International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on using atmospheric pressure plasma treatment to remove impurities from gray cotton fabric. The plasma treatment physically modifies the cotton surface, etching away impurities like wax and making the surface more hydrophilic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the plasma treatment successfully removed alkyl groups from the surface and increased polar groups. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed the plasma-treated cotton had a smoother surface. The plasma treatment provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wet scouring processes for cotton fabric pretreatment.
The document is a seminar report on anti-microbial finishing of textiles. It discusses various types of anti-microbial agents and methods of applying anti-microbial finishes to fabrics, including padding and coating. It also outlines standard testing methods for evaluating the anti-microbial effectiveness of treated fabrics. Results showed that cotton fabrics treated with a 3% concentration of Bio Shield AM 500 had the lowest bacterial growth rate compared to 1% and 2% concentrations. The treated fabrics could help prevent the spread of bacteria and odors. In conclusion, anti-microbial finishing can make textiles more hygienic for various applications.
This document describes research on dyeing silk fabric with natural dye extracted from black cardamom peel. Three mordanting techniques were tested: pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting using alum mordant in an acidic medium. Color fastness to light, washing, crocking, and perspiration were evaluated. Results showed that post-mordanting produced the best color fastness. The dyed fabrics exhibited good color fastness properties. Using natural dyes from agricultural byproducts provides environmental and economic benefits compared to synthetic dyes.
This document discusses right first time (RFT) dyeing and the challenges in achieving it. RFT dyeing means completing the dyeing process properly on the first try without any faults. Achieving RFT dyeing increases productivity and profits by reducing time, fabric damage, and costs from multiple dyeing attempts. However, small inaccuracies in measuring and adding chemicals and dyes during bulk production can result in shades that do not match, requiring re-dyeing. Even minor differences of 0.1% of chemicals in dyeing 1000kg of fabric can result in using 1-2kg less dye. Careful control of all process variables is needed to consistently achieve RFT dyeing.
Lyocell microfibre fabrics were produced using rapier weaving machine, which is to be used as inner layer while developing the Multilayered Technical Tecxtiles. The lyocell microfibre fabric has been treated with plasma using low pressure Oxygen. Then the plasma treated and untreated fabrics were dyed using reactive dyes. The dyed lyocell fabrics of plasma treated and untreated were tested for the comfort properties such as Wickablity, Air Permeablilty and Water Vapour Permeablilty. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant improvments in Wickablilty and Air permeablilty of plasma treated fabrics which are essential characteristics for inner layer of the Multilayered Technical Textiles. The significant improvements due to new porus in the treated fabrics allow more air to penterate and also to increase the Wickablilty. Where as the Water Vapour Permeablilty characteristics of the untreated fabric have better results than plasma treated fabrics due to new etching on the surface of the treated fabrics which retain more vapour than untreated fabrics. The Plasma treated lyocell fabric can be used as inner layer for the development of Multilayered Technical Textiles.
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
This document discusses how cationization, or chemical modification using cationic agents, can improve the dyeability of cotton fabrics with direct dyes. The author cationized cotton fabrics using different concentrations of a cationic agent and measured the nitrogen content, which increased with higher cationic agent concentration. Cationization was optimized based on factors like pH, temperature, and time. Dyeing cationized cotton with two direct dyes resulted in higher color strength values than untreated cotton. Cationization allows direct dyes to be used at lower concentrations, reducing dye and water usage and wastewater pollution.
Rerouting rope-guides, which determine the route fabrics take through dyeing machines, reduced water use by 6.2% on average for 5 dye recipes. Counter-current washing, where wastewater is recycled from the last wash step to the next, reduced consumption by 50-80% compared to normal flow washing and showed decreasing pollution concentrations from the first to last wash tanks. Both techniques provide simple, effective ways to minimize water and wastewater in textile dyeing and finishing.
This document summarizes research on using atmospheric pressure plasma treatment to remove impurities from gray cotton fabric. The plasma treatment physically modifies the cotton surface, etching away impurities like wax and making the surface more hydrophilic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the plasma treatment successfully removed alkyl groups from the surface and increased polar groups. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed the plasma-treated cotton had a smoother surface. The plasma treatment provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wet scouring processes for cotton fabric pretreatment.
The document is a seminar report on anti-microbial finishing of textiles. It discusses various types of anti-microbial agents and methods of applying anti-microbial finishes to fabrics, including padding and coating. It also outlines standard testing methods for evaluating the anti-microbial effectiveness of treated fabrics. Results showed that cotton fabrics treated with a 3% concentration of Bio Shield AM 500 had the lowest bacterial growth rate compared to 1% and 2% concentrations. The treated fabrics could help prevent the spread of bacteria and odors. In conclusion, anti-microbial finishing can make textiles more hygienic for various applications.
This document describes research on dyeing silk fabric with natural dye extracted from black cardamom peel. Three mordanting techniques were tested: pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting using alum mordant in an acidic medium. Color fastness to light, washing, crocking, and perspiration were evaluated. Results showed that post-mordanting produced the best color fastness. The dyed fabrics exhibited good color fastness properties. Using natural dyes from agricultural byproducts provides environmental and economic benefits compared to synthetic dyes.
This document discusses right first time (RFT) dyeing and the challenges in achieving it. RFT dyeing means completing the dyeing process properly on the first try without any faults. Achieving RFT dyeing increases productivity and profits by reducing time, fabric damage, and costs from multiple dyeing attempts. However, small inaccuracies in measuring and adding chemicals and dyes during bulk production can result in shades that do not match, requiring re-dyeing. Even minor differences of 0.1% of chemicals in dyeing 1000kg of fabric can result in using 1-2kg less dye. Careful control of all process variables is needed to consistently achieve RFT dyeing.
Lyocell microfibre fabrics were produced using rapier weaving machine, which is to be used as inner layer while developing the Multilayered Technical Tecxtiles. The lyocell microfibre fabric has been treated with plasma using low pressure Oxygen. Then the plasma treated and untreated fabrics were dyed using reactive dyes. The dyed lyocell fabrics of plasma treated and untreated were tested for the comfort properties such as Wickablity, Air Permeablilty and Water Vapour Permeablilty. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant improvments in Wickablilty and Air permeablilty of plasma treated fabrics which are essential characteristics for inner layer of the Multilayered Technical Textiles. The significant improvements due to new porus in the treated fabrics allow more air to penterate and also to increase the Wickablilty. Where as the Water Vapour Permeablilty characteristics of the untreated fabric have better results than plasma treated fabrics due to new etching on the surface of the treated fabrics which retain more vapour than untreated fabrics. The Plasma treated lyocell fabric can be used as inner layer for the development of Multilayered Technical Textiles.
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
This document discusses how cationization, or chemical modification using cationic agents, can improve the dyeability of cotton fabrics with direct dyes. The author cationized cotton fabrics using different concentrations of a cationic agent and measured the nitrogen content, which increased with higher cationic agent concentration. Cationization was optimized based on factors like pH, temperature, and time. Dyeing cationized cotton with two direct dyes resulted in higher color strength values than untreated cotton. Cationization allows direct dyes to be used at lower concentrations, reducing dye and water usage and wastewater pollution.
Rerouting rope-guides, which determine the route fabrics take through dyeing machines, reduced water use by 6.2% on average for 5 dye recipes. Counter-current washing, where wastewater is recycled from the last wash step to the next, reduced consumption by 50-80% compared to normal flow washing and showed decreasing pollution concentrations from the first to last wash tanks. Both techniques provide simple, effective ways to minimize water and wastewater in textile dyeing and finishing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a seminar report on agro textiles submitted for a bachelor's degree. It discusses the classification, fibers, properties, production techniques and applications of agro textiles. Agro textiles can be classified according to their application areas such as crop production, horticulture, animal husbandry and aquaculture. Common fibers used are nylon, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene. Key properties include weather resistance, stability and withstanding solar radiation. Production techniques include weaving, knitting and nonwovens. Applications include sunscreens, bird protection nets, soil covers and greenhouses. The market for agro textiles is growing due to benefits like increased crop yields and reduced use of pest
The document summarizes research on developing formaldehyde-free crease-resistant finishing methods for cotton fabric. It investigates treating cotton with citric acid and silk fibroin solution. The optimum combination found was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5, cured at 150°C. This achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while retaining 84% tensile strength and 96% tearing strength, with minimal yellowing. The document also reviews the use of acrylate copolymers with DHDMEU or DMDHEU to improve crease resistance and mechanical properties of treated cotton fabrics.
This document provides information about the author's summer training at AYM Syntex Ltd in Palghar, Mumbai. It includes:
1) An acknowledgement thanking the institute and company for providing training opportunities and support.
2) A profile of AYM Syntex Ltd describing it as a leading manufacturer of specialty synthetic yarns established in 1985.
3) Details of the company's production processes including texturizing, twisting, dyeing, and applications of their yarns.
4) An overview of the dyeing process and equipment used including dyeing machines, hydro extractors, and fastness testing procedures.
Water is an important resource in the textile industry that is used extensively for dyeing fabrics. This large water usage leads to significant water pollution from textile dyeing waste. The document discusses several alternative dyeing methods that can reduce water consumption such as bio-scouring, solvent dyeing, air dyeing, plasma dyeing, and compressed CO2 dyeing. These alternative methods aim to lower the environmental impact of the textile industry by reducing water and chemical usage.
This document discusses water saving technology in the textile industry. It proposes using solophenyl dyes for dyeing cotton and cotton-polyester blends, which can save significant amounts of water compared to conventional reactive dyes. For 100% cotton fabrics, solophenyl dyes can reduce water consumption from 60-80 liters/kg to 20-30 liters/kg. For cotton-polyester blends, a one-batch dyeing process using solophenyl dyes has the potential to save water consumption from 120-140 liters/kg down to 30-40 liters/kg. Adopting these new dyeing techniques could help textile factories minimize their environmental impact and reduce production costs.
This presentation summarizes the use of plasma technology in textile processing. It discusses how plasma is created through heating and ionizing gas, and its classification. The presentation then outlines various plasma systems used in textiles and how plasma works to modify fabric surfaces at a nano scale. Specific textile applications of plasma technology discussed include desizing, dyeing, improving wettability and printability. The presentation notes the advantages of plasma treatment as being more environmentally friendly and providing properties like abrasion resistance and faster dyeing. It concludes that plasma technology is an interesting alternative to conventional wet processing methods.
