The European Union is promoting eCall to reduce the number of roadway fatalities by minimizing the response time when an accident has occurred. eCall is a combination of an In Vehicle System (IVS), a device with a GSM cell phone and GPS location capability, and a corresponding infrastructure of Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems use Information and Communications Technologies for providing solutions for improving road safety in particular in the pre-crash phase when the accident can still be avoided or at least its severity significantly reduced. With these systems, which can operate either autonomously on-board the vehicle, or be based on vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (co-operative systems), the number of accidents and their severity can be reduced. Location-enhanced emergency calls like in-vehicle e-call have their primary benefit to society of saving lives and in offering an increased sense of security. The article presents the system eCall and how does it works.
E-call ( a call b/t life and dead ) the total details about this presentation is shown on slides we enjoyed a lot while presenting this ppt and this topic is also well colorful one... so then viewers prepare well and present well.... t.c - s.n(sameer nani)
eCall, the European system for rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision, will soon be a reality. Learn how it works and how it will affect you. Presentation given by Dr David Williams (Chairman of ETSI EMTEL), from Qualcomm, to the IET Swindon Local Network, 10th Feb 2015.
There is considerable development work going on regarding emergency Applications and in this session attendees were informed about the most recent updates and heard first hand where the latest thinking will take us. They were also informed about standards discussed and produced by international Standards Developing Organisations (SDOs) and that will impact emergency calls handling organisations.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveller information to increase the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation systems.
These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers all interacting with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex infrastructure systems to improve the safety and capacity of road systems.
ITS is an emerging transportation system which is comprised of an advanced information and Telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
The European Union is promoting eCall to reduce the number of roadway fatalities by minimizing the response time when an accident has occurred. eCall is a combination of an In Vehicle System (IVS), a device with a GSM cell phone and GPS location capability, and a corresponding infrastructure of Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems use Information and Communications Technologies for providing solutions for improving road safety in particular in the pre-crash phase when the accident can still be avoided or at least its severity significantly reduced. With these systems, which can operate either autonomously on-board the vehicle, or be based on vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (co-operative systems), the number of accidents and their severity can be reduced. Location-enhanced emergency calls like in-vehicle e-call have their primary benefit to society of saving lives and in offering an increased sense of security. The article presents the system eCall and how does it works.
E-call ( a call b/t life and dead ) the total details about this presentation is shown on slides we enjoyed a lot while presenting this ppt and this topic is also well colorful one... so then viewers prepare well and present well.... t.c - s.n(sameer nani)
eCall, the European system for rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision, will soon be a reality. Learn how it works and how it will affect you. Presentation given by Dr David Williams (Chairman of ETSI EMTEL), from Qualcomm, to the IET Swindon Local Network, 10th Feb 2015.
There is considerable development work going on regarding emergency Applications and in this session attendees were informed about the most recent updates and heard first hand where the latest thinking will take us. They were also informed about standards discussed and produced by international Standards Developing Organisations (SDOs) and that will impact emergency calls handling organisations.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveller information to increase the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation systems.
These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers all interacting with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex infrastructure systems to improve the safety and capacity of road systems.
ITS is an emerging transportation system which is comprised of an advanced information and Telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dedicated roads for autonomous vehicles Jeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how autonomous vehicles are becoming economic feasible. They are becoming economically feasible because the cost of lasers, ICs, MEMS, and other electronic components are falling at 25 to 40% per year. If the cost of autonomous vehicles fall 25% a year, the cost of the electronics associated with autonomous vehicles will fall 90% in 10 years. Dedicating roads to autonomous vehicles is necessary to achieve the most benefits from autonomous vehicles. While using autonomous vehicles in combination with conventional vehicles can free drivers for other activities, dedicating roads to autonomous vehicles can dramatically reduce congestion, increase speeds, and thus increase the number of cars per area of the road. They can also reduce accidents, insurance, and the number of traffic police. These slide discuss a number of technologies that can be used for the dedicated roads including wireless communication, magnetic stripes and RFIDs that together can coordinate vehicles on roads. The slides end by summarizing efforts in Singapore.
An autonomous vehicle is a kind of vehicle which can drive itself to the destination without any human
conduction. This is also known as driverless vehicle, self-driving vehicle or robot vehicle. Autonomous
vehicles require the combination of various sensors to detect their surroundings and interpret the
information to identify the appropriate navigation path and the obstacles in the way.
Modern vehicles provide some autonomous features like speed controls, emergency braking or keeping
the vehicle into the lane. Here, differences remain between a fully autonomous vehicle on one hand
and driver assistance technologies on the other hand.
Research presentation on Autonomous Driving. Direction perception approach.
Research work by Princeton University group.
Note: Link given in the presentation
It is a well prepared Report on the topic of Intelligent transportation system. It is basically a project for the B.tech. students of Civil Engineering Department. It is all about to make the transportation more smooth and Automated and also to implement the new technologies in the present scenario of transportation system so that we can go a step ahead towards the against of road accident increments.
