employed outside the home9
. Lamb47
suggested that fathers interact with their children in a specific
and unique fashion that is rather distinct from the way in which mothers interact with their children;
fathers’ relational patterns with their children, in fact, seem more often characterized by physical con-
tact and rough-and-tumble play, and this issue seems to have a specific role in supporting the child’s
emotional-regulation processes48,49
. For these reasons, it appears important to consider fathers in those
studies which intend to assess the quality of parent-infant interactions, and although a growing number
of scientific papers are considering the fathers’ role in children’s developmental and psychological out-
comes, literature describing the use of observational tools with daily routines (e.g., play and/or feeding)
remains scarce50
.
Similarly, there is a dearth of research on non-clinical populations (i.e., subjects without any psychi-
atric diagnosis, recruited either from health-related services or from the general population), whereas
the relationships among parental psychopathological risks, their traumatic experiences, and children’s
psychological functioning have been widely and longitudinally studied in clinical samples with parents
and children typically diagnosed with PTSD or PTSS in comorbidity with postnatal depression (PND)
or clinical depression51
.
Bearing the above literature in mind, we intended to study the quality of mother-infant and
father-infant interactions in families with mothers who have experienced relational traumas, such as
sexual/physical or emotional abuse and neglect (as defined by D’Andera and colleagues52
), but who did
not develop PTSDs or other psychiatric problems, considering parental psychopathological risks.
Objectives and Methods
The research described here was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Psychology Faculty at
Sapienza, University of Rome, before the start of the study and in accordance with the Declaration of
Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each of the study participants.
The general aim of the study was to longitudinally assess the quality of mother-infant and father-infant
interactions during a daily routine, such as feeding interactions with children at ages 3 and 6 months, in
families with mothers who have experienced early RTEs, such as physical/sexual abuse and emotional
abuse/neglect, in the first 5 years of life. To this end, we subdivided our sample into three groups: families
with mothers who have experienced physical/sexual abuse (Group A); families with mothers who have
3. www.nature.com/scientificreports/
3Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
experienced emotional abuse/neglect (Group B); and families with mothers who have had no traumatic
experiences (Group C). Our hypothesis was that even those mothers who have faced early RTEs but
did not suffer from psychiatric disorders in their life histories could be at risk for the onset of psycho-
pathological symptoms after their children’s births, as well as difficulties in their interactions with their
children. We also hypothesized that early maternal RTEs could affect the quality of both the mothers’ and
the fathers’ interactions with their children in association with specific paternal psychological profiles
(e.g., fathers with anxiety/depression or obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as suggested by Cimino and
colleagues53
); we additionally assumed that different maternal relational traumas could be associated with
different interactional difficulties between parents and their children.
The specific objectives of this study were:
(a) to longitudinally assess the quality of relational mother-infant and father-infant interactions in the
three groups during meals;
(b) to longitudinally assess the severity of the psychopathological risks of mothers and fathers in the
three groups;
(c) and to verify whether maternal early trauma affected the quality of parent-child interactions during
feeding while considering the mothers and fathers’ psychopathological risks.
Subjects and procedure. Over a 5-year period, 897 families in north-central Italy addressed a group
of gynecologic services during women’s pregnancies. In accordance with the gynecologists and following
a program of prevention of maladaptive outcomes in children of parents with psychopathological risks,
we administered a research protocol to both mothers and fathers starting at the fourth month of preg-
nancy (T0). Administered were the following: 1) a 90-item Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R54
);
and 2) an anamnestic questionnaire addressing past or current potentially traumatic experiences.