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. The report examines using citric acid and silk fibroin solution as crosslinking agents to improve crease recovery angle while avoiding yellowing issues from citric acid alone. Through experiments varying the concentration of citric acid, fibroin solution, and other chemicals, the report determines that the optimal formulation is 6% fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at a pH of 5.5 and curing temperature of 150°C. This treatment achieves a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while maintaining 84% tensile strength retention and avoiding yellowing.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
Characteristics of industrial textile effluents and different types of effluentsMithun Chouhan
This document discusses the characteristics of textile effluents and dye materials used in the textile industry. It describes the various processes involved in textile manufacturing like degumming, desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing. It explains that textile effluents contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in these processes. It also outlines the different types of dyes used for different fibers like direct dyes for cellulose, acid dyes for wool, and disperse dyes for polyester. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of common dyes like direct dyes, reactive dyes, vat dyes, azo dyes, sulfide dyes
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. Acrylate copolymers with low glass transition temperatures and high molecular weights were found to improve crease resistance when applied with crosslinking agents like DHDMEU. Citric acid is a potential formaldehyde-free alternative but causes yellowing; adding silk fibroin solution to citric acid treatments was shown to increase crease resistance while avoiding yellowing. The report describes materials and methods used to optimize citric acid and silk fibroin concentration, pH, and curing temperature to achieve good crease recovery with high strength retention and minimal whiteness loss.
1. The document describes an auto dosing and dispensing system for dye houses that automatically measures and dispenses dyes and chemicals.
2. The system includes storage silos for salt and soda, mixing tanks for solutions, and 15 dispensing tanks for chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and auxiliaries.
3. Dyes, chemicals, and auxiliaries are gravity fed from the dispensing tanks to dyeing machines through stainless steel tubes controlled by the computer system.
TO STUDY THE FIBRE DYEING PROCESS FOR MELANGE YARNInternship reportVijay Prakash
This document provides a project report on studying the fibre dyeing process for melange yarn. It includes an introduction on melange yarn production and its applications. It then discusses the manufacturing process which involves dyeing fibres before spinning. Comparative data is shown between non-compact and compact yarns. Key points covered include improving yarn evenness, strength and reducing imperfections when using compact spinning. Finally, common problems in melange yarn production are outlined such as shade variation and ensuring proper fibre blending and ratios.
Antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabric using atmospheric pressureAakash Singh
This document describes a process for imparting antimicrobial properties to polyester fabric using atmospheric plasma treatment and subsequent chemical modifications. The process involves mild scouring of the fabric, surface hydrolysis using NaOH, plasma treatment using a helium-oxygen gas mixture, graft copolymerization with GMA, and treatment with chitosan modified with GTMAC. Characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM, and tensile testing are used to analyze the treated fabrics. The conclusion is that atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable for fabric finishing and does not significantly impact bulk or tensile properties.
Technological development in wet processing technologyRifad hossain
The document discusses recent technological developments in wet processing for the textile industry. It covers innovations in dyes and chemicals, preparation processes, dyeing techniques, and finishing methods. Some key developments mentioned include non-fluorine water repellents, enzyme-based fabric preparation processes, plasma technology applications, dyeing in supercritical fluids, foam finishing, and ultrasonic assisted textile processing. The overall focus of innovations is on improving sustainability by reducing energy and chemical usage while maintaining quality.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
The document discusses several textile processing technologies: plasma treatment, ultrasound waves, supercritical CO2 dyeing, microencapsulation, and foam dyeing. Plasma treatment and ultrasound waves are used to modify fiber surfaces. Supercritical CO2 dyeing allows for dyeing with fewer chemicals and water. Microencapsulation protects dye cores and controls dye release. Foam dyeing reduces water and energy usage during dyeing. Enzymes provide eco-friendly options for desizing, scouring, bleaching, and other processes.
This document discusses recent technical developments in wet processing for the textile industry. It covers innovations in dyes and chemicals, preparation, dyeing, printing, finishing, digital printing, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ultrasonic textile processing. New environmentally friendly products are highlighted from companies like Archroma, Americhem, HeiQ Materials, and Novozymes. Machinery innovations from Benninger focus on reducing the carbon footprint and environmental impact of wet processing.
Improving the Colour Fastness of the Selected Natural Dyes on CottonIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper reports the improving the colourfastness of the natural dye with dye fixing agents,
extraction of the colourants from natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods;
selection of fixing agents; dyeing variables; post-treatment process; development of newer shades with post
treatment and analysis of colour improvement parameters with fixing agents for cotton dyed with natural dye;
assessed colour improvement with colourfastness test.
Key words: Dye fixing agents, coloufastness, shade variations with dye fixing agents, natural dye
This document describes the design and development of a locally made biscuit cabinet dryer for home use in Nigeria. Key points:
- A study was conducted of imported home dryers to inform the design. Calculations and drawings were made to design a 714mm x 574mm x 984mm box-shaped dryer made of mild steel with fiberglass insulation.
- The dryer consists of a drying cabinet containing three perforated trays, a blower for air circulation, and an electric heater for temperature control.
- Testing showed no significant difference in drying performance between the locally made dryer and imported dryers. The locally made dryer can effectively dry biscuits for home use in
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a seminar report on agro textiles submitted for a bachelor's degree. It discusses the classification, fibers, properties, production techniques and applications of agro textiles. Agro textiles can be classified according to their application areas such as crop production, horticulture, animal husbandry and aquaculture. Common fibers used are nylon, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene. Key properties include weather resistance, stability and withstanding solar radiation. Production techniques include weaving, knitting and nonwovens. Applications include sunscreens, bird protection nets, soil covers and greenhouses. The market for agro textiles is growing due to benefits like increased crop yields and reduced use of pest
The document summarizes research on developing formaldehyde-free crease-resistant finishing methods for cotton fabric. It investigates treating cotton with citric acid and silk fibroin solution. The optimum combination found was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5, cured at 150°C. This achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while retaining 84% tensile strength and 96% tearing strength, with minimal yellowing. The document also reviews the use of acrylate copolymers with DHDMEU or DMDHEU to improve crease resistance and mechanical properties of treated cotton fabrics.
This document provides information about the author's summer training at AYM Syntex Ltd in Palghar, Mumbai. It includes:
1) An acknowledgement thanking the institute and company for providing training opportunities and support.
2) A profile of AYM Syntex Ltd describing it as a leading manufacturer of specialty synthetic yarns established in 1985.
3) Details of the company's production processes including texturizing, twisting, dyeing, and applications of their yarns.
4) An overview of the dyeing process and equipment used including dyeing machines, hydro extractors, and fastness testing procedures.
Water is an important resource in the textile industry that is used extensively for dyeing fabrics. This large water usage leads to significant water pollution from textile dyeing waste. The document discusses several alternative dyeing methods that can reduce water consumption such as bio-scouring, solvent dyeing, air dyeing, plasma dyeing, and compressed CO2 dyeing. These alternative methods aim to lower the environmental impact of the textile industry by reducing water and chemical usage.
This document discusses water saving technology in the textile industry. It proposes using solophenyl dyes for dyeing cotton and cotton-polyester blends, which can save significant amounts of water compared to conventional reactive dyes. For 100% cotton fabrics, solophenyl dyes can reduce water consumption from 60-80 liters/kg to 20-30 liters/kg. For cotton-polyester blends, a one-batch dyeing process using solophenyl dyes has the potential to save water consumption from 120-140 liters/kg down to 30-40 liters/kg. Adopting these new dyeing techniques could help textile factories minimize their environmental impact and reduce production costs.
This presentation summarizes the use of plasma technology in textile processing. It discusses how plasma is created through heating and ionizing gas, and its classification. The presentation then outlines various plasma systems used in textiles and how plasma works to modify fabric surfaces at a nano scale. Specific textile applications of plasma technology discussed include desizing, dyeing, improving wettability and printability. The presentation notes the advantages of plasma treatment as being more environmentally friendly and providing properties like abrasion resistance and faster dyeing. It concludes that plasma technology is an interesting alternative to conventional wet processing methods.
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. The report examines using citric acid and silk fibroin solution as crosslinking agents to improve crease recovery angle while avoiding yellowing issues from citric acid alone. Through experiments varying the concentration of citric acid, fibroin solution, and other chemicals, the report determines that the optimal formulation is 6% fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at a pH of 5.5 and curing temperature of 150°C. This treatment achieves a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while maintaining 84% tensile strength retention and avoiding yellowing.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
Characteristics of industrial textile effluents and different types of effluentsMithun Chouhan
This document discusses the characteristics of textile effluents and dye materials used in the textile industry. It describes the various processes involved in textile manufacturing like degumming, desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing. It explains that textile effluents contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in these processes. It also outlines the different types of dyes used for different fibers like direct dyes for cellulose, acid dyes for wool, and disperse dyes for polyester. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of common dyes like direct dyes, reactive dyes, vat dyes, azo dyes, sulfide dyes
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. Acrylate copolymers with low glass transition temperatures and high molecular weights were found to improve crease resistance when applied with crosslinking agents like DHDMEU. Citric acid is a potential formaldehyde-free alternative but causes yellowing; adding silk fibroin solution to citric acid treatments was shown to increase crease resistance while avoiding yellowing. The report describes materials and methods used to optimize citric acid and silk fibroin concentration, pH, and curing temperature to achieve good crease recovery with high strength retention and minimal whiteness loss.
1. The document describes an auto dosing and dispensing system for dye houses that automatically measures and dispenses dyes and chemicals.
2. The system includes storage silos for salt and soda, mixing tanks for solutions, and 15 dispensing tanks for chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and auxiliaries.
3. Dyes, chemicals, and auxiliaries are gravity fed from the dispensing tanks to dyeing machines through stainless steel tubes controlled by the computer system.
TO STUDY THE FIBRE DYEING PROCESS FOR MELANGE YARNInternship reportVijay Prakash
This document provides a project report on studying the fibre dyeing process for melange yarn. It includes an introduction on melange yarn production and its applications. It then discusses the manufacturing process which involves dyeing fibres before spinning. Comparative data is shown between non-compact and compact yarns. Key points covered include improving yarn evenness, strength and reducing imperfections when using compact spinning. Finally, common problems in melange yarn production are outlined such as shade variation and ensuring proper fibre blending and ratios.
Antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabric using atmospheric pressureAakash Singh
This document describes a process for imparting antimicrobial properties to polyester fabric using atmospheric plasma treatment and subsequent chemical modifications. The process involves mild scouring of the fabric, surface hydrolysis using NaOH, plasma treatment using a helium-oxygen gas mixture, graft copolymerization with GMA, and treatment with chitosan modified with GTMAC. Characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM, and tensile testing are used to analyze the treated fabrics. The conclusion is that atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable for fabric finishing and does not significantly impact bulk or tensile properties.