This is a presentation that focuses on autonomous vehicles technology. The presentation describes key sensor technologies integrated under the bonnet of a driverless car. After a brief introduction, the presentation dwells deeper into each sensor technology demonstrating examples of self driving cars such as Google's self driving car, DARPA URBAN challenge etc., along the way. It also introduces the concept of electronic control units which is responsible for collecting data from different sensors and respond to other units accordingly. The slides also build a platform for vehicle to vehicle communication technology, types and its application areas.
An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.
intelligent transportation system ppt
intelligent transportation society of america
ieee intelligent transportation systems
intelligent transportation systems pdf
smart transportation systems
intelligent traffic system
intelligent transportation systems 2019
intelligent transportation systems in namibia
IRJET-An Arrangement for Automatic Notification and Severity Estimation of A...IRJET Journal
Parthiban.p ,Vasanthkumar.ss ,Mohana.J "An Arrangement for Automatic Noti?cation and Severity Estimation of Automotive Accidents", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
New contact technologies consolidated into present vehicles proposal an opportunity for larger assistance to people injured in traf?c accidents. Current studies display how contact skills ought to be upheld by arti?cial intellect arrangements capable of automating countless of the decisions to be seized by emergency services, thereby adapting the save time to the severity of the mishap and cutting assistance time. To improve the completed save procedure, a fast and precise estimation of the severity of the mishap embody a key point to aid emergency services larger guesstimate the needed resources. This paper proposes a novel intelligent arrangement that is able to automatically notice road accidents, notify them across vehicular webs, and guesstimate their severity established on the believed of data excavating and vision inference. Our arrangement considers the most relevant variables that can describe the severity of the accidents . Aftermath display that a finished Vision Creation in Databases (KDD) procedure, alongside an adequate selection of relevant features, permits producing estimation models that can forecast the severity of new accidents. We develop a prototype of our arrangement established on off-the-shelf mechanisms and validate it at the Applus+ IDIADA Automotive Scutiny Firm abiilities, showing that our planning can particularly cut the period demanded to alert and use emergency services afterward an mishap seizes place.
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dedicated roads for autonomous vehicles Jeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how autonomous vehicles are becoming economic feasible. They are becoming economically feasible because the cost of lasers, ICs, MEMS, and other electronic components are falling at 25 to 40% per year. If the cost of autonomous vehicles fall 25% a year, the cost of the electronics associated with autonomous vehicles will fall 90% in 10 years. Dedicating roads to autonomous vehicles is necessary to achieve the most benefits from autonomous vehicles. While using autonomous vehicles in combination with conventional vehicles can free drivers for other activities, dedicating roads to autonomous vehicles can dramatically reduce congestion, increase speeds, and thus increase the number of cars per area of the road. They can also reduce accidents, insurance, and the number of traffic police. These slide discuss a number of technologies that can be used for the dedicated roads including wireless communication, magnetic stripes and RFIDs that together can coordinate vehicles on roads. The slides end by summarizing efforts in Singapore.
An autonomous vehicle is a kind of vehicle which can drive itself to the destination without any human
conduction. This is also known as driverless vehicle, self-driving vehicle or robot vehicle. Autonomous
vehicles require the combination of various sensors to detect their surroundings and interpret the
information to identify the appropriate navigation path and the obstacles in the way.
Modern vehicles provide some autonomous features like speed controls, emergency braking or keeping
the vehicle into the lane. Here, differences remain between a fully autonomous vehicle on one hand
and driver assistance technologies on the other hand.
Research presentation on Autonomous Driving. Direction perception approach.
Research work by Princeton University group.
Note: Link given in the presentation
It is a well prepared Report on the topic of Intelligent transportation system. It is basically a project for the B.tech. students of Civil Engineering Department. It is all about to make the transportation more smooth and Automated and also to implement the new technologies in the present scenario of transportation system so that we can go a step ahead towards the against of road accident increments.
This is a presentation that focuses on autonomous vehicles technology. The presentation describes key sensor technologies integrated under the bonnet of a driverless car. After a brief introduction, the presentation dwells deeper into each sensor technology demonstrating examples of self driving cars such as Google's self driving car, DARPA URBAN challenge etc., along the way. It also introduces the concept of electronic control units which is responsible for collecting data from different sensors and respond to other units accordingly. The slides also build a platform for vehicle to vehicle communication technology, types and its application areas.
An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.
intelligent transportation system ppt
intelligent transportation society of america
ieee intelligent transportation systems
intelligent transportation systems pdf
smart transportation systems
intelligent traffic system
intelligent transportation systems 2019
intelligent transportation systems in namibia
IRJET-An Arrangement for Automatic Notification and Severity Estimation of A...IRJET Journal
Parthiban.p ,Vasanthkumar.ss ,Mohana.J "An Arrangement for Automatic Noti?cation and Severity Estimation of Automotive Accidents", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
New contact technologies consolidated into present vehicles proposal an opportunity for larger assistance to people injured in traf?c accidents. Current studies display how contact skills ought to be upheld by arti?cial intellect arrangements capable of automating countless of the decisions to be seized by emergency services, thereby adapting the save time to the severity of the mishap and cutting assistance time. To improve the completed save procedure, a fast and precise estimation of the severity of the mishap embody a key point to aid emergency services larger guesstimate the needed resources. This paper proposes a novel intelligent arrangement that is able to automatically notice road accidents, notify them across vehicular webs, and guesstimate their severity established on the believed of data excavating and vision inference. Our arrangement considers the most relevant variables that can describe the severity of the accidents . Aftermath display that a finished Vision Creation in Databases (KDD) procedure, alongside an adequate selection of relevant features, permits producing estimation models that can forecast the severity of new accidents. We develop a prototype of our arrangement established on off-the-shelf mechanisms and validate it at the Applus+ IDIADA Automotive Scutiny Firm abiilities, showing that our planning can particularly cut the period demanded to alert and use emergency services afterward an mishap seizes place.