For the present study, we excluded families in which mothers faced the sorts of traumatic experi-
ences not addressed in this study, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, and the like
(N = 11); we considered only those mothers having experienced physical/sexual abuse and emotional
abuse/neglect (N = 150) and families in which women did not have traumatic experiences (N = 736). We
also excluded those families who had other children (N = 353) and all parents who exceeded the clinical
cut-offs of SCL-90-R for the Italian population (N = 168)55
or who had been diagnosed with psychiatric
disorders in the past (according to DSM-IV criteria56
; N = 35). We also excluded from the present study
those families in which the pregnancy was interrupted due to various difficulties or in which the fetus
had medical problems or malformations (N = 83). At T1, after the delivery, we excluded families if the
mother and father were not personally handling the child’s care and nutrition (N = 63). Moreover, the
N = 48 families did not agree to continue as participants in the study. In the remaining sample group
(N = 136), no father reported potentially traumatic experiences, and the subjects formed the following
three groups: Group A (N = 39; families with mothers who have experienced physical/sexual abuse);
Group B (N = 42; families with mothers who have experienced emotional abuse/neglect); and Group
C (N = 55; families with mothers who have had no traumatic experiences). At T1 (at the children’s age
of 3 months), we administered (to both mothers and fathers, who completed the questionnaires inde-
pendently) the SCL-90-R and the SVIA (Scala di Valutazione dell’Interazione Alimentare—a scale with
which to evaluate parent-child interaction during feeding, which is an Italian adaptation57
of the Feeding
Scale58
). All parent-child interactions were observed and recorded (20-minute videos) at their homes
during lunch at midday; the feeding interactions, which occurred during a part of one regular meal,
were observed separately: the mother-child interactions on one day, and the father-child interactions on
another. The videos were recorded by psychologists specifically trained in the use of this observational
tool and were coded by two trained independent raters who watched the videos and scored them on the
basis of the manual57
while using both a paper-pencil system and a coding software program designed
for the computation of scores on each subscale. We also administered the same anamnestic question-
naire we used at T0 to check whether parents had encountered traumatic experiences between T0 and
T1. No parent reported having traumatic experiences during that period of time. At T2 (at the children’s
age of 6 months) we repeated the protocol used at T1. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of
participants by group.
Group N Sex of the child
Mean age ± SD
Mothers
(years)
Fathers
(years)
Infants at T1
(months)
Infants at T2
(months)
A 39 18 M, 21 F 32.8 ± 2.2 36.4 ± 2.1 3.2 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 0.6
B 42 20 M, 22 F 33.4 ± 2.5 36.1 ± 1.7 3.3 ± 0.3 6.5 ± 1.0
C 55 23 M, 22 F 31.4 ± 2.2 39.2 ± 2.4 3.1 ± 0.4 6.2 ± 0.6
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants by group.
4. www.nature.com/scientificreports/
4Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
The possible occurrence of traumatic experiences in the parents’ lives was controlled and, also at
T2 (as at T1), no potentially traumatic experience was reported by mothers or fathers. All the families
(N = 136) participated in the study at T2.
Most of the families recruited for the study (89%) had a middle socio-economic status, and a large
majority (89%) comprised intact family groups. Ninety-three percent of the families were Caucasian, and
75% relied on more than one income. All the babies were breast- and formula-fed (mixed-fed), and all
the fathers took part in the children’s caretaking and feeding routines.
Measures. At T0, T1, and T2, all parents were administered the SCL-90-R54
independently. Also,
mother-infant and father-infant nutrition interactions were video-recorded at T1 and T2, and evaluated
via the SVIA57
.
SCL-90-R. The SCL-90-R, a self-report questionnaire that gives a standardized measure of the current
psychological and/or psychopathological status of a subject, can be applied in non-clinical or psychiat-
ric adult and adolescent populations. It provides a wide range of information on the current subjective
experience of psychological well-being and distress, and serves as a screening tool in both clinical and
research settings. The scores obtained are interpreted based on nine primary dimensions: 1) somatiza-
tion; 2) obsessive-compulsive behavior; 3) interpersonal sensitivity; 4) depression; 5) anxiety; 6) hostility;
7) phobic anxiety; 8) paranoid ideation; and 9) psychoticism. It includes a Global Severity Index (GSI)
that is used to determine the severity and degree of psychological distress with respect to the nine pri-
mary dimensions measured. Prunas and collaborators demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency of
the Italian version of the SCL-90-R in adolescents and adults (alpha coefficient, 0.70–0.96), with a clinical
cut-off score indicating psychopathological risk55
.