Technological development in wet processing technologyRifad hossain
The document discusses recent technological developments in wet processing for the textile industry. It covers innovations in dyes and chemicals, preparation processes, dyeing techniques, and finishing methods. Some key developments mentioned include non-fluorine water repellents, enzyme-based fabric preparation processes, plasma technology applications, dyeing in supercritical fluids, foam finishing, and ultrasonic assisted textile processing. The overall focus of innovations is on improving sustainability by reducing energy and chemical usage while maintaining quality.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
The document discusses several textile processing technologies: plasma treatment, ultrasound waves, supercritical CO2 dyeing, microencapsulation, and foam dyeing. Plasma treatment and ultrasound waves are used to modify fiber surfaces. Supercritical CO2 dyeing allows for dyeing with fewer chemicals and water. Microencapsulation protects dye cores and controls dye release. Foam dyeing reduces water and energy usage during dyeing. Enzymes provide eco-friendly options for desizing, scouring, bleaching, and other processes.
This document discusses recent technical developments in wet processing for the textile industry. It covers innovations in dyes and chemicals, preparation, dyeing, printing, finishing, digital printing, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ultrasonic textile processing. New environmentally friendly products are highlighted from companies like Archroma, Americhem, HeiQ Materials, and Novozymes. Machinery innovations from Benninger focus on reducing the carbon footprint and environmental impact of wet processing.
Improving the Colour Fastness of the Selected Natural Dyes on CottonIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper reports the improving the colourfastness of the natural dye with dye fixing agents,
extraction of the colourants from natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods;
selection of fixing agents; dyeing variables; post-treatment process; development of newer shades with post
treatment and analysis of colour improvement parameters with fixing agents for cotton dyed with natural dye;
assessed colour improvement with colourfastness test.
Key words: Dye fixing agents, coloufastness, shade variations with dye fixing agents, natural dye
This document describes the design and development of a locally made biscuit cabinet dryer for home use in Nigeria. Key points:
- A study was conducted of imported home dryers to inform the design. Calculations and drawings were made to design a 714mm x 574mm x 984mm box-shaped dryer made of mild steel with fiberglass insulation.
- The dryer consists of a drying cabinet containing three perforated trays, a blower for air circulation, and an electric heater for temperature control.
- Testing showed no significant difference in drying performance between the locally made dryer and imported dryers. The locally made dryer can effectively dry biscuits for home use in
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a proposed system for monitoring soil conditions and controlling irrigation in agricultural fields using sensors and an ARM controller. The system would use various sensors to measure soil moisture, humidity, temperature, light intensity, and phosphorus levels. It would then use this sensor data to determine the appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer needed for optimal plant growth. Solenoid valves connected to a drip irrigation system would be controlled to supply water and fertilizer as needed. The goal is to increase crop yields by precisely meeting the nutrient and water requirements of plants throughout their growth cycles.
The document compares resource allocation algorithms for OFDMA wireless systems. It discusses dynamic sub-channel assignment and adaptive power allocation algorithms. The algorithms are evaluated based on parameters like Jain's Fairness Index, sum capacity, and capacity distribution among users. Resource allocation algorithms aim to optimize margin and rate by assigning subcarriers and power levels to users in an OFDMA system.
This document discusses methods for preparing datasets for data mining analysis using horizontal aggregations in SQL. It introduces horizontal aggregations, which aggregate numeric expressions and transpose results to produce datasets with a horizontal layout. This is unlike standard SQL aggregations which produce vertical layouts. The document proposes three methods for evaluating horizontal aggregations: 1) SPJ method using standard relational operators, 2) CASE method using SQL CASE constructs, and 3) PIVOT method using available PIVOT operators. The CASE method is presented as generally the most efficient evaluation method. The document concludes horizontal aggregations are useful for creating horizontally-laid out datasets required by most data mining algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document discusses a study that evaluated e-service quality in banking from customers' perspectives. The study examined how dimensions of e-service quality like reliability, responsiveness, ease of use, personalization, security, and website design influence customers' perceptions of e-banking quality. The author developed measures for these quality dimensions based on prior research and analyzed the data collected from customer surveys to understand the impact of each dimension on perceived e-service quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses various techniques to reduce leakage power in integrated circuits through the use of sleep methods and power gating. It begins by introducing the increasing problem of leakage power as technologies scale and describes power gating as a common technique to reduce leakage by cutting off the power supply using high-Vt sleep transistors. The document then examines different implementations of power gating including fine-grain and coarse-grain approaches as well as previous methods like sleep, zigzag, stack, and dual sleep/stack techniques. It concludes by proposing a new sleep method technique that combines features of stacking and sleep transistors to further reduce leakage power during sleep and transition modes.
O documento descreve a metodologia de Projeto de Aprendizagem, na qual os alunos formulam questões com base em suas curiosidades e interesses. Os alunos trabalham em grupos para pesquisar as questões, comparando o que sabiam inicialmente com os resultados encontrados. O professor atua como orientador, enquanto os alunos conduzem autonomamente seu processo de aprendizagem.
Janani Nathan is an artist and educator based in Chicago. She has extensive experience in fibers, painting, printmaking, ceramics, and arts education. Currently, she interns at ArtReach Chicago assisting art classes for underserved schools. She also teaches classes and monitors studios at Lillstreet Art Center. Previously, she held internships and jobs assisting galleries, a craft store, and community art centers. She is pursuing a BFA in Art Education at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago with a focus on fibers and drawing/painting.
O documento discute técnicas vocais para melhorar a qualidade vocal, descrevendo os órgãos envolvidos na produção do som, as mudanças na voz durante a puberdade e dicas de cuidados com a voz.
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
Plasma Treatment as Green Technology for Dyeing of Textile FabricsCrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Use of synthetic dyes for dyeing of textile fabrics are most problematic environmental concerned for textile industry owing to their toxic effect
on ecosystem. Thus, sustainable novel technologies for textile dyeing are needed that utilize enhanced dye uptake and improved performance
characteristics of fabric. Such technology may reduce dye concentration in waste-water effluents from textile sector and ultimately become energy
efficient and cost effective. Plasma technology has proven to impart enhanced dye exhaustion, dye penetration, dyeing in shorter time with minimal of
chemical auxiliaries and energy usage. The potential attributes of plasma on textile dyeing is discussed in this article..
IRJET- Multifinishing of Cotton using Reduced Graphene OxideIRJET Journal
This document discusses applying reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) to cotton fabric to provide antimicrobial and UV protection properties. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the rGO material. The rGO-TiO2 mixture was applied to cotton using a padding method and achieved over 99% reduction of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on AATCC testing. UV protection testing showed the treatment blocked over 90% of UV rays depending on the concentration of rGO used. The study demonstrated cotton fabric with both antimicrobial and UV protection functions can be achieved through this rGO-TiO2 treatment method.
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Antibacterial Finishing Of Cotton FabricsKEVSER CARPET
You can find functionalization of antibacterial agents when applied to cotton fabrics,chloroacetate groups, bioactive carboxylic acid, antibacterial activities in these documents.
I found this documents last year while I was searching some datas about antibacterial finishes on warp kniteed blankets , and now I share with you.
Here is now.
Take it and enjoy.
Good lucks.!
A REVIEW ON: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SILICONE FINISHES APPLIED ON KNITTED FABRICIRJET Journal
This document reviews the comparative analysis of silicone finishes applied to knitted fabric. Viscose cotton blend fabric was finished with different silicone solutions using a pad-dry-cure method. The finished and unfinished fabrics were tested for antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-adherent activity, biocompatibility, absorbency, air permeability, and wash durability. The results showed that the silicone finished fabric had better antibacterial, antifungal, anti-adherent activities and was more absorbent and air permeable compared to the unfinished fabric. Wash durability tests also demonstrated that the silicone finish maintained its functionality even after multiple washes.
This study analyzed the effects of different resin treatments on the quality of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye and then treated with one of six different resins. Tests were conducted to evaluate the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, dimensional stability, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and color strength of the treated fabrics. Melamine formaldehyde resin treatment resulted in higher crease recovery angle, better smoothness, and higher bending length due to greater crosslinking with cellulose. Color strength decreased after resin finishing, but fastness properties were unaffected. Resin treatment improved some quality properties of dyed cotton fabric at the cost of reduced color strength.
Simultaneous Acid Dyeing and Modified DMDHEU Finishing of Cotton Fabrics for ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on simultaneously dyeing and finishing cotton fabrics with acid dyes and modified DMDHEU resin. The goal is to reduce energy consumption, time, and costs compared to conventional separate dyeing and finishing processes. Cotton fabrics were treated with varying concentrations of acid dye and modified DMDHEU using a pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabrics were evaluated for color strength, crease recovery angle, tensile strength, weight add-on, and fastness properties. The results showed improved color strength compared to separately dyed fabrics. Crease recovery angles were comparable to conventional processes. This simultaneous process offers advantages of reduced energy, time, and production costs while providing sustainable textile processing.
This document describes a simple method for producing silver nanoparticles on cotton fabric to impart antimicrobial properties. Cotton fabric is treated with sodium hydroxide solution to activate its surface. It is then immersed in silver nitrate solution where silver ions are reduced to silver nanoparticles both on the surface and inside the cotton fibers. Characterization with UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDS and FTIR confirms the presence and interaction of silver nanoparticles with the cotton fabric. Testing shows the treated fabric has over 98% reduction of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria even after 5 wash cycles, demonstrating its durable antimicrobial effect. The simple, low-cost method could enable large-scale production of antibacterial textiles for various applications.
This document summarizes research into optimizing a solvolysis process for recycling carbon fiber reinforced composites. Key findings include:
1) A degradation of up to 98% of epoxy resin was achieved by processing composite material at 320°C for 2 hours using a mixture of acetone and water as a solvent.
2) Increasing processing time from 1 to 2 hours increased resin degradation by only 10%, with no additional benefit beyond 2 hours.
3) Washing fibers after processing removed remaining organic residue more efficiently than reprocessing fibers at the same conditions.
4) The energy requirement of the process was estimated at 19 MJ/kg of fibers recovered, representing a 90-96%
Isolation of self Printing paste from Plant Seeds and Its Application in Simu...IJERA Editor
Printing pastes containing eco-friendly galactomannan gum and safety natural dye were isolated simultaneously
in one step process from tara plant seeds using sodium hydroxide solution. The effect of concentrations of
sodium hydroxide on the rheological properties of the isolated printing pastes were thoroughly investigated.