Proof collection from car black box using smart phone for accident detectionIJERA Editor
According to the WHO, more than a million people in the world die each year because of vehicle accidents. In order to react to this situation, the black box concept is used as first step to solve the problem[1]. In order to overcome from this problem, in this paper we are trying to implement the concept of “black box” in the car. Car black box is a device used to record the information’s such as engine temperature, presence of obstacle, alcohol content and exact location of the accident about the vehicle. Along with this we are using smartphone to get the snap shots which are related to accidents and finally send this information along with the snaps to police sever.
Keywords –
PROGNOSTIC - ADAPTIVE INTELLIGENT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR VEHICL.docxgertrudebellgrove
" PROGNOSTIC " - ADAPTIVE INTELLIGENT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR VEHICLES
A. A. Poddubnaya, A. V. Keller
FSUE "NAMI", Moscow, Russian Federation
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The article contains general information about promising vehicle diagnostic systems. Existing diagnostic systems, including those built into modern vehicles (TS), are not able to predict the moment of failure of components and assemblies, but only state the fact of a malfunction. To diagnose the current state and forecast the residual life of the vehicle in motion mode, it is proposed to use a mathematical model based on machine learning technologies and data from standard and additional sensors, vehicle detectors. Using this approach will make it possible to forecast the occurrence of a defect before its actual occurrence.
Keywords: advanced diagnostic systems, autonomous vehicle, connected cars, unmanned vehicles, technical condition monitoring, mechanical failure detection, fault prediction, sensors, detectors, digital data processing methods
Introduction
For autonomous transport and connected vehicles, diagnostic of the vehicle’s technical condition is a basic safety standard. * The issue of determining the mechanical failure of an autonomous vehicle is extremely relevant, due to the lack of a driver who can appreciate uncharacteristic noises or external vibrations. Errors received from the vehicle’s CAN bus are not sufficiently informative in assessing the current state of the vehicle and do not predict a breakdown or a failure. For a driverless vehicle, at the stage of its design, an expanded self-diagnosis system should be laid. During operation, onboard the vehicle, data from sensors and a reliability monitoring system should be processed and further data transferred to the ITS - intelligent transport system, as well as to the servers of owners and manufacturers. (* according to researches of the European Commission.)
Main part
Almost all modern cars are modified with a variety of full-time detecting devices and sensors, fixing faults and operation errors of some nodes by electrical parameters and fixing “extreme” system states in codes. Error icons appear on the vehicle dashboard when the system diagnoses a fault. If the driver notes the incorrect operation of certain nodes, systems and you need to make sure in what, really technical condition is the transport, then a specialized diagnosis is carried out. To clarify the technical condition, the computer diagnostics of the vehicle is performed by a certified technical specialist: a scanner with software is connected to the on-board systems, through special diagnostic connectors, CAN, which reads all the codes and errors transmitted by the car about possible malfunctions on the main nodes. Error codes are currently vendor specific, are set by OEM and are available for reading and monitoring in a limited list of codes. The received codes are decrypted by specialists, again using special ...
Design and Implementation of Car Black box for Evidence Collection System to ...IJMTST Journal
The vehicle accident is a major public problem in many countries. It is occurred due to rider's poor
behaviors, Vehicle bad condition, bad weather situation and opposite vehicle mistakes. To predict those
situations block box concept is introduced. The concept of the Car Black Box is similar to the Flight block box
concept, which is stores the vehicle condition such as engine temperature, speed, CO2 content, it also checks
the car present condition before ignition the vehicle, brake condition, seat belt and also introduce the
automatic speed controller to avoids crashing between the vehicles. It is a low cost system which provides
solution to the existing automotive control systems. And it also monitors the vehicle current condition on
Display of LCD. The design selects ARM 7 as embedded controller, UART ( Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) is the common peripheral found on microcontrollers widely used for communication with the
external devices and systems, I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) for on-board communication.
A novel real time video and data capture of vehicular accident in intelligent...IJCNCJournal
In this paper, a novel real-time video and data capture of vehicle accident is proposed in Intelligent
Transportation System (ITS). The proposed scheme solves the problem of huge storage needed for
recording vehicle accident in the smart vehicle and in the remote ITS server. It works efficiently with small
amount of storage size and guarantee saving accident video in secondary storage. It enables user to
capture real-time video and data of running vehicle. It enables user to get vehicle accident video and data
anytime anywhere. The scheme is implemented using testbed and its performance is evaluated. The results
show that the proposed scheme guarantees record the vehicle accident in the ITS server. The proposed
scheme has better results in comparison with full time video recording scheme.