The SCL-90-R has been widely used to assess various psychopathological symptoms, such as depres-
sive symptoms in mothers and fathers59
.
SVIA. The SVIA is the Italian adaptation of the Feeding Scale58
, which can be applied to children that
are 0–36 months old. It measures interactive behaviors and identifies normal and/or risky relational
modes between a parent and child during feeding exchanges57
. Parent-infant interactions during feeding
are recorded for at least 20 minutes, after which a wide range of interactive parent-infant behaviors are
coded and evaluated.
The SVIA consists of 41 items distributed among four subscales: 1) parents’ affective states (index of
the parents’ affective states); 2) interactive conflict (index of interactions characterized by conflictual,
non-collaborative, and non-empathetic communication); 3) food-refusal behavior (habits associated with
challenged status regulation during meals and with limited food consumption); and 4) affective state
of the dyad (index of the extent to which the infant’s feeding patterns are, or are not, the result of an
interactive regulation to which both partners contribute). The scores, measured on a 4-point Likert scale
ranging from 0 to 3 (none, a little, quite a bit, a lot) for each subscale, were compared with standard
values from the Italian standardized sample.
Inter-evaluator agreement for SVIA items is generally good to excellent (Pearson r values = 0.7–1.0
for a group of 182 control infants and 0.9–1.0 for a group of 182 infants with nutritional disorders). The
instrument shows good reliability in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79–0.96).
Data analysis. Before performing the analyses, the variables’ normality was preliminarily ascertained.
All the variables were normally distributed; correlational analyses showed that, in all groups, the rela-
tions between mothers’ and fathers’ SCL-90-R dimensions were not significantly, or even slightly, related
( 0.30); the internal consistency was adequate for all variables and higher than 0.80.
In the present study, parents’ SCL-90/R baseline scores were assessed at T0, with the aim of having
an assessment of the parents’ psychopathological risks before their children’s births. These scores served
as exclusion criteria (as indicated in the “Subjects and procedure” section, all parents who exceeded the
clinical cut-offs of SCL-90-R for the Italian population [N = 168]). Therefore, data referring to T0 were
not included in the statistical analyses. Groups A, B, and C were compared through analyses of multi-
variate variance (MANOVAs). The time elapsed between the two sessions (from T1 to T2) was treated
as a within-subject factor, and belonging to a research group was treated as a between-subjects factor.
Bonferroni’s post hoc tests were applied. The calculated p values are reported with their respective F
statistics and degrees of freedom (df), with values 0.05 being accepted as significant. Mean values are
reported with standard deviations (SDs). Finally, two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to
investigate the influence of specific types of trauma (physical/sexual abuse or emotional abuse/neglect)
and of SCL-90-R subscales on the relational dimensions of the Feeding Scale in mother-infant and
father-infant interactions. In all the analyses we conducted, the child’s gender showed no significant
effect on the variables. All analyses were performed with SPSS software (Version 18.0).
Results
Longitudinal assessment of the quality of mother-infant and father-infant interactions by
group. A series of MANOVAs on SVIA subscale scores for mothers in Groups A, B, and C at T1 and
T2 showed main effects of the groups (p 0.001) with no time-point effect and no interaction effect.
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Bonferroni’s post hoc tests demonstrated that the mothers in Group B had significantly higher (i.e.,
more maladaptive) scores, both at T1 and T2, than Group A on the mother’s affective state (F1,76 = 21.81;
p 0.001) and interactive conflict (F1,76 = 68.75; p 0.001) subscales. The scores of the mothers in Group
C on all SVIA subscales were significantly lower (i.e., more adaptive; p 0.001) than Groups A and B,
both at T1 and T2. The mothers’ average scores and exact p values (for significant differences) for each
SVIA subscale, at T1 and T2, are reported in Table 2.