Technological evaluation of the obtained pastes to act as screen printing paste and burn-out style paste to be
used in printing five different blends as well as pure wool was achieved. The results were evaluated via
measuring the % loss in weight, K/S of the coloured area and tensile strength for the printed area.
The results obtained reviles that all the isolated pastes are characterized by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
behaviour, and its apparent viscosity depends on the concentration of sodium hydroxide and also on the time of
storing. The prepared pastes could be used successfully as a screen printing paste and burn-out paste
simultaneously. The % loss in weight increases by increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and/or the portion
of wool in the blend. The K/S of the printed area depends on the nature of the component of the blend and
higher on protenic fabrics than that of cellulosic.
Unique colour and attractive texture could be achieved using the current technique. It is also found that as the
concentration of sodium hydroxide increases, the % loss in tensile strength increases specially for woolen
blends, however the decreases is not high and satisfactory for industrial application.
Isolation of self Printing paste from Plant Seeds and Its Application in Simu...IJERA Editor
Printing pastes containing eco-friendly galactomannan gum and safety natural dye were isolated simultaneously
in one step process from tara plant seeds using sodium hydroxide solution. The effect of concentrations of
sodium hydroxide on the rheological properties of the isolated printing pastes were thoroughly investigated.
Technological evaluation of the obtained pastes to act as screen printing paste and burn-out style paste to be
used in printing five different blends as well as pure wool was achieved. The results were evaluated via
measuring the % loss in weight, K/S of the coloured area and tensile strength for the printed area.
The results obtained reviles that all the isolated pastes are characterized by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
behaviour, and its apparent viscosity depends on the concentration of sodium hydroxide and also on the time of
storing. The prepared pastes could be used successfully as a screen printing paste and burn-out paste
simultaneously. The % loss in weight increases by increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and/or the portion
of wool in the blend. The K/S of the printed area depends on the nature of the component of the blend and
higher on protenic fabrics than that of cellulosic.
Unique colour and attractive texture could be achieved using the current technique. It is also found that as the
concentration of sodium hydroxide increases, the % loss in tensile strength increases specially for woolen
blends, however the decreases is not high and satisfactory for industrial application.
Preparation and characterization of microfiltration ceramic membrane for oily...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on incorporating antibacterial nanofibrous layers into sport clothing. Three different electrospinning methods were used to apply polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers containing silver nanoparticles onto cotton fabric: conventional electrospinning, co-electrospinning, and core-shell electrospinning. Different electrospinning parameters were tested to optimize the morphology and diameter of the nanofibers. The antibacterial activity of the coated fabrics was evaluated against E. coli bacteria. The PVA/silver nanoparticle nanofibrous coatings demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties and have potential for applications in sport clothing and other areas.
Ceramic membrane coating with graphene oxide for tannery wastewater treatmenthunypink
The document summarizes a study on using a graphene oxide coated ceramic membrane for treating tannery wastewater. Key points:
- Tannery wastewater is highly contaminated and poses risks to the environment. A ceramic membrane was coated with graphene oxide using dip coating to treat this wastewater.
- Experiments were conducted at different pressures from 0.7 to 3 bar to evaluate the coated membrane's rejection of contaminants like total solids, salts, and conductivity.
- Results showed the coating improved the membrane's rejection performance. Rejection percentages increased for parameters like total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, salinity and conductivity compared to an uncoated membrane.
Methane Purification Using PVC Membrane: Preparation, Characterization and Pe...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Methane (CH4) gas stands as one of the most prevalent gaseous in the air. Global methane emissions from landfill are estimated to be between 30 and 70 million tonnes each year. Methane originating from landfill is vastly found in developed and populated countries, where the levels of waste tend to be the highest. A study was done at Kampung Sg. Ikan Landfill in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. In this study, wastes were segregated according to specific types of wastes, such as 3D plastics (bottles), 2D plastic (food wrappers), glasses, food wastes and so on. From this study, it is found that food waste contributes the highest collection of waste for the past three weeks of segregation activities in the landfill. The data and studies from the landfill motivated a method was needed to separate gas from wastes using a cheap and effective polymer and hence, usage of PVC was used to separate CH4 gas from the CO2/CH4 mixture. The PVC membrane is produced by the combination of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, (NMP) via dry/wet phase inversion technique. The production of PVC membrane is expected to improve the characteristics of the polymeric membrane, such as the permeability, selectivity and the pore size. PVC is introduced with ratio of NMP (solvent): PVC, 82:18, 80:20, 77:23, and 75:25. This ratio enables the desired selectivity and permeability of CO2/CH4 gas separation. The PVC membrane with composition 77:23 was the highest performance in terms of selectivity at 2 bars. The SEM images of the surface morphology were included with the pore diameter ranging from 9.87μm to 28.7μm.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes research that examined the effect of different shade percentages (1%, 3%, 5%) on properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. It was found that increasing the shade percentage increased the GSM, CPI, WPI, and shrinkage of fabrics. It also decreased the color fastness of the fabrics. The research analyzed properties like structural parameters, shrinkage, and color fastness like wash fastness, water fastness and light fastness. It was concluded that shade percentage significantly impacts the technical properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes."
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Dz4301756769
1. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 756 | P a g e
Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Treatment on
Polymerization of Acrylic Fabric and Its Printing Behavior
D M El-Zeer1,2
, A.A. EL-Halwagy3
, M.A. EL-Kashouty3
, H.M. Ahmed3
, F.
F.Elakshar2
and A A Garamoon2
1
Taif University , Al-khurma branch ( for girls) , Applied Phys. Dep, Faculty of Science and Education, KSA.
2
Center of plasma technology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt .
3
Dyening, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, Textile Division, National Research Center, Cair, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Acrylic fibers have been treated by atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) plasma in open air to enhance
surface antistatic properties. The treated surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Fourier-Transition Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Plasma treatment of
acrylic fabric has been found to increase the surface roughness, modify the nature and density of surface
functionalities, and drastically improve the wettability and antistatic ability of acrylic fibers.
Keywords: Atmospheric pressure glow discharge, acrylic treatment, printing properties, polymerization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Polyacrylonitrile which are known as acrylic
fibers, have important interest in the textile industry
and is considered as one of leading synthetic fibers.
They are widely used due to a combination of
desirable properties, such as high strength, good
elasticity, mechanical properties as well as excellent
dyeability. Extensive studies have been carried out in
the cationic dyeing of acrylic fabrics (1, 2)
.
Basic dye is by far the most important class of
dye used on acrylic fibers. These dyes dissociate in
water to yield colored cations and are characterized
by their brilliance and its very high tinctorial strength
(3).
Basic dyes, which include some of the earliest
synthetic dyes, were originally used for dyeing wool,
silk and mordant cotton, but poor light fastness of
dyeing was obtained until the introduction of acrylic
fibers on which the dyes exhibited higher light
fastness and very good fastness to wet treatments(4)
.
Anionic dyes namely reactive acid and direct
dyes are not usually used for acrylic coloration and it
suffers from being not substantive for the fibers as a
result of the repulsive effect that occur between the
anionic groups present in the fibers and those present
in the dye molecules(5)
. It has been considered that
widening the scope of acrylic coloration using
different classes of dyes which facilitate the technical
production of different colors of the fiber. According
to our knowledge, there is no report as yet appeared
in printing acrylic fibers with conventional anionic
dyes.
These shortcomings might be overcome by
chemical and physical modification of the fiber (6-9)
.
Although chemical modification of the fibers has
been somewhat successful in improving hydrophilic
and antistatic properties, there are environmental
regulations relating to the disposal of chemicals after
treatment (10)
. Plasma treatment, as a clean and
environmental friendly physical technique, opens up
a new possibility in this field. Plasma treatment can
usually induce the processes of generation of polar
groups through post-plasma reaction and also
generation of increased surface roughness via
preferential amorphous structure ablation (11)
.
Different studies on the surface modification
of textile materials by plasma action (11-17)
have been
carried out. On the other hand very little work has
been dealt with the modification of acrylic fibers by
plasma treatment(18-21)
.
In the present paper a comprehensive study
has been carried out on using the APGD plasma in
open air. This study includes employing two types of
techniques:
(I) Acrylic Fabric Treatment with Plasma only
This technique includes two methods;
a) Treating the acrylic fabric by plasma .
printing and then followed by the fixation by
steaming.
b) The untreated acrylic fabric has been printed
then it followed by the fixation with plasma.
(II) Acrylic Fabric Treatment with Plasma
followed by hydroxylamine
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 757 | P a g e
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the discharge cell
used for the treatment of the textile
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1. Plasma Set up
The experimental setup (Figure 1) is the same as
that in [22] , which consists of two copper plane-
parallel electrodes of 2.5 cm diameter. The two
electrodes were covered with two porous alumina
Al2O3 sheets of 3.5 mm thickness and 4 cm diameter.
The distance between the two dielectric plates was
1.1 mm. A high voltage transformer (1–10 kV),
which generates sinusoidal voltage at a frequency of
50 Hz, was used as an electric power supply to derive
the discharge system. The discharge was operated in
open air under atmospheric pressure. The applied
potential difference (Va) across the electrodes and the
current (I ) passing through the system were recorded
using a digital oscilloscope (HAMEG HM407—40
MHz). The current was measured by the voltage drop
across the resistance R1 (=100 ) connected in series
with the discharge system to the ground as shown in
figure 1. The voltage across the two electrodes was
measured using the potential divider of the resistance
system R2, R3, whereR2/R3 = 500.
2.2. Materials
Acrylic fabrics of 172 g / m2 were supplied from
Misr for spinning and weaving Co., El-Mahalla El-
Kobra, Egypt. The fabric was treated with a solution
containing 2 g / L nonionic detergent and 1g / L
sodium carbonate at a temperature of 45-50 0
С for 30
minutes, then thoroughly washed and air dried at
room temperature. Acetic acid, hydroxylamine
hydrochloride, ammonium acetate, urea, ammonium
sulphate and formic acid were laboratory grade
chemicals. Basic dye Red 46 (Ginacryl Red
GRL200%), Reactive dye Bifunction Red 94 were
kindly supplied by Misr Color Co. and Acid dye
Supralan Blue 2R and blue 225 were kindly supplied
by Dystar Co. Commercial sodium alginate of higher
viscosity as nature thickener type was supplied by
Fluka Chemie GmbH CH-9471 Buchs, Myprogum
modified thickener 5% was supplied by ROM
STARoim Co. SETA Print and British gum modified
thickener 4% was used and supplied by Mahalla El-
Kobra, Egypt.