Design and implementation of a J2EE platform to handle standardised telematic...Josep Laborda
This paper describes the first standardised, technical, functional and organisational solution of a pan-European handling of a telematics based emergency call from the vehicle, involving all the stakeholders of the rescue service chain. It covers a common system specification and communication protocol definition together with operational procedures and the architecture of the vehicle E-Call system, describes the compliant solution developed by the Spanish partners of the project (RACC Automobile Club, playing the role of the SP and Seat, as the vehicle manufacturer) and focuses on the PSAP/SP receiving platform, which has been developed based on Java 2 (J2EE) technology.
Intelligent alarm system for hospitals using smartphone technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
During the last decade, attention was paid to detect the accident and call the ambulance as soon as possible, the situation was neglected after the arrival of the patient to the specified service point. This negligence led to an increase in the mortality rate, especially where the highest percentage of deaths occurred during the first hour after the accident. This highest Mortality can be avoided by providing proper health care after the arrival of the patient to the hospital, the proposed system reduces the rescue time after the arrival of a patient to the hospital, and it requires each hospital to be endowed with a reception model responsible for detecting and reporting accident situations to the emergency service. It was be found that there is an urgent need for a web-based hospital management system with a mobile web service to respond immediately to incidents in the event of an accident. This system utilizes the android phone application to connect to the server for transferring the specified data to the hospital and it can be used for comprehensive accident analysis and management. In this paper, a combination of Android phone application, database, and visual studio 2012 was used to develop the system.
RescueAlert-an accident detection and rescue mechanism IJECEIAES
With the increase of vehicles and cars of different kind and the large movement that occurs every day on the roads it was natural to observe an increase in traffic accidents, but the real dilemma lies in how to make the rescue process efficient. The problem that we want to solve is the response of ambulances towards accidents and the lengthy registration process of patients in hospitals. In the above two scenarios, the manual process of calling the ambulance leads to delay in rescue of patients from an accident and the delay in registration of patient leads to delay in medication or treatment of the patient. We want to make the process more efficient by automating accident detection for increasing the efficiency of the ambulance rescue process and by sending the details of the patient before the patient reaches the hospitals for faster treatment of patients. Along with this, alert messages will be sent to the family or friends of the patients to notify them as soon as an accident is detected.
Traffic Density Control and Accident Indicator Using WSNIJMTST Journal
Now a day’s many of the things get controlled automatically. Everything is getting controlled using the mechanical or the automated systems. In every field machines are doing the human works. But still some area is controlled manually. For example traffic controls, road control, parking controlling. Keeping these things in mind we are trying to develop the project to automate the traffic tracking for the square. To make any project more useful and acceptable by any organization we need to provide multiple features in a single project. Keeping these things in consideration proposed system is less with multiple methodologies which can be used in traffic control system It is important to know the road traffic density real time especially in mega cities for signal control and effective traffic management. In recent years, video monitoring and surveillance systems have been widely used in traffic management. Hence, traffic density estimation and vehicle classification can be achieved using video monitoring systems. In most vehicle detection methods in the literature, only the detection of vehicles in frames of the given video is emphasized. However, further analysis is needed in order to obtain the useful information for traffic management such as real time traffic density and number of vehicle types passing these roads. This paper presents emergency vehicle alert and traffic density calculation methods using IR and GPS
Automated signal pre-emption system for emergency vehicles using internet of ...IAESIJAI
Vehicle administration systems are one of the major highlights especially in urban areas. One important critical component that requires attention are signal preemption systems. Every single work on traffic congestion identification either requires prior learning or long time to distinguish and perceive the closeness of congestion. FutureSight performs predictive analysis and control of traffic signals through the application of machine learning to aide ambulances in such a way that, a signal turns green beforehand so as to ensure an obstacle free path to the ambulance from source to destination based on various parameters such as traffic density, congestion length, previous wait times, arrival time thereby eliminating the need for human intervention. The method allows flexible interface to the driver to enter the hospital details to reach the destination with in time. The app then plans out the fastest route from the pickup spot to the selected hospital and sends this route to the system. The system then predict the amount of time that is required by the signal to remain green so as to clear all traffic at that specific junction before the ambulance arrives at that location.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
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Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
What Causes 'Trans Failsafe Prog' to Trigger in BMW X5
E call rg
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319031737
A review on current eCall systems for autonomous car accident detection
Conference Paper · May 2017
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
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2. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
A Review on Current eCall Systems for Autonomous Car Accident
Detection
Attila Bonyár1)
, Attila Géczy1)
, Olivér Krammer1)
, Hunor Sántha1)
, Balázs Illés1)
, Judit Kámán1)
, Zsolt
Szalay2)
, Péter Hanák3)
, Gábor Harsányi1)
1)
Department of Electronics Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
2)
Department of Automotive Technologies, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
3)
BME-EIT, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
bonyar@ett.bme.hu
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to give an overview on the existing eCall solutions for autonomous
car accident detection. The requirements and expectations for such systems, considering both
technological possibilities, legal regulatory criteria and market demands are discussed. Sensors utilized
in e-call systems (crash sensing, systems for positional and velocity data, and communication solutions)
are overviewed in the paper. Furthermore, the existing solutions for eCall devices are compared based
on their level of autonomy, technical implementation and provided services.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays traffic accidents are still one of the
leading causes of death through the whole world [1]. As
it was proven by previous researches, the consequences
of traffic accidents regarding the injuries of those
affected is strongly depending on the response time of
the emergency services: the time that takes place
between the occurrence of the accident and the arrival
of services to the site, and also on the level of informed
status of the emergency regarding the number and
condition of the injured person [2].