A series of MANOVAs on SVIA subscale scores for the fathers of Groups A, B, and C revealed main
effects of the groups (all p 0.001) with no time-point effect and no interaction effect. Similar to our
findings with regard to the mothers, Bonferroni’s post hoc tests demonstrated that the fathers in Group B
had significantly higher (i.e., more maladaptive) scores both at T1 and T2 than Group A on the child food
refusal (F1,76 = 199.724; p 0.001) subscale. The scores of the fathers in Group C on all SVIA subscales
were significantly lower (i.e., more adaptive; p 0.05) than those of Groups A and B, both at T1 and T2.
The fathers’ average scores and exact p values (for significant differences) for each SVIA subscale, at T1
and T2, are reported in Table 3.
For the present study, the inter-rater agreement between the two coders (specifically trained psycholo-
gists who were blind to group status) was good (Pearson r values = 0.74–0.89).
Longitudinal evaluation of mothers’ and fathers’ psychopathological risk profiles by
group. A series of MANOVAs on SCL-90-R mothers’ subscale scores showed a main effect of the
group (p 0.001) with no time-point effect and no interaction effect between time point and group.
Bonferroni’s post hoc tests demonstrated that the mothers in Group B had significantly higher scores
at T2 than Group A on the somatization (F1,76 = 7.91; p 0.001), depression (F1,76 = 8.56; p 0.01),
and paranoid ideation (F1,76 = 8.96; p 0.001) subscales. The mothers’ SCL-90-R scores on somati-
zation, depression, and paranoid ideation exceeded the clinical cut-offs for the Italian population55
.
The scores of the mothers in Group C on all SCL-90-R subscales were significantly lower (i.e., more
adaptive; p 0.01) than those of Groups A and B, both at T1 and T2. The mothers’ average scores and
exact p values (for significant differences) for each SCL-90-R subscale at T2 are reported in Table 4.
Data regarding T1 are not shown in Table 4 as there are no significant differences in scores between
the two points of assessment.
Group A B C** P
T1
Mother’s affective state 16.17 ± 2.28a
21.71 ± 1.49b
* 10.22 ± 1.21c
*0.0008
Interactive conflict 9.67 ± 1.33a
19.32 ± 1.80b
* 4.31 ± 1.11c
*0.0004
Food refusal 7.01 ± 1.11a
7.51 ± 1.82a
3.84 ± 1.22b
**
Dyad affective state 6.27 ± 1.71a
6.93 ± 1.63a
3.74 ± 0.52b
**
T2
Mother’s affective state 15.13 ± 1.86a
20.91 ± 2.32b
* 10.72 ± 1.45b
*0.0007
Interactive conflict 9.57 ± 1.65a
18.71 ± 2.25b
* 4.12 ± 1.33c
*0.0006
Food refusal 7.19 ± 1.19a
7.20 ± 1.31a
4.17 ± 1.09b
**
Dyad affective state 6.89 ± 0.78a
6.54 ± 1.46a
3.89 ± 0.32b
**
Table 2. Mean SVIA subscale scores ± SD and p values at T1 and T2 by group for mothers.
*
Significantly higher scores. **
Group C has significantly lower scores than Group A and B on all SVIA sub-
scales both at T1 and T2 (p 0.001).