2.3. Experimental procedures
2.3.1. Acrylic Fabric Treatment with Plasma only
Acrylic fabric samples (5x5cm) were placed
between the two electrodes and exposed to low
temperature plasma of air under atmospheric
pressure. This treatment was carried out via two
techniques:
I) The first technique, plasma treatment was
used to activate the acrylic fabric surface before
printing process at discharge power ranges between
0.3 and 2 watts/cm3
and exposure time ranges from
10 to 60 seconds. Then , the plasma treated acrylic
fabrics were printed and followed by the fixation step
using the steamer at a temperature of 105 0
C and a
fixing time 15 minutes, then it was washed and air
dried.
II) The second technique, plasma was used not
only for activating the fabric surface but also as a
fixation tool-after printing- instead of using the
steamer. This, two processes were carried out in one
step where, both time and energy could be saved. In
this case, the discharge power and exposure time of
plasma were changed to compensate for the role of
the steamer, where the applied discharge power
ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 watts/cm3
and the exposure
time ranged between 0.5 to 5 minutes. The fabric was
then washed and air dried. Schematic diagram
represents the two techniques is shown as follow;
3. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 758 | P a g e
2.3.2. Treatment with Plasma followed by
hydroxylamine
Acrylic fabric samples (5x5cm) were placed
between two electrodes and exposed to low
temperature air plasma under atmospheric pressure.
Then, the plasma treated samples were put into a
solution of 10 g/l hydroxylamine hydrochloride and
20 g/l ammonium acetate with a liquor ratio 50:1.
This reaction is carried at a temperature of 30 o
C for
30 minutes. Then the samples were thoroughly
washed with water and air dried (23).
2.4. Printing methods
a)Printing of plasma treated acrylic fabric
The untreated and plasma treated acrylic
fabrics were printed using the conventional silk
screen printing technique. The printing paste that is
used in the two techniques was the same and was
prepared according to the following recipe:
*
The dye used was basic Red 46 (Ginacryl Red
GRL200%).
**
Stock thickener was prepared from 40% British
gum which was soaked in boiling water (100 g) and
stirred well to prepare the stock paste. After that, the
basic dye was added and stirring was carried out for
few minutes. Then fixed and washed according to the
following steps:-
- Rinsing with cold water
- Soaping with 1g ∕ l nonionic detergent at 40 0
С
- Reduction clear in a solution containing 1-2g ∕ l
sodium hydrosulfate,1-2g ∕ l caustic soda and 1-
2g ∕ l nonionic detergent at a temperature 50 0
С.
- Rinsing with water at 50 0
С.
- Rinsing with cold water and air dried
Finally the samples were air dried and
assessed for different measurements.
b) Printing of acrylic fabrics treated with
plasma and hydroxylamine
The untreated and polymerized plasma LTP
treated samples were printed with reactive and acid
dye, using silk screen printing technique.
These printed samples were thermo-fixed at 190 ◦
C
for 2 minutes.
The printing paste used was prepared according to
the following recipe:
*
The reactive dye used was Bifunction Red 94 with
concentration 4% and the acid dye used is Supralan
Blue 2R with concentration 4%.
**
Thickener used was either sodium alginate 3% for
reactive dye printing or myprogum 5% for acid dye
printing.
The stock thickener was prepared by soaking
in hot water or cold water for both myprogum and
sodium alginate respectively, and well stirred, then
the dyestuff was added and complete stirring for few
minutes. The samples after printing and fixing were
washed as mentioned before and air dried and
assessed for color strength and fastness properties.
2.5. Measurements and Material Characterization
The treated and the untreated acrylic fabric
samples have been exposed to the following
measurements:
2.5.1. Bulk Properties
The percentage weight loss of the acrylic samples
before and after plasma treatment was measured
according to the weight difference relation (24)
. The
percentage of the moisture regain of acrylic fabric
was determined according to ASTM D2654-89a,
where the moisture regains of the fibers treated by
oven drying method was calculated using the
following formula: Moisture regain %= [ ( Wm – Wd)
/ Wd] x 100 where Wd is the dry weight of fibers and
Wm is the wet weight wet of fibers under 60% relative
humidity for 48 h. The X- Ray crystallinity was
measured with a PW 3710 diffractometer (Phillips)
(XRD) using Cukα radiation at an operating voltage of
40 Kv and a current of 35 mA from 5 to 60 angles.
Pellets were prepared from 0.25gm fiber and
crystalline size was calculated from the equation: t
=kλ / β cos θ Where t = the size of crystal (Å), k =
shape factor (0.94), λ=wave length of x-ray (1.542Å),
β=half-width (radian), θ =Bragg angle.
Dye*
0.7 g
Thickener**
89.2 g
Acetic acid 0.1 g
Boiling water X g
100 g
Dye*
20 G
Urea 50 g
Thickener**
50 g
Ammonium sulphate
solution (50%)
60 g
Formic acid (85%) 10 g
Water X g
1000 g
4. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 759 | P a g e
2.5.2. Surface Morphology and Properties
Changes in fabric whiteness after plasma
exposure were measured with an Elrepho 2000
Reflectance Spectrophotometer (Data Color
International) according to AATCC test method 153-
1985. The wettability was evaluated by measuring
the wetting time according to the AATCC method
(25)
. A drop of water is allowed to fall from a fixed
hight onto the surface of the acrylic fabric under
examination. The time that has been taken for the
drop of water to disappear has been measured and
taken as wetting time, and the results were the
average value of four readings. The antistatic
properties of acrylic fabrics were measured using the
system FMX-003 SIMCO electrostatic (SiN:
R001740 Type, made in Japan). Where the FMX-003
is a compact electrostatic field meter used for
location and measuring static charges voltages within
+/− 22 KV. The untreated and plasma treated fabrics
were investigated by a Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) JSMT-20, JEOL-Japan, magnification range
1500-2000x, resolution 200A°
, and accelerating
voltage 19 kV. Before examinations, the fabric
surface was prepared on an appropriate disk and
coated randomly by a spray of gold. These
investigations were carried out at the department of
physical chemistry ,NRC Egypt. Fourier- transition
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a
Pye-Unicam spectra-1000 machine to determine the
functional groups on the surface of the acrylic
samples. Potassium bromide (KBr) disc was used.
Surface morphology of the treated and untreated
samples was studied by using a wet- SPM9600
Scanning Probe Microscope (Shimadzu Made in
Japan). It uses a probe that has a nanosize tip
mounted on a flexible cantilever. The tip was scanned
slowly across the surface of a specimen. The force
between the atoms on the surface of scanned material
and those on the scan causes the tip to deflect. This
deflection can be recorded by using a laser focused
on the top of the cantilever and reflected onto photo
detectors down to the nanoscales. Atomic force
microscopy provides high resolution images of
surface even if they were nonconducting. In this
study, scanning was carried out in contact mode.
Scanning range was set at a size of 5.0μm x 5.0μm
and scanning frequency is 1.5 Hz. All images were
obtained at ambient conditions immediately after
plasma treatment.
2.5.3. Printing Properties
The color yield (K/S) of each printed sample
was measured using a Data Color SF 600plus
Colorimeter using a measured area with diameter of
9mm. All the (K/S) values were calculated by
subtracting the (K/S) value of the printed untreated
sample from the (K/S) values of the printed treated
samples. (i.e values obtained are relative color
strength). The dye fixation on acrylic was estimated
by extracting equal size (2x2 cm) samples
immediately after printing and drying, and after
fixation and final soaping, in 85% o-phosphoric acid.
The fixation was calculated as follows: Fixation (%)
=[O.Dp/ O.Dw] X 100 Where O.Dw is the optical
density of the just printed and dried sample and O.Dp
is the optical density of the printed and dried sample
subjected to fixation followed by thoroughly rinsing
in cold water and soaping at the boil for 5 minutes.
The dye-fiber reaction indicated by fixation ratio was
estimated by subjecting the printed samples, after
soaping at boil, to extraction with 50% urea solution
and 1 % nonionic wetting agent for 3 minutes at boil
(26)
. The extent of reaction was calculated by
determining the k/S of the printed samples before and
after extraction using the reflectance values and
Kubelka-Monk function (27)
. The fixation ratio was
calculated by the following formula: Fixation ratio
(%) = [(K/S)E /(K/S)W]X 100 Where (K/S)W is the
Color strength of the printed and dried sample
subjected to fixation followed by thorough rinsing
cold water and soaping at boil for 5 minutes and
(K/S)E is the Above mentioned soaped samples
subjected to extraction with urea solution. Changes in
roughness values were measured for the printed
untreated and treated acrylic samples using a surface
roughness measuring instrument SEM1700α .The
results obtained were the average values of three
readings. The color fastness of the printed fabrics was
assessed by the AATCC Test Method 16-2001(color
fastness to light), AATCC Test Method 61-
2001(color fastness to laundering) and AATCC Test
Method 8-2001(color fastness to rubbing).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
APGD plasma is considered to be an ideal
technique to enhance the modification of both
physical and chemical properties of acrylic fabric.
Hence the surface is exposed to low temperature
APGD plasma in atmospheric air. In general, plasma
treatment is controlled by several factors such as
discharge power, exposure time, gas type and
pressure ...etc. In our studies, both power and time
are taken in consideration.
3.1. Electrical Characteristics and Power
Measurements
3.1.1. Voltage and current wave forms.
Figures 2(a)–(d) represent the voltage and
current oscillograms of the APGD plasma in air and
different applied voltages where the currents are a)
0.2 mA, b) 0.6mA, c) 1mA, and d) 1.5 mA
respectively.
5. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 760 | P a g e
The APGD plasma is a special type of the
dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. This
discharge is characterized by the absence of the
micro discharge that are present in the general form
of the DBD and causes the formation of short-lived
microfilaments (28)
. If the glow discharge contains
some microfilaments then it is called a quasiglow
discharge(29).
The APGD is considered to be a very
important technique in textile treatment because of its
homogeneity effect on the textile surface that cause a
uniform treatment without burning it.
Figure 2: Current- voltage waveforms, at the currents are a) 0.2 mA, b) 0.6 mA, c) 1mA, and d) 1.5mA respectively.