Automated car accident detection, or eCall systems,
can save lives or decrease the seriousness of injuries by
relaying crucial information to emergency responders
and thus reducing their response time significantly (by
50% in rural and 40% in urban areas [3]).
Fig. 1. The concept of eCall systems [4].
3. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
Due to these reasons, in 2015 the European
Parliament voted in favor of a new regulation (eCall),
which requires all new cars to be equipped with this
technology from April 2018 [4]. With legal regulation
is being established, the development of fully or semi-
autonomous eCall systems/devices to be used with
older cars is moving into the focus of automotive and
tech companies, with several commercial products
already on the market.
2. ECALL SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
eCall is an emergency call that can be generated
either manually by vehicle passengers or automatically
via activation of in-vehicle sensors when a serious
road accident occurs. When activated, the in-vehicle
eCall system establishes a 112-voice connection
directly with the relevant Public Safety Answering
Point (PSAP). Even if no passenger is able to speak, for
instance due to injuries, a ‘Minimum Set of Data’
(MSD) is sent to the PSAP, which includes the exact
location of the crash site, the triggering mode
(automatic or manual), the vehicle identification
number, a timestamp, as well as current and previous
positions. This way, information, that is valuable for
emergency responders, is reaching them as soon as
possible [6].
The most common expectations from eCall systems
are to autonomously detect accidents, to inform the
emergency response services and convey information
such as the location and maybe the number of affected
individuals. While the eCall initiative requires the
car/device to be directly connected to 112, a Europe-
wide single emergency number (see the illustration in
Fig.1), other systems, like may offer separate
emergency networks or other additional support as
well. These systems are referred to as ‘TPS eCall’
(TPS: Third Party Services), while the ‘112 eCall’ is
often mentioned as ‘Pan-European eCall’. The main
difference between the two approaches is that while the
112 eCall is directly connected to PSAPs and is aimed
to be a public (free) service), TPS based eCall alerts
first go to a third party, where they are usually evaluated
before addressing the relevant PSAPs in turn (see Fig.
2). Thus, TPS eCall systems are usually paid services,
and are regulated by different European Standards
(EN16102) compared to the public 112 eCall
(EN16062 - High Level Application Protocols,
EN16072 - Operating Requirements) [6]. Another
standard (EN15722) specifies the standard data
concepts that comprise the "Minimum Set of Data"
(MSD) to be transferred from a vehicle to a PSAP in the
event of a crash or emergency.
The contents of the MSD are the following [14]:
Message identifier (MSD version);
Activation: whether the eCall is manually or
automatically activated;
Call type: emergency or test call;
Vehicle type: passenger vehicle or commercial
vehicle, cars, buses, motorcycles etc.
Vehicle identification number (VIH);
Vehicle propulsion storage type (e.g. gasoline,
diesel etc.)
Time stamp;
Vehicle location;
Confidence in position;
Direction.
Fig. 2. Comparison of TPS eCall and 112 ‘Pan-European’
eCall systems [31].
Between 2011-2014 a European Comission co-
funded project (HeERO - Harmonised eCall European
pilot) was launched with a Bulgarian and a Turkish pilot
test site (HeERO phase 1 in 2011-2013 & HeERO
phase 2 in 2013-2014). 15 countries carried out the
start-up process of an interoperable and harmonised
emergency call system, and as a result of the project 14
Member States became aware and trained exactly how
to deploy eCall already 4 years before the official and
obligatory start of eCall in every new car [31].
The currently available eCall solutions fall into three
main – but partially overlapping – categories based on
the hardware they use for detection and
communication. 1. The classic built-in solutions
completely rely on the sensors, location and
communication services of mostly newer vehicles.
2. The ‘black-box’ solution covers fully or semi-
4. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
autonomous, standalone or deployable devices, which
have personal hardware for sensing, location and
communication functions. 3. Finally, there are more
and more applications and services which utilize the
capabilities of smartphones to use them for eCall
functions. Besides their hardware, available eCall
systems significantly differ on their provided services.
Our paper aims to give an extensive review regarding
these solutions and to compare them based on their
most important technical characteristics, functional
capabilities and future prospects. Finally, we also give
a short overview on Event Data Recorder (EDR)
systems as well. Unlike to the on-line eCall systems, the
purpose of EDR is passive, off-line data recording for
subsequent event reconstruction. However, the
presence of such systems in a large number of vehicles
would justify the idea of their transformation/upgrade
into on-line eCall systems, as a valid possibility.
3. BUILT-IN UNITS
The approaching deadline of the European eCall
regulation urges the car industry to equip their newer
models with built-in eCall systems. A superior
advantage of such units is that through the on-board
computer they can access the status of any sensor in the
car. This means both a more precise way to determine
the event of an accident (e.g. besides the acceleration,
the status of the airbags can also be used), and also more
information which could be relayed through the
emergency call (e.g. number of the passengers is
assessable e.g. from the status of safety belts). Another
advantage compared to black-box units and mobile
phones is that built-in systems are much harder to get
severely damaged or ejected during a serious accident.