Group A B C** P
T1
Father’s affective state 13.46 ± 2.36a
13.14 ± 2.59a
11.31 ± 1.85b
**
Interactive conflict 9.78 ± 2.61a
9.67 ± 2.30a
4.42 ± 1.41b
**
Food refusal 6.12 ± 1.46a
12.13 ± 1.21b
* 3.08 ± 1.27c
*0.0007
Dyad affective state 7.82 ± 1.96a
7.97 ± 1.61a
3.88 ± 0.69b
**
T2
Father’s affective state 13.39 ± 2.30a
13.11 ± 2.12a
11.11 ± 1.80b
**
Interactive conflict 9.27 ± 1.60a
9.12 ± 2.31a
4.75 ± 1.55b
**
Food refusal 6.38 ± 1.48a
12.43 ± 1.44b
3.51 ± 1.38c
*0.0008
Dyad affective state 7.14 ± 0.62a
7.14 ± 0.62a
4.03 ± 0.45b
**
Table 3. Mean SVIA subscale scores ± SD and p values at T1 and T2 by group for fathers. *
Significantly
higher scores. **
Group C has significantly lower scores than Group A and B on all SVIA sub-scales both at
T1 and T2 (p 0.001).
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With regard to the fathers’ SCL-90-R evaluations, similar to that of the mothers, a series of MANOVAs
on the SCL-90-R fathers’ subscale scores showed a main effect of the group (p 0.001) with no time-point
effect and no interaction effect between time point and group. Bonferroni’s post hoc tests demonstrated
that the fathers in Group B had significantly higher scores, both at T1 and T2, than Group A on the
obsessive-compulsive (F1,76 = 6.94; p .001), anxiety (F1,76 = 9.78; p 0.01), and hostility (F1,76 = 4.18;
p 01) subscales. The fathers’ scores in Group C on all SCL-90-R subscales were significantly lower
(p 0.01) than those in Groups A and B, both at T1 and T2. The fathers’ average scores for each SCL-
90-R subscale at T2 are reported in Table 5. Data regarding T1 are not shown in Table 5 as there are no
significant differences in scores between the two points of assessment.
No fathers’ scores exceeded the cut-offs for the Italian population55
.
Quality of parent–child interactions during feeding considering maternal early trauma and
mothers’ and fathers’ psychopathological risks. Two regression analyses were conducted sepa-
rately for mothers and fathers to investigate the influence of different types of maternal trauma and of
all nine SCL-90-R subscales on all four of the relational dimensions of the SVIA in mother-infant and
father-infant interactions at T2. The results showed that only when higher maternal scores on depres-
sion interact with early traumatic experiences of neglect and emotional abuse did they predict higher
(and more maladaptive) scores on the affective state of the dyad SVIA subscale (p 0.01). Further, early
maternal traumatic experiences of sexual/physical abuse predicted higher scores on the mothers’ SVIA
affective state subscale only when they interacted with the mothers’ higher somatization scores (p 0.05).
Moreover, early traumatic experiences, both sexual/physical and emotionally traumatic, in the mothers
Mean ± SD Group A B C** p
SOM 0.92 ± 0.1a
1.06 ± 0.3b
* 0.21 ± 0.4c
0.0007
O-C 0.73 ± 0.2a
0.82 ± 0.5a
0.42 ± 0.3b
**
I-S 0.86 ± 0.2a
0.74 ± 0.3a
0.32 ± 0.2c
**
DEP 0.75 ± 0.3a
1.04 ± 0.3b
* 0.53 ± 0.4c
0.008
ANX 0.66 ± 0.5a
0.78 ± 0.6a
0.51 ± 0.5b
**
HOS 0.78 ± 0.5a
0.75 ± 0.2a
0.44 ± 0.3b
**
PHOB 0.84 ± 0.6a
0.95 ± 0.4a
0.61 ± 0.2b
**
PAR 0.81 ± 0.2a
1.06 ± 0.6b
* 0.71 ± 0.8c
0.007
PSY 0.73 ± 0.9a
0.37 ± 0.4a
0.33 ± 0.2b
**
Table 4. Mean mothers’ SCL-90-R scores ± SD and p values by group at T2. Cut-off for
psychopathological risk in Italian population is ≥ 1 for men and women 55. SOM: Somatization; O-C:
Obsessive-Compulsive; I-S: Interpersonal Sensitivity; DEP: Depression; ANX: Anxiety; HOS: Hostility;
PHOB: Phobic Anxiety; PAR: Paranoid Ideation; PSY: Psychoticism. *
Significantly higher scores. **
Group C
has significantly lower scores than Group A and B on all SCL-90-R sub-scales both at T2 (p 0.001).