Obtaining the APGD by using porous
alumina sheets has been found due to the special
configuration of the alumina sheets, which are
characterized by the existence of micro holes. An
internal discharge takes place inside the micro holes
and on the surface of the porous alumina. This
internal discharge provides seed electrons sufficient
for the initiation and growth of the discharge in the
APGD form inside gas between the two alumina
sheets as it was stated in (30)
. From figure (1a-d) it can
be noticed that the discharge is uniform with a small
component of microfilaments that are superimposed
on the glow component of the APGD .
3.1.2. The consumed power in the APGD
The mean power consumed in the APGD can be
estimated by taking the integration over one cycle of
the product of the I(t) and V(t) waveforms (31)
.
dttVtIdSTp
T
adisch )().(/1
0
(1)
Where, P : is the power per unit of the discharge
volume, Va : is the applied voltage, Idisch : is the
discharge current, S : is the electrode surface, d : is the
gas gap, and T: is period.
The mean power per cm3
consumed in the APGD
have been calculated at different currents and have been
plotted against these currents as shown in Fig. (3).
Then, it can be easily calculated the mean power
density that consumed in the APGD at different
currents from the same Fig (3).
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Theconsumedpowerdensity(Watt/Cm
3
)
The current (mA)
Figure 3: The consumed power density in the APGD
at different currents.
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (m sec)
Appliedvoltage(kV)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thecurrent(mA)
(b)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (m sec)
Appliedvoltage(KV)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thecurrent(mA)
(a)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (m sec)
Appliedvoltage(kV)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thecurrent(mA)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (m sec)
Appliedvoltage(kV)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thecurrent(mA)
(c) (d)
6. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 761 | P a g e
3.2. Bulk properties
3.2.1. The percentage of Fabric weight loss
Figure (4) shows the % weight loss behavior
of both untreated and treated acrylic fabric with
plasma exposure time ranges from 10 to 60 seconds
at discharge power varies between 0.3 and 2
watts/cm3. It is clear that, as the plasma exposure
time increases, the % weight loss of acrylic fabric
increases till it reaches 35 seconds then it starts to
decrease. It is also noticed that, this phenomenon
holds true regardless the value of the discharge
power. This behavior can be interpreted in the light
of the fact that: as the treatment time increases the
etching processes of the textile surface increase as a
result of the its bombardment by electrons, ions and
other plasma species that are produced in the plasma
environment. This bombardment also cause fragment
or breaking up of the bonds, and chain scission (32)
.
Further increase in the treatment time
induces the crosslinking in the acrylic fabric surface
which in turns increases the crystalline region of the
fabric. This crystalline region hinders and avoids the
increase in the weight loss. Therefore, no increase in
the weight loss is noticed after 35 seconds, but a
decrease is carried out (33)
. It can be noticed that the
highest % weight loss is obtained at the highest
discharge power. This is due to the fact that
increasing the power causes the increase of the
discharge current and in turns the density of the
electrons and the ions that bombard the fabric surface
increases.
Figure 4: % Weight loss of acrylic fabrics treated with
APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5 1.2- 2
watts/cm3
).
3.2.2 Percentage of Moisture Regain
Figure (5) shows the effect of plasma
exposure time on the % moisture content of treated
acrylic fabric at different discharge powers. As the
treatment time increases, the % of moisture increases
until it reaches its maximum value at time 30 second,
after that it decreases by further increasing of the
treatment time. At treatment times lower than 30
second, the etching process affect the surface of the
fabric that forms voids, cracks and fragments on the
fabric surface and in turn permits the moisture to
migrate and transfer inside the fabric easily. On the
other hand further increase in the treatment time
causes the formation of the crosslinking beneath the
fabric surface that hinders the moisture transport to
the interior of the fabric which resulted in a little
decrease in the % moisture content (34)
. Also it can be
noticed that increasing the power causes the increase
of the % moisture due to the increase of the etching
process.
Figure 5: % moisture regain of acrylic fabrics treated with
APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5 1.2- 2 watts/cm3
).
3.2.3. X-Ray Crystallinity
Figure (6) represents a sample of the X-ray
diffraction patterns (XRD) of the acrylic fabric
treated with APGD plasma in air at different
conditions that of the untreated fabric for
comparison. It is well known that the sharpness of
the XRD peaks reflects the domination of the
crystalline phase. On the other hand, decreasing and
the broadening of the peaks reflects the tendency of
the formation of the amorphous phase in which the
atoms are arranged in a short- range order manner.
Figure 6: X-ray diffraction patterns of acrylic fabric treated
with APGD air plasma at A) 1.2 watt/cm3
and 30 sec., B)
untreated , C) 2 watt/cm3
and 60 sec. and D) 3 watt/cm3
and
60 sec.
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
%moistureregain
plasma expoure time (sec)
0.3 watts/cm3
2watts/cm3
0.5watts/cm3
1.2 watts/cm3
7. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 762 | P a g e
Table 1 represents the crystalline size that
calculated by using the data in the figure (6). It can
be noticed that treating the fabric with plasma at low
power density such as 1.2 Watts/cm3
decreases the
crystalline size as it compared with that of the
untreated one. Whereas, increasing the treatment
power causes an increase in the crystalline size rather
than that of the untreated one.
Plasma conditions Crystallite
size (Ǻ) values
Untreated 18.68
Treated with plasma (1.2 watts/cm3
-
30sec.)
12.34
Treated with plasma (2 watts/cm3
-60
sec.)
19.68
Treated with plasma (3watts/cm3
-
60sec.)
21.22
Table I: Crystallite size (Ǻ) of acrylic samples treated
with APGD air plasma at different conditions of
discharge power and exposure time.
This behavior can be interpreted as follows:
at low power density the plasma species that
bombard with the acrylic surface and cause the
formation of cross-linking in the fabric and in turns
the atoms of the fabric will be arranged in the short-
range order manner and hence the crystalline size
decreases. On the other hand, as the plasma power
increases, the temperature also increase and hence
there will be a chance for the fabric atoms to be
rearranged again in a long-range order manner and in
turns the crystalline size increase again. The increase
in the crystalline phase is simply reflected by a
decrease in the amorphous phase (34)
.
3.3. Surface Morphology and Properties
3.3.1. Whiteness
It is well known that acrylic fabric has no
clear white color and also it has a main problem of its
yellowness that appears during the dye fixation
process. Plasma treatment of the fabric try to
overcome this problem. Figure 7 shows the effect of
plasma exposure time and the discharge power on the
whiteness of acrylic fabric. From the figure it can be
noticed that increasing the plasma power and the
treatment time, to about 15 sec, causes an increase in
the whiteness of the fabric. This may be attributed to
cleaning of the fabric surface by plasma species
bombardment. Beyond 15 sec, the whiteness can be
seen to be saturated.
Figure7: Whiteness of acrylic fabrics treated with
APGD plasma at discharge powers (0.3-0.5 1.2- 2
watts/cm3
).
3.3.2. Wettability
Figure 8 shows the effect of the treatment
time and the power on the fabric wettability. It can be
noticed that increasing the treatment time to about 10
sec or increasing the plasma power causes a decrease
in the surface wettability. This is due to the plasma
treatment that introduces hydrophilic groups onto the
fabric surface. These polar groups may be generated
either by the nitridation of the fabric surface by
plasma nitrogen ions or when the samples are
exposed to air after plasma processing(21)
. Further
increase in the treatment time beyond 10 sec causes
the saturation in the wettability of the fabric.
Figure 8: Wettability of acrylic fabrics treated with APGD plasma
at discharge power (0.3 -0.5-1.2-2 watt/cm3).
3.3.3 Antistatic of Acrylic Fabric
The antistatic ability of the untreated and
treated samples is shown in table (II).
8. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 763 | P a g e
Table (II) : antistatic ability of the untreated and
plasma-treated samples at discharge power 1.2
watts/cm3
.
It can be seen that plasma treatment causes a
sharp increase in the negative static voltage of the
fibers from –1.23 KV for the untreated samples to
about −12 for the treated time of 30 seconds. A
slight decrease in the antistatic ability to (-8 KV) has
been obtained for all the treatment times above 30
sec. It can be stated that plasma treatment of the
acrylic fabric increases the antistatic ability of the
fabric and its surface resistivity.
3.3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
It is well known that, plasma etching causes
drastic changes on the surface structure of the fabric
and gives it other characteristics. Scanning electron
microscope measurement is used to investigate
surface morphology of the fabric. Figure 9 shows
SEM micrographs of the fiber before and after
plasma treatment. It is noticed that the untreated
acrylic fabric has a smooth surface, while in the
treated fabric surface, some voids and cracks are
clearly seen. This photo picture agrees with what is
mentioned before about etching by plasma species
and causes a substantial increase in the surface
roughness and may affect the stiffness of the acrylic
fabric surface(21)
.
Figure 9: SEM images of the untreated and plasma
treated at 1000x(a) untreated acrylic fabric, (b)
plasma treated acrylic fabric under atmospheric
pressure at discharge power 1.2 watts/cm3
for
exposure time 30 seconds.
3.3.5. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
The AFM is used to quantify the change in
surface roughness of the treated surface as well as
provide high resolution images showing the
topography. Therefore, it has been used to assess the
topographical and physical changes in structure as a
result of plasma treatment, where, it is by far the
most commonly used for analysis of plasma-treated
textiles. This is due to one of its major benefits of its
ability to image surfaces without the need for any
complicated surface treatment process. Also it is a
technique that can be used in air and imaging can be
also done in water(35).
Based on a relatively simple
concept, the AFM has been partly responsible for the
advancing in nano-revolution in material science (36).
The surface morphology of the acrylic fabrics in the
melt-blown is represented in figure 10. The AFM
image in figure 10 (a) shows the relatively smooth
surface of original fabric, where the microfiber in the
melt blown substrate does not show any fibril
structures on its surface. Plasma activation
significantly changes the surface characteristic of the
fiber as mentioned before. AFM examination, clearly,
reveals the effect of the plasma treatment on the
surface morphology of the fiber and this can be seen
from figure 10 (b). It is clear that, the fabric surface is
obviously roughened after plasma treatment due to its
activation that forms aggregate structures on the
acrylic fabric surface. These aggregates are created
by etching effect of plasma species bombardment (37)
.
Figure 10 (c) shows the surface of plasma treated
acrylic fabric followed by hydroxylamine
hydrochloride treatment- in the presence of
ammonium acetate which causes polymerization for
the plasma treated surface of acrylic fabric. The
admixtures of reactive ammonia with hydroxylamine
into the plasma treated fabric caused strong structure
disorder for the fabric surface.
