Adaptive learning, andragogy, and predictive analytics focus on tailoring education to individual students. Blended and hybrid courses combine online and in-person interaction. Competency-based learning assesses skills mastery. Connectivism and heutagogy emphasize student-directed learning. Game-based learning and gamification use game elements to engage students. Flipped classrooms have students review at home and practice applying knowledge in class. Learning management systems deliver and track online courses. MOOCs are free, open, online courses. Quality Matters provides standards for online course quality. Scaffolding builds on prior knowledge to gain understanding.