Mean ± SD Group A B C p
SOM 0.82 ± 0.1a
0.96 ± 0.2a
0.18 ± 0.3b
**
O-C 0.74 ± 0.2a
0.90 ± 0.4 b
* 0.32 ± 0.4c
0.0007
I-S 0.86 ± 0.2a
0.74 ± 0.5a
0.22 ± 0.3b
**
DEP 0.75 ± 0.3a
0.84 ± 0.2a
0.33 ± 0.5b
**
ANX 0.66 ± 0.5a
0.88 ± 0.6 b
* 0.42 ± 0.6c
0.005
HOS 0.74 ± 0.5a
0.97 ± 0.2 b
* 0.34 ± 0.3c
0.006
PHOB 0.74 ± 0.8a
0.75 ± 0.7a
0.51 ± 0.4b
**
PAR 0.61 ± 0.3a
0.66 ± 0.5a
0.25 ± 0.5b
**
PSY 0.72 ± 0.5a
0.74 ± 0.3a
0.23 ± 0.5b
**
Table 5. Mean fathers’ SCL-90-R scores ± SD by group at T2. Cut-off for psychopathological risk in
Italian population is ≥ 1 for men and women 55. SOM: Somatization; O-C: Obsessive-Compulsive; I-S:
Interpersonal Sensitivity; DEP: Depression; ANX: Anxiety; HOS: Hostility; PHOB: Phobic Anxiety; PAR:
Paranoid Ideation; PSY: Psychoticism. *
Significantly higher scores. **
Group C has significantly lower scores
than Group A and B on all SCL-90-R sub-scales at T2 (p 0.001).
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7Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
predicted higher (and more maladaptive) scores on paternal interactive conflict with the child during
feeding (p 0.05). With regard to the fathers, data analyses showed that paternal anxiety predicted
more severe food refusal in the child during feeding (p 0.05). No association or prediction was found
between fathers’ psychopathological risks and maternal scores on the SVIA subscales.
The results and values of the regression analyses are shown in Table 6.
Discussion and Conclusions
This study aimed to longitudinally assess the quality of mother-infant and father-infant interactions
during the feeding of children at 3 and 6 months of age in families with mothers with early RTEs in a
non-referred sample. Our hypothesis was that mothers who had early RTEs without being diagnosed
with PTSD or other psychiatric disorders could be at risk for the onset of psychopathological (e.g.,
depressive) symptoms after their children’s births and could encounter difficulties in their interactions
with their children. In addition, we intended to ascertain whether maternal RTEs could affect the quality
of both the mothers’ and the fathers’ interactions with their children.
To our knowledge, this is the first study of early maternal relational trauma that has assessed the
quality of parental interactions with their children while using an observational method to focus on a
non-clinical population. Our results showed that mothers with early traumatic experiences (Groups A
and B) had significantly more maladaptive interactions during the feeding of their children, both at 3
months and 6 months of age, when compared to mothers who had not experienced traumas (Group C).