Thus both etching and deposition take place
and as a result a nano-porous and crosslinked
network with accessible functional groups was
obtained. Besides, the surface roughness has been
increased remarkably compared to plasma treatment
alone, figure 10 (b). Figure 10 (d) shows the surface
of printed acrylic fabric after plasma polymerization.
It is very clear that; the surface roughness is
improved, which may be due to the printing pastes
which filled some of the groves formed due to
etching process. Thus a smooth surface image-nearly
the same as image (a) has been obtained. Thus a great
difference between image in (d) and those in images
(b) and (c) can be noticed.
Sample Antistatic (Kv)
Untreated −1.23
Air plasma−treated
10 sec −5.5
20 sec −8.5
30 sec −12
40 sec −8.5
50 sec −8.3
60 sec −8.0
9. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 764 | P a g e
Figure 10: evolution of surface morphology observed
by AFM: (a) original acrylic fabric, (b) plasma
treated acrylic fabric*, (c) plasma treated acrylic
fabric followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride
treatment**, (d) printed acrylic fabric after plasma
polymerization.
*Conditions of plasma treatment: 1.2watts/cm3
and
30 seconds.
**conditions of polymerization treatment: 10 g/l
using aqueous solutions of ammonium acetate
20 g/l at a liquor ratio 50:1 at 30 0
C for 30 minutes
3.3.6. Fourier-Transition Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
FT-IR is often used (alongside XPS) to
provide a comprehensive analysis of how the surface
of polymer is changed as a result of plasma
treatment. Figure 11 shows a typical example of FT-
IR spectra in the range of 1000-4000 cm-1
. The figure
represents the spectra of the untreated (a) and
plasma- treated sample (b) as well as the plasma
polymerized sample (c). The original sample surface,
spectrum (a) shows five distinct components with
relative intensities shown in table I are 93, 49, 76.10,
87.37, 77.67 and 70.10ύ, corresponding, respectively
to (O – C), (C= O acid), (C≡N), :CH2) and (O:H)
groups. Upon plasma treatment, spectrum (b), the
numbers of all these groups are increased while their
relative intensities are decreased as shown in table
III, in addition to the absence of (O:H) and (C= O
acid) groups in spectrum (c), the (C=O amide) and
(NH2) groups have been additionally appeared on the
sample surface. In the spectrum of untreated acrylic
(spectrum a), a strong adsorption band centered at
1651 cm-1
can be observed, which attributes to the
carbonyl groups of the polyacrylonitrile which lies
between peaks 1651 – 1737 cm-1
. The weak peak at
(1630) cm-1
is most likely caused by the impurities of
the fibers (38)
. The increase in the number of polar
groups hydroxyl O:H, cyanogens C≡N and carbonyl
C=O acid as a result of plasma treatment, is the main
reason for increasing wettability of the plasma treated
acrylic fabric surface. Spectrum c and table I show
introduction of two new species, i.e. carbonyl amide
(C=O) at peak 1630 cm-1
and amine (NH2) at peak
3628 cm-1
. These changes reflect the presence of the
oxidation reaction on the surface of plasma-treated
samples under open laboratory conditions as well as
immersion in the solution of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride and ammonium acetate. This oxidation
reaction permitted to use different categories of dyes
for printing acrylic fabric and this will be discussed
later.
Figure 11a: FTIR of untreated acrylic fabrics
Figure 11 b: FTIR of treated acrylic fabric with
plasma at discharge power 1.2 watts/cm3
for
exposure time 30 sec.
Figure 11c: FTIR of plasma treated acrylic fabric 1.2
watts/cm3
followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride
treatment 10 g/l using aqueous solutions of
ammonium acetate 20 g/l at a liquor ratio 50:1 at 30
0
C for 30 minutes.
10. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 765 | P a g e
It can be also noticed from table III that, in
the case of plasma polymerization, while a
substantial loss in the relative intensities of
cyanogens C≡N and ester groups O:C carried out, a
noticeable change is noticed in the methylene groups
and which increased to 82.05ύ compared to 67.90
and 77.67ύ for untreated and only plasma treated
acrylic fabrics.
Table III: FTIR of acrylic samples treated with air plasma under atmospheric pressure and different conditions
of exposure time and discharge power
3.4 Printing Properties
3.4.1. Color Assessment
I) Treatment of acrylic fabric by using plasma
only
Polyacrylonitrile, or acrylic polymer fiber
containing small amount of anionic centers, such as
sulphonic acid or carboxylic acid groups, can be dyed
or printed with dyes bearing a positive charge, viz,
cationic dyes. The cationic dyes are attracted to the
fabric and then anchored to the fiber by ionic bonds.
Basic dye is -by far- the most important class of dye
used on acrylic fabric where it dissociates in water to
yield colored cations and are characterized by their
brilliance and very high tinctorial strength (4)
.
Figure 12 represents the effect of the plasma
treatment time (in the range of 10 to 60 sec) on the
color strength (K/S) at different plasma power
densities. It can be noticed that the color strength
(K/S) increases with the increase of the treatment
time until it reaches its maximum value in the time
range (20-40 sec) then it decreases again. This
behavior holds true for all power values. It can be
stated that as the treatment time increases the etching
processes increases by the ion bombardment on the
surface and hence it causes the simplicity of the
penetration of the printing paste molecules and
causes the increase in the (K/S). Also the increase in
the (K/S) is attributed to the introduction of polar
groups – due to plasma treatment – which incorporate
with moisture through hydrogen bonding and help
moisture penetration that increases the wettability
and also increases the color strength.
Figure 12: Color strength of acrylic fabrics treated
with APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5 1.2-
2 watts/cm3
).
Further increase in the treatment time provides
some cross-linking that hinder further penetration of
the printing paste into the fabric, therefore the (K/S)
decreases. The highest (K/S) is obtained at power 2.0
watts/cm3
where higher input power causes an
increase in the number of high-speed electron in
plasma and in turns improve plasma treatment
effect,(39)
which leds to the increase of (K/S) value of
fabric (40)
.
II) Treatment of acrylic fabric by using
plasma followed by hydroxylamine
It is well known that anionic dyes namely
reactive and acid dyes are not usually used or even
suitable for acrylic fabric coloration. These dyes
suffer from being not substantive for the fibers as a
result of the repulsive effects that occur between the
anionic groups present in the fiber and those present
in the dye molecules(5)
. This problem could be
overcome by rendering the surface of acrylic fabric
Acrylic state
Relative intensities of selected bands in the FTIR spectra of acrylic samples treated with
plasma
O−H −CH2 C≡N C=O
(acid)
C=O
(amid)
O−C
(ester)
−NH2
Untreated 70.1055 77.6776 87.371 76.10515 − 93.4982 −
Treated with
plasma
55.9621 67.9084 78.4813 65.3341 − 90.4569 −
Polymerization
of treated
plasma
− 82.0515 76.0285 − 71.0058 85.3485 90.5519
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
colorstrength(K/S)
plasma expoure time (sec)
0.3 watts/cm3
0.5 watts/cm3
1.2 watts/cm3
2 watts/cm3
11. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 766 | P a g e
with amino groups – via plasma followed by
hydroxylamine treatment – to enhance its anionic
printability.
Figures 13 and 14 represent the effect of both
plasma exposure time and discharge power on the
(K/S) of the treated acrylic fabric printed with
reactive and acid dyes respectively. It is clear that,
the (K/S) values obtained has been improved – to a
large extent – by both power and time regardless of
the dye type.
Figure 13: Color strength of acrylic fabrics treated
with APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5 1.2-
2 watts/cm3
) and polymerization with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (10 g/l) using aqueous solutions of
ammonium acetate (20 g/l) at a liquor-to-goods ratio
of 50:1 at 30 0
C for 30 minutes and printed with
reactive dye.
Figure 13 shows that the (K/S) is increased
sharply at the early stages of plasma treatment, where
the exposure time of 10 seconds was enough to
improve the (K/S) to a higher values regardless the
discharge power. After this limit of time, no
noticeable increases in the (K/S) but constant values
are obtained.
Figure 14: Color strength of acrylic fabrics treated
with APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5 1.2-
2 watts/cm3
) and polymerization with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (10 g/l) using aqueous solutions of
ammonium acetate (20 g/l) at a liquor-to-goods ratio
of 50:1 at 30 0
C for 30 minutes and printed with acid
dye.
However, figure 14 shows that the ideal exposure
time used to get maximum (K/S) values at all
discharge power levels is 30 seconds.
III) Effect of fixation temperature on acrylic
color strength
The effect of fixation temperature on acrylic
color strength (K/S) has been investigated, where
after the fabric is treated with plasma followed by the
immersion in hydroxylamine hydrochloride in
presence of aqueous solutions of ammonium acetate,
the resulted fabric is air dried and thermo fixed at 180
0
C for 2 minutes. A yellow colored fabric is obtained
with different shades corresponding to the plasma
exposure time and the results obtained are
represented in figure 15.
Figure 15: color strength of acrylic fabrics treated with
APGD plasma at discharge power (0.3-0.5-1.2- 2
watts/cm3) and polymerization with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (10 g/l) using aqueous solutions of
ammonium acetate (20 g/l) at a liquor-to-goods ratio of
50:1 at 30 0C for 30 minutes then fixed 190 0Cand give
yellow color.
This phenomenon is studied and the FT-IR
for this fabric is carried out and its analysis is shown
by figure 14. This phenomenon of obtaining yellow
colored acrylic fabric – without using any dye – due
to its subjection to the fixation temperature at 180 0
C
for 2 minutes is explained by the FT-IR spectrum
represented in figure 16. It is clear that five important
groups has been found at different peaks; the amino
NH2 group at 3628.4 cm-1
, the ester O:C group at
peak 1035.59 cm-1
, the carbonyl C=O amide group at
1630 cm-1
, the carbonyl C=O acid group at 1651cm-1
,
the cyanogens C≡N group at 2243.7 cm-1
and the
methylene :CH2 group at 2293.2 cm-1
. Where their
relative intensities, are 86.67, 80.15, 64.34, 70.66 and
77.14 respectively. These values of relative
intensities are lower than those obtained in the case
of treatment with plasma alone or those with plasma
followed by hydroxylamine, which means an increase
in all of their groups. This may explain the yellow
color obtained that referred to the oxidation of the
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
colorstrengthk/s
plasma expoure time (sec)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60
Colorstrength(k/s)
plasma exposure time (sec.)
12. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 767 | P a g e
amino groups created after plasma polymerization
and was not present in the untreated fabric. Also, the
carbonyl amide group is created due to plasma
polymerization and also is oxidized by oxygen in the
air plasma giving the yellow color.