The Intelligent Emergency Call system of a German
automotive company, for example [24], is
automatically triggered by the deployment of airbags
and calls the company’s Call Centre via an accident-
proof telephone unit permanently installed in the
vehicle. Specially trained personnel will then establish
contact with the passengers, inform the emergency
services and give them support by telephone. To enable
rescue services to promptly prepare the required care
for those involved in the accident, a data transfer is
performed which includes the precise position of the
vehicle to the nearest meter in addition to other data
relevant for the rescue services, such as risk of injury,
number of passengers, model and color of the vehicle
[24].
Most other European car manufacturer companies
[25-30] have nearly the same solution in their models.
The most common properties are, that they use the
deployment of airbags for sensing and they call a
private company call centre (TPS eCall system), though
other details of their services may differ.
4. ‘BLACK-BOX’ SOLUTIONS
In the ‘black-box’ eCall section we cover fully or
semi-autonomous, standalone or deployable devices,
which have personal, dedicated hardware for sensing,
location and communication functions. These are often
called as ‘Retrofit eCall’ devices, which emphasize
their main purpose to extend eCall to older car models
without built-in units. The need for such devices is high,
especially in Eastern European countries where the
average age of vehicles is much higher compared to
Western European countries. Besides the obvious
needs, retrofit eCall devices could be a real risk for the
whole TPSP model, since with low-cost and low quality
retrofit devices the chances of PSAPs overloading with
false direct 112 calls could be high [11]. Perhaps that is
the main reason why only a few market-ready solutions
could be found up to this point. However, several
companies have their own solutions under
development, which we will also summarize.
4.1. A Retrofit eCall module
The Retrofit eCall module (TEP-110) of a German
company (Fig. 3) is designed to fit into SAE J563 12 V
socket of cars. It detects car crash with a 3-axis
acceleration sensor and intelligent embedded
algorithm, which also determines the severity of the
crash. The crash data (including GPS position and
driving direction) is sent to an emergency center via an
application, which is installed onto a smartphone, with
which the module connects via Bluetooth. In case of a
heavy accident the emergency call center organizes an
ambulance. Extra services include guidance to the next
repair shop, start claims process and more [10]. The
module itself houses a microcontroller (ARM), an
accelerometer and a Bluetooth module – showing a
simple and effective concept for the specific
application. A possible weakness of the solution is that
the device relies on a smartphone for communication,
which can easily be damaged in the case of a serious
accident. Also, if the crash couples heavy forces into
the cabin, the dongle type module may detach from the
12V socket. Also, the phone must be connected to the
internet during the Bluetooth connection with the
5. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
module; and while the module houses an USB port,
further sharing of this port (e.g. with a dual USB socket)
is questionable from the aspect of power.
Fig. 3. The Retrofit eCall module [10].
For better reliability (but for a much higher price)
the same company offers their Connectivity Control
Unit (Fig. 4). This device is fully equipped with in-
vehicle (I/O, CAN, Wi-Fi, PSI5) and external
communication (mobile phone, router, internet) and
location services (GPS, compass, GLONASS, Galileo,
QZSS). Besides full eCall capability (in accordance
with applicable law), it also offers bCall and iCall
services. bCall provides help in the case of a
breakdown, where the trained personnel of the
contacted call center can help with either on-site repair
(with remote diagnostics), or by sending a repair team
to the location. With the use of iCall, the call center
could provide information regarding for example the
nearest location of petrol stations, restaurants, parking
places etc. [23].
Fig. 4. The Connectivity Control Unit [23].
4.2. EuroGPS eCall
EuroGPS is a Bulgarian company, who is primarily
involved in fleet management and GPS tracking and
control systems. They are also an EU funded developer
of an aftermarket eCall device and has worked closely
with the European Commission and ERTICO ITS-
Europe on the development within the scope of the
HeERO2 and the ongoing I-HeERO project [12]. Their
system allows for emergency calls to be triggered either
manually by vehicle occupants or automatically, as
soon as vehicle sensors detect the impact of a serious
collision. When activated, the eCall system establishes
a voice and data connection with the relevant PSAP
(either public or private).
Their device, SmartTracker IVS-EU014, which can
be seen in Fig. 5, contains an inertial system with 3-axis
acceleration sensor and 3-axis gyroscope sensor for
automatic eCall triggering, and also a 32 channel low-
power positioning system supporting GPS (L1),
Glonass (L1, FDMA), and Galileo (E1) [13].
Fig. 5. The EuroGPS SmartTracker IVS-EU014 eCall
System [13].
A highlight of their system is that their eCall
environment was tested extensively with several
thousand real life test calls and a PSAP in Sofia [12,
13], in the framework of the HeERO projects.
4.3. Reference designs for development
Many IC manufacturers and electronics producers
provide reference designs for future eCall applications.
U-blox' presented their own solution with a
complete system, for the then proposed 2015 European
eCall launch. Their design incorporates their own
modules, such as: SARA-G3 GSM module with in-
band modem, a LISA-U2 GMS/UMTS module, an
UBX-G8030 GPS/GNSS receiver and a MAX-7
GPS/GNSS receiver module. The components are all
considered to have automotive classification. [15] Their
IVS solution waits for trigger signals from the vehicle,
and connects to an audio module (Fig. 6).
6. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
Fig. 6. IVS concept from u-blox [15].
Texas Instruments shared an open source design
with their TIDA-00159 reference design board (Fig. 7)
for automotive eCall. The board has a support of 3GPP
LTE FDD and TDD, LTE-Advanced, 3GPP
FDD/HSPA/HSPA+, GSM/EDGE/EDGE Evolution,
TD-SCDMA, WLAN and several other standards. The
reference board is designed with automotive
components on mind [16].
Fig. 7. TIDA-00159 from TI [16].
The system does not contain the logic for emergency
detection, however has a backup battery for emergency
cases. It can be extended with a reference design for an
audio subsystem [17]. This subsystem has onboard
diagnostics for speaker status, and it is optimized from
the aspect of reduced power and heat. It provides 8W
output for loud sound in emergency cases. TI also
supports developers with a reference design for an eCall
Power Supply solution [18].
Infineon approaches the eCall topic from the aspect
of automotive e-security. Their SIM controllers (SL 76
and SLI 97) are designed to support communication
with hardware crypto-coprocessors for enhanced
security in embedded SIM subsystems [19]. They also
support communication module design with a
suggested Application Processor (TC23x), and a CAN
transciever (TLE7250G) for receiving trigger signal for
emergency detection (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Infineon reference design [19].
The reference design of Embitel houses a CAN
transceiver, a backup battery, a GSM module and an
SST230 microcontroller core. It may contact to an
additional manual trigger, an antenna system, and a
connection to audio modules (mic/speaker) [20].
Fig. 9. Embitel reference design [20].
Targa presented a non-invasive OBD connector
completely compatible with different telematics
software. Via their Plexer module data can be read from
the CAN bus. GV 300 module has implemented 3D
accelerometer, voice communication support and GPS
odometer. The module supports RFID reader, iButton
and Temperature probe extensions [21]. Their solution
tends more to the topic of fleet management, rather than
public eCall services, however their device
constructions incorporate valuable ideas for future
eCall device constructions.
Qualcomm also presented their eCall specific
(PSAP and IVS) modem solutions within 3GPP project
[22].
IVS
processor
Vehicle
sensors
AT modem
interface
GPS receiver
interface
Audio
interface
eCall IVS
u-blox
cellular
module
u-blox
GNSS
receiver
In-band
modem
7. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
5. MOBILE PHONE BASED SOLUTIONS
With the explosive spread of mobile communication
devices (and later smartphones), today we can say, that
nearly all of the passengers of a randomly selected car
possess all the main technical components, which are
required by an eCall system (sensors, location services
and GSM communication) right in their pockets. The
idea can justifiably arise to use mobile phones as
“standalone” eCall devices, or accident detectors. The
most valid argument against this is that presumably a
mobile phone is even less reliable and prone to false
alarms as a dedicated ‘black box’ solution (see Section
4). To counter this assumption, two out of four mobile
crash detection applications use smart algorithms based
on real accident sensor data to distinguish false positive
triggers (e.g. phone drop). Also, the reliability of the
method is strongly in question due to the fact, that
mobile phones can be easily damaged in case of an
accident (e.g. placed in a phone holder on top of the
dashboard, or fixed to the windshield). Due to these
reasons most of the existing mobile applications can
only be used to notify pre-selected emergency contacts
in case of an accident, except for the Crashdetect app,
which (with subscription at the specific location) is
connected to a South African TPS Network (see Table
1 for the comparison of the four systems).
Table 1. Comparison of the mobile phone based
applications for car crash detection and contact notification.
App name Coverage
Medical
Assistance
Smart
algorithm
Crashdetect
South
Africa
Yes (with
subscription)
Yes
SOSmart General
Only contact
notification
Yes
Car Crash General
Only contact
notification
No
Chrash App General
Only contact
notification
No
5.1. Crashdetect
As an award winning mobile application, developed
for the roads of South Africa, Crashdetect uses smart
drive-detection technology to automatically monitor
the trips of the user. It auto-detects serious car crashes
and alerts the CrashDetech emergency contact centre of
the location. The system immediately dispatches the
nearest emergency medical services and supplies them
with the medical information of the passengers [5].
Crashdetect has different subscription options which
give various levels of services. Free license only
contains the alert of pre-selected contacts, it does not
include medical response. Live subscription gives
access to the full Crash Alert service, which contacts
the emergency centre in case of an accident. There, a
medically trained agent calls the phone of the user to
confirm that he/she needs assistance. If the user
confirms or does not answer, the agent will immediately
dispatch the nearest emergency medical services to the
accident location and supply them with the medical
information of the user. The most notable extra services
accessible with advanced subscriptions are the
following: Medical ID is a unique ID that is placed on
the inside of the car’s window. Emergency medical
responders scan the QR code or phone the Crashdetect
emergency contact center in order to gain secure access
to the medical and emergency contact information of
the user. The Medical ID offers a fail-safe patient
identification method, should a smartphone device be
severely damaged during a car crash. Family Protect
allows up to 5 family members to install and use
CrashDetect on their phones. RoadCover is a service
that manages the user’s claim with the Road Accident
Fund from start to finish [5].