Specifically, mothers who had experienced emotional abuse or neglect (Group B) showed scores on the
affective state and interactive conflict subscales that were higher than those of mothers who had experi-
enced sexual/physical abuse (Group A), indicating that dyadic exchanges were more often characterized
by feelings of sadness in the mother and by un-attuned, non-contingent interactions with her child. It
is important to underline that mothers in both Groups A and B showed maladaptive interactions with
their children that exceeded the clinical cut-offs for the Italian population57
. This result is coherent with
Kim, Trickett, and Putnam’s studies60
that demonstrated how the maternal experiences of emotional
abuse and neglect can severely affect the quality of their interactions with their children during play or
feeding. Our data indicate that in a non-referred sample (i.e., a group of non-psychiatrically diagnosed
mothers), these forms of early traumatic experiences, as much as early sexual/physical abuse, can affect
relations with the child. This result necessitates further attention. In fact, previous studies have shown
mixed results: Some authors have suggested that sexual abuse can have a more severe impact on sub-
jects’ psychopathology and has more frequently been associated with psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., PTSD),
whereas other research has demonstrated that female victims of emotional abuse have a higher risk of
psychopathological (including depressive) symptoms compared with women who have been exposed
to sexual or physical abuse61
. We speculate that early parental emotional abuse and neglect have an
impact more severe than other forms of abuse on mother-infants interactions because they can spe-
cifically affect mothers’ perceptions of their competency in offspring-rearing. This poor perception of
their competency as caregivers could be particularly active during feeding62
. The same consideration can
apply to our results regarding father-infant interactions. In our study, fathers in families with mothers
who have experienced emotional abuse or neglect showed lesser-quality interactions with their children
than fathers who were partners to women with sexual/physical abuse. Particularly, their exchanges were
characterized by a child’s food refusal, both at T1 and T2. This result may be interpreted while considering
the studies of Haycraft and Blissett63
, who suggest that fathers are more likely than mothers to control
the feeding and impose more pressure to the child in the attempt to make him/her eat; in doing so, they
may provoke food-refusal behaviors in their children. Psychopathological risks in mothers and fathers
appeared significantly more problematic for subjects belonging to Group B (families with mothers who
SCL-90-R/Maternal Early Traumatic Experiences SVIA
Mother R2
ß t p
Depression•Neglect/Emotional Abuse Affective State of the Dyad (mother)
0.131 0.356 3.345 0.003**
Somatization•Sexual/Phisical Abuse Affective State of the Mother
0.073 0.254 2.346 0.031*
Neglect/Emotional Abuse and Sexual/Phisical Abuse Affective State of the Fathers
0.126 0.323 3.074 0.021*
Father R2
ß t p
Anxiety Child’s Food Refusal
0.143 0.321 3.151 0.014*
Table 6. Results and Values of the Regression Analyses at T2. N.B. The subscales that are not shown in
the Table are not statistically significant. *p 0.05; **p 0.01. •
Association with.
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have experienced emotional abuse and neglect) when compared to other groups. Mothers in this group
exceeded the clinical cut-off for Italian population in the somatization, depression, and paranoid ideation
subscales, whereas the fathers in Group B showed higher scores than the fathers in Groups A and C on
the obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and hostility subscales (but they did not exceed the clinical cut-offs
for the Italian population). This result was valid with respect to children at both 3 months and 6 months
of age, suggesting that while mothers tend to show symptoms belonging to the depressed/withdrawn/
covert framework, fathers are more likely to exhibit overt psychology difficulties. This finding is coherent
with those of several other studies53,64
. We are impressed by the very peculiar configuration shown by
families in Group B, in which mothers and fathers had more problematic dyadic interactions with their
children, as well as higher levels of individual psychopathological risk. These data seem to suggest that
the weight of early maternal relational trauma (both sexual/physical abuse, as most research indicates,
and emotional abuse and neglect) is such that it strongly affects the whole familial functioning, influ-
encing both individual and relational characteristics of family members. Moreover, the effect of early
maternal relational traumas was stable over time, impeding the reversion of psychopathological symp-
toms that mothers often develop during pregnancy and after delivery, but which usually decrease after
the first months postpartum65
. Regression analyses showed that early maternal traumatic experiences,
both sexual/physical and emotionally traumatic, and neglect in the mothers predicted more maladaptive
scores on paternal interactive conflict with the child during feeding. We make the hypothesis, coherent
with family and ecological theories66,67
and with previous studies68
, that mother-infant and father-infant
dyads are interconnected. However, no association or prediction was found between fathers’ psychologi-
cal characteristics (i.e., psychopathological risks) and maternal scores on the SVIA subscales.