Table IV: % fixation and % fixation ratio of basic
dyes on acrylic fabrics by using steam or plasma in
fixation process.
Figure 16: FTIR of acrylic fabrics treated with
APGD plasma at discharge power (1.2 watts/cm3
) for
exposure time( 30 second ) and polymerization with
hydroxylamine hydrochloride (10 g/l) using aqueous
solutions of ammonium acetate (20 g/l) at a liquor-
to-goods ratio of 50:1 at 30 0
C for 30 minutes then
fixed 190 0
Cand give yellow color.
3.4.2 Percentage of Dye Fixation and Fixation
Ratio
Fixation of basic dye on acrylic fabric – as
mentioned before – is carried out via two techniques
and the results obtained are studied. A comparison
between the results of the two techniques are
represented in Table IV.
It can be noticed that, the color strength
values obtained when using plasma as a fixation step
for printed samples are much higher in comparable
with that obtained when using steaming method.
Higher levels of fixation has been observed in the
first case which are in the order of (78.52 - 97.4 %) at
0.5-1.2 Watt/cm3
discharge power densities
compared to the level of (73.97- 92.20 %) obtained in
the case of steaming fixation. This phenomenon
holds true for discharge powers 0.5 & 1.2 watts/cm3
while the opposite is obtained at discharge power 2
watts/cm3
. This may be due to the increase in the
crystallinity of acrylic fabric at higher power and this
agrees with other results of color strength, wettibility
and % weight loss. The term ‗fixation ratio‘
expresses the amount of dye bonded to the fabric as a
fraction of the dye present in the printed samples
after soaping. Table IV, also, shows the results of the
fixation ratio (%) for the basic dye fixed by the two
methods. The higher values of fixation ratio obtained
in plasma fixation method indicates that out of the
available dye on the soaped samples maximum
amount of dye was bonded with the fiber.
3.4.3. Stiffness
Table V shows the effect of the air plasma
exposure time and discharge power on the stiffness of
treated printed acrylic fabrics.
Table V: Stiffness of acrylic fabrics treated with glow discharge plasma under atmospheric pressure.
Stiffness values of the untreated and plasma treated acrylic fabrics – at different conditions - for various exposure times (sec).Discharge
power
(watts/cm3
) 605040302010
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Different
cases
31.47 μmuntreated
27.229.831.126.229.23125.728.529.824.927.327.827.730.329.429.730.930.80.3
26.327.929.225.527.128.624.626.727.223.724.426.725.22928.628.730.429.60.5
26.127.626.724.726.125.623.525.424.422.52422.624.426.327.227.629.828.51.2
25.326.725.623.925.424.922.424.223.521.723.721.523.625.424.92728.225.72
13. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 768 | P a g e
I-treatment with plasma alone according to the first
technique.
II-treatment with plasma alone according to the
second technique.
III-treatment with plasma followed by
hydroxylamine.
It is clear that, the stiffness values of printed
fabric samples that are treated with plasma in all
cases gives the highest improvement compared to the
untreated fabric. This means that the treated samples
become softer regardless plasma exposure times and
discharge powers.
3.4.4.Fastness properties
Table VI show the color strength (K/S) and
fastness properties of printed acrylic fabric
previously treated with air plasma. Samples untreated
and treated for different intervals of time at various
discharge power levels were investigated. It is
observed clearly that, there is a noticeable
improvement in the color strength values for the
treated samples as compared to the untreated ones, as
mentioned before. The overall fastness results – to
washing, rubbing, perspiration and light – for the
treated acrylic fabric range from very good to
excellent.
Light
fastness
Perspiration fastness
Rubbing
fastness
Washing
fastness
K/S
Timeof
treatment
(sec.)
Discharge
power
(watts/cm
3
)
AlkaliAcid
wetdrySt.Alt.
St.Alt.St.Alt.
5-6444-54-54444-522.7_
0.3
655554-54-55531.310
6-7555554-55532.820
6555554-55534.130
6-7554-54-5555536.140
6-74-54-54-54-54-54-55530.350
6554-54-54-54-55527.460
6-755554-54-55533.010
0.5
6-755554-54-55536.420
6-755554-54-55538.430
655554-545537.640
5-655554-545533.350
5-655554-54-55528.560
6-755554-54-55535.910
1.2
6-755554-54-55534.820
6-755554-54-55534.830
5-65555445534.240
5-655554-545533.750
5-655554-54-55530.360
6-755554-54-55531.010
2
6-755554-54-55530.820
5-655554-54-55530.830
5-655554-54-55530.440
555554-54-55530.150
5-655554-54-55528.960
Table IV: % fixation and % fixation ratio of basic dyes on acrylic fabrics by using steam or plasma in fixation
process.
14. D M El-Zeer et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.756-769
www.ijera.com 769 | P a g e
IV. Conclusion
The APGD plasma treatments of acrylic
fabric causes the activation of acrylic surfaces which
leads to improve the properties of acrylic fabric.
Surface performance of plasma-treated acrylic fabric
has been studied morphologically. The investigation
shows that treatment of acrylic surface with plasma
followed by polymerization with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride produced a modified acrylic fabric
which could be able to be printed with acid and
reactive dye giving higher color strength values and
good fastness properties. Characterization of acrylic
samples after treatment may help in choosing the
optimal conditions of plasma treatment and its
relation with the different properties of the fibers.
Reference
[1] Bird CL& Boston WS (1975). The theory of
Coloration of Textiles. London: Dyers
Company Publications Trust.
[2] Munn DM (1979). The dyeing of synthetic-
polymer and acetate fibers. England: Dyers
Company Publications Trust.
[3] Kamel M.M, Helmy H.M, Mashly H.M&
Kafafy H.H (2010). Ultrasonics
Sonochemistry 17 92-97.
[4] David R& Geoffrey H (1990). The Chemistry
and Application of Dyes, New York and
London, 165-166 (Chapter 5).
[5] Reda M. El-Shishtawy, Nassar S.H.&
Nahed S.E. (2007). Dyes and Pigments 74
215-222.
[6] Hsieh Y.L.& Timm D.(1987). Polym. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 56 323.
[7] Kadash M.M.& Seefried C.G. (1985). Plast.
Eng. 41 45.
[8] Keatsu I.& Yoshida M. (1979). J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 24 23.
[9] Munro H.S., Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 58
(1988) 344.
[10] Li R., Ye L., Mai Y.W., Composites A 28
(1997) 73.
[11] Sarmadi M., Denes F., Text. Chem. Color. 28
(1996) 17.
[12] Lee S.G., Kang T.J., Yoon T.H., J. Polym.
Eng. 18 (1998) 49.
[13] Negulescu I.I., Despa S., Chen J., Collier B.J.,
Text.Res. J. 70 (2000) 1.
[14] Yamada K., Haraguchi T., Kajiyama T., J.
Appl. Polym. Sci. 60 (1996) 1847.
[15] Bhat N.V., Benjamin Y.N., Text. Res. J.69
(1999) 38.
[16] Ryu J., Kawamura H., Wakida T., Lee M.,
Sen-I Gakkaishi 48 (1992) 213.
[17] Boyd R.D., Kenwright A.M., Badyal J. P.,
Briggs S.D., Macromolecules 30 (1997) 5429.
[18] Oktem T.N., Seventekin H., Ayhan, Piskin E.,
Melliand Textil. 82 (2001) 190.
[19] Pane S., Tedesco R., Greger R., J. Ind. Text.
31 (2001) 135.
[20] Tschegolja A.S., Weiman E.J., Beder N.M.,
Mittschenko J. I., Mellinand Textil. Int. Text.
Rep. 9 (1980) 1410.
[21] Yan-Chun Liu, Yan-Xiong, Da-Nian Lu, Appl.
Surf. Sci. 252 (2006) 2960-2966.
[22] 22 Garamoon,A.A., and El-zeer,D.M.,
Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 ,(2009) 3
194–201.
[23] El-Shishtawy R.M., Ahmed NSE., Color
Technol. (2005) ; 121:139 and references cited
therein.
[24] Yoon, J., Mc Cord, M.G., Jae, S., &
Bok,C.,Text.Res.J., 75, 11, 771 (2005).
[25] AATCC, Technical Manual, Test Method, 39,
(1971).
[26] Dohmyo, M., Shimizu, Y., & Kimura, M., J.
Seric. Science, Japan., 54(4), 181-185 (1985).
[27] Garland, C.E., in ‗Color Technology in Textile
Chemistry; Ed. Gultekin Celikiz and K;ueni
G., AATCC, PP 107-112, (1983).
[28] Kogelschatz, U., 2003 Dielectric-barrier
discharges: their history, discharge physics,
and industrial applications, Plasma Chem.
Plasma Processing 23 1–46
[29] Alexandre V., Chirokov, ―Stability of
Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharges‖, A
Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel
University, 2005.
[30] Garamoon,A.A., and El-zeer,D.M., Plasma
Sources Sci. Technol. 18 ,(2009) 3 194–201
[31] Gherardi N., Gouda G., Gat E., Ricard A. and
Massines F., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.,
vol. 9, pp. 340-346, 2000.
[32] Chunying Wang, Chaoxia Wang, Fiber and
Polymers (2010), 11, 2, 223-228.
[33] Chen Y.Y., Lin H., Ren Y., J. Zhejiang Uni.
Sci., 8, (2004), 918.
[34] Bhat N.V., Benjamin Y.N., Textile Res. J., 69,
(1999), 1, 38-42.
[35] Crossley J.A.A., Gibson C.Y., Mapledoram
L.D., Huson M.G., Myhra S., Pham D.K.,
SofieldC.J., Turner P.S., Watson G.S.,
31,(2000), 6, 659-667.
[36] Shishoo, R., ―Plasma technologies for
textiles‖, Woodhead Publishing Limited, USA,
P. 6, 264 (2007).
[37] Qufu W., Yingying W., Xueqian W., Fenglin
H., Shengwei Y., J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 106,
(2007), 1243-1247.
[38] Sun Y.Y., Shao Z.Z., Ma M.H., Hu P., Liu
Y.S., Yu T.Y., J. Appl.Polm. Sci., 65,(1997)
959.
[39] Wang C.X., Qiu Y.P., Surf. Coot. Technol.,
201, (2007), 6273.
[40] J. R. Hollahan and A. T. Bell, "Techniques and
applications of plasma chemistry", A Wiley
Interscience publication, New York, USA,
(1947).