5.2. SOSmart
SOSmart detects car accidents using the internal
sensors (accelerometer and GPS) of the smartphone,
and sends an emergency notification with the user’s
location to the pre-selected emergency contacts. This
allows the contacts to send help as soon as possible.
However, the application is currently not directly
connected to emergency services. SOSmart car
accident service can be configured in manual mode or
automatic mode. Automatic mode: whenever SOSmart
detects the user is in a moving vehicle, it will
automatically turn on the crash detection monitoring.
Manual mode: the user must manually turn the
monitoring system in the app. The crash detection
algorithms provided by SOSmart is based on real car
crash data from the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (USA). Using this data the algorithm
can differentiate when the user drops the phone, brakes
too hard or had a minor accident avoiding false alarms
[7].
5.3. Car Crash
The Car Crash application uses GPS and
accelerometer sensor to detect major slowdowns that
could be caused by a traffic accident. In case of an
8. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
accident the smartphone will be sent a notification to
the device of the user, which in the case of not being
canceled at the predetermined time it will send an SMS
to a relative or friend who has been previously selected.
The SMS will contain important information such as
the direction of the accident [8].
5.4. Crash App
As a rather simple accident alerting application,
Crashapp allows the user to select a Crashapp buddy to
watch over him whilst he go on your journey - be it
hiking, biking, skiing, horse riding or driving. The user
can remain safe in the knowledge that the Crashapp
buddy is keeping an eye in the background. They will
be alerted of the user’s exact GPS location if he/she
comes into any danger [9].
6. EVENT DATA RECORDER (EDR) SYSTEMS
Since September 2014 a so called Event Data
Recorder (EDR) is mandatory for every new passenger
car and new light commercial vehicle (LCV) in the US.
The purpose of EDR is to collect data about the vehicle
dynamics and the vehicle status that enable better
accident reconstruction. It helps in validating insurance
claims, encourages safer driving behavior and extends
the scientific knowledge about the real accidents, thus
resulting in safer vehicle design.
The recorded data is stored in a dedicated memory
part of the Airbag Control Module (ACM). There is a
time window around the crash event (5 seconds before
the event and 2 seconds after the event) that is sampled
at 200 Hz frequency with the relevant data. There is a
minimum set of data that must be stored in any case and
there are options to store additional information as well.
According to the American Act (49 CFR Part 563), the
minimum set of data are:
• Delta-V, 0-250ms, every 10 ms;
• Maximal Delta-V, 0-300 ms;
• Maximal Delta-V in timeline, 0-300 ms;
• Vehicle speed, 5 seconds, 2 values for a second;
• Engine speed, 5 seconds, 2 values for a second;
• Braking ON/OFF, 5 seconds, 2 values for a second;
• Ignition cycle in the time of the crash;
• Ignition cycle, the data download time;
• Condition of seat belts – driver (fastened seat belt,
unfastened seat belt);
• Airbag condition indicator (on/off);
• Activation of the airbag module, time until
activation (driver, passenger);
• More values in the EDR memory, number of event
(numbering of EDR storage events);
• Time between Event 1 and Event 2;
• Status of EDR data downloading (downloaded
complete without errors – yes/no).
From a point of view one can say, that the eCall
system is the European answer for the EDR. The major
difference between the two systems is that the EDR is
an offline system, requiring a later data retrieval from
the EDR device, while eCall is an online system that
immediately calls the ambulance (dials 112) in case of
emergency. Though EDR is not mandatory in Europe,
due to the side effect of the US regulation an
approximately 4-6% of the EU vehicles are equipped
with and EDR device.
The importance of an EDR like a “black box”
increases with the deployment of highly automated
functions into the road vehicles, since there has to an
objective evidence for who was in charge of control in
the vehicle in the critical situation. It is also obvious that
the minimum set of data must be extended in case of
automated or highly automated vehicles (level 3 and
above). Accident researchers and automated vehicle
experts are working together on the new regulations in
this field.
Recent threats in attacking road vehicles through
cyber security vulnerabilities showed that vehicle cyber
security protection and prevention of misuse of the
highly automated vehicles will be a key element of the
future. As there are similarities in the forensic analyses
methodology of accident reconstruction and cyber
security event reconstruction, it might be useful to
compare the data capture requirements from each sides
and evaluate EDR applicability for cyber security
research purposes.
7. CONCLUSIONS
With the approaching deadline of the EU regulation,
TPS eCall systems are already spread among the newer
models of all major European car companies. These
systems fully comply with EU standards and offer the
highest possible level of reliability. Retrofitting older
car models with portable “black box” eCall devices
promises a large market, although up to this point only
a few market-ready products exist, besides several
reference designs for development. A couple mobile
applications also offer a cheap, but much less reliable
solution.
9. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
DOI: 10.1109/ISSE.2017.8000985
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out in the framework of the
following project: "FEDKOM - GINOP-2.2.1-15-
2016-00011, Gépjárművekbe utólag beszerelhető eCall
fedélzeti eszköz és kommunikációs rendszer
fejlesztése.”
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