We also found that higher maternal scores on depression, in association with early traumatic experi-
ences of neglect and emotional abuse, predicted mothers’ more maladaptive scores on the SVIA affective
state of the dyad subscale. Moreover, early maternal traumatic experiences of sexual or physical abuse
in association with mothers’ higher somatization scores predicted higher maternal scores on the moth-
ers’ SVIA affective state of the mother subscale. These results are consistent with the studies of Cimino
and colleagues9
that underlined the importance of maternal psychological/emotional functioning for the
quality of early parent-infant interactions. With regard to fathers, coherent with Ramchandani69
, data
analyses showed that paternal anxiety predicted more severe food refusal in the child during feeding.
The present study has several strengths. We assessed maternal psychological functioning prior to
pregnancy (at T0), which provided a baseline for mothers psychological characteristics that we were
able to longitudinally compare with their subsequent scores on the same questionnaires (at T1 and T2).
Moreover, we evaluated the links between specific types of early maternal traumas (sexual/physical and
emotional abuse and neglect) and definite psychopathological parental symptoms while considering
the impact of maternal traumatic experiences and of their psychopathological symptoms on the qual-
ity of both mothers’ and fathers’ interactions with their children. Further, we used an observational
measure, which was specifically built for scoring both emotional and behavioral patterns, both indi-
vidual (characteristics of the child and of the mother individually) and dyadic, to assess the quality of
parent-infant interactions during feeding. We also considered fathers in our study, as recent literature
recommends. Finally we focused on a non-clinical population instead of assessing psychiatrically diag-
nosed or multi-risk samples, as most research has done, which can be important for planning prevention/
intervention programs, and also because women who have suffered traumatic experiences are reported
to be significantly more likely to visit health-care providers prior to and during pregnancy, as well as
postpartum70
. This suggests that these periods can be a critical opportunity for intervention in order to
interrupt the possible cycle of trauma71,72
.
This study had some limitations. We used self-report—although well validated and widely used—ques-
tionnaires for the assessment of parental psychopathological risks. We also did not assess children’s emo-
tional/behavioral functioning and temperamental characteristics, which might have a weight on parental
interactional styles and on psychological functioning73
. Parent-infant attachment was not considered,
being instead a key issue for understanding and evaluating mother-infant and father-infant interactions,
as well as for predicting future children’s emotional/cognitive and behavioral development. The present
study did not focus on family support, in terms of help given to parents in the rearing of the child by
grandparents and other relatives, who may also economically support the parents or moderate the effect
of maternal or paternal psychopathology on their interactions with the child, as Steel has suggested74
.
Aside from the procedure to distinguish one form of trauma (e.g., sexual abuse) from other types of
traumatic experiences (e.g., emotional abuse), which can overlap3
, must be revised, as in this study we
used only self-report measures, whereas it could be useful to include other tools, such as clinical inter-
views or report-form questionnaires completed by clinicians. Finally, the homogeneity of the sample in
terms of cultural, geographical, and SES, limits the replication of this study in other countries or cultures.
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Author Contributions
R.T. prepared the study design and supervised the research team; S.C. wrote the introduction section of
the manuscript and performed statistical analyses; L.C. recruited the sample and wrote the discussions
section of the manuscript; G.B. prepared data set, tables and references. All authors reviewed the
manuscript.
Additional Information
Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
How to cite this article: Renata, T. et al. Early maternal relational traumatic experiences and
psychopathological symptoms: a longitudinal study on mother-infant and father-infant interactions.
Sci. Rep. 5, 13984; doi: 10.1038/srep13984 (2015).
11. www.nature.com/scientificreports/
11Scientific Reports | 5:13984 | DOI: 10.1038/srep13